To form the positive degree of comparison from these terms, minno, good, and mudjee, bad, are introduced between the pronoun and verb, giving rise to some permutations of the vowels and consonants, which affect the sound only. Thus—

Ne minno pimmaudizziwin, My good tenor of life.
Ke minno pimmaudizziwin, Thy good tenor of life.
Minno pimmaudizziwin, His good tenor of life.
Ne mudjee pimmaudizziwin, My bad tenor of life.
Ke mudjee pimmaudizziwin, Thy bad tenor of life.
Mudjee pimmaudizziwin, His bad tenor of life.

To place these forms in the comparative degree, nahwudj, more, is prefixed to the adjective; and the superlative is denoted by mahmowee, an adverb or an adjective as it is variously applied, but the meaning of which is, in this connection, most. The degrees of comparison may be, therefore, set down as follows:—

Positive, Kishedä. Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),
Comparative, Nahwudj kishedä. More hot,
Superlative, Mahmowee kishedä. Most hot.
Your manner of life is good, Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.
Your manner of life is better, Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.
Your manner of life is best, Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.
His manner of life is best, Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.
Little Turtle was brave, Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.
Tecumseh was braver, Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.
Pontiac was bravest, Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.

3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded by the adverb. Thus, the phrase songedää, he is brave, is changed to kahween söngedääsee, he is not brave.

POSITIVE.
Neebwaukah, He is wise.
Kwonaudjewe, She is handsome.
Oskineegee, He is young.
Shaugweewee, He is feeble.
Geekkau, He is old.
Mushkowizzi, He is strong.
NEGATIVE.
Kahween neebwaukah-see, He is not wise.
Kahween kwonaudjewee-see, She is not handsome.
Kahween oskineegee-see, He is not young.
Kahween Shaugweewee-see, He is not feeble.
Kahween Geekkau-see, He is not old.
Kahween Mushkowizzi-see, He is not strong.

From this rule the indeclinable adjectives, by which is meant those adjectives which do not put on the personal and impersonal forms by inflection, but consist of radically different roots, form exceptions.

Are you sick? Ke dahkoozzi nuh?
You are not sick! Kahween ke dahkoozzi-see.
I am happy, Ne minwaindum.
I am unhappy, Kahween ne minwainduz-see.
His manner of life is bad, Mudjee izzhewabizzi.
His manner of life is not bad, Kahween mudjee izzhewabizzi-see.
It is large, Mitshau muggud.
It is not large, Kahween mitshau-seenön.

In these examples, the declinable adjectives are rendered negative in see; the indeclinable, remain as simple adjuncts to the verbs; and the latter put on the negative form.

4. In the hints and remarks which have now been furnished respecting the Chippewa adjective, its powers and inflections have been shown to run parallel with those of the substantive, in its separation into animates and inanimates; in having the pronominal inflections; in taking an inflection for tense—a topic which, by the way, has been very cursorily passed over—and in the numerous modifications to form the compounds. This parallelism has also been intimated to hold good with respect to number—a subject deeply interesting in itself, as it has its analogy only in the ancient languages—and it was therefore deemed best to defer giving examples, till they could be introduced without abstracting the attention from other points of discussion.

Minno and mudjee, good and bad, being of the limited number of personal adjectives which modern usage permits being applied, although often improperly applied to inanimate objects, they, as well as a few other adjectives, form exceptions to the use of number. Whether we say "a good man" or "a bad man," "good men" or "bad men," the words minno and mudjee remain the same. But all the declinable and coalescing adjectives—adjectives which join on, and, as it were, melt into the body of the substantive—take the usual plural inflections, and are governed by the same rules in regard to their use, as the substantive; personal adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.

Adjectives Animate.
Singular.
Onishishewe mishemin, Good apple.
Kwonaudjewe eekwä, Handsome woman.
Songedää inine, Brave man.
Bishegaindaugoozzi peenasee, Beautiful bird.
Ozahwizzi ahmo, Yellow bee.
Plural.
Onishishewe-wug mishemin-ug, Good apples.
Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug, Handsome women.
Songedää-wug inine-wug, Brave men.
Bishegaindaugoozzi-wug peenasee-wug, Beautiful birds.
Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög, Yellow bees.
Adjectives Inanimate.
Singular.
Onishishin mittig, Good tree.
Kwonaudj tshemaun, Handsome canoe.
Monaudud ishkoda, Bad fire.
Weeshkobun aidetaig, Sweet fruit.
Plural.
Onishishin-ön mittig-ön, Good trees.
Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un, Handsome canoes.
Monaudud-ön ishkod-än, Bad fires.
Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in, Sweet fruits.

Peculiar circumstances are supposed to exist in order to render the use of the adjective, in this connection with the noun, necessary and proper. But, in ordinary instances, as the narration of events, the noun would precede the adjective; and oftentimes, particularly where a second allusion to objects previously named became necessary, the compound expressions would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee," wazzahwizzid would distinctly convey the idea of that insect, had the species been before named. Under similar circumstances, kain-waukoozzid, agausheid, söngaunemud, mushkowaunemud, would respectively signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind," "a hard wind." And these terms would become plural in jig, which, as before mentioned, is a mere modification of ig, one of the five general animate plural inflections of the language.

Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug, is an expression indicating they are very handsome children. But beeweezheewug monetösug denotes small insects. Minno neewugizzi, is "good tempered," "he is good tempered." Mawshininewugizzi, is "bad tempered," both having their plural in wug. Nin nuneenahwaindum, "I am lonesome." Nin nuneenahwaindaumin, "we (excluding you) are lonesome." Waweea, is a term generally used to express the adjective sense of round. Kwy, is the scalp; weewikwy, his scalp. Hence, weewukwon, "hat," wayweewukwonid, "a wearer of the hat;" and its plural, wayweewukwonidjig, "wearers of the hats"—the usual term applied to Europeans, or white men generally. These examples go to prove that under every form in which the adjective can be traced, whether in its simplest or most compound state, it is susceptible of number.

The numerals of the language are converted into adverbs by the inflection ing, making one, once, &c. The unit exists in duplicate.

Päzhik, One, general unit. Aubeding, Once.
Ingoot, One, numerical unit.
Neesh, Two. Neeshing, Twice.
Niswee, Three. Nissing, Thrice.
Neewin, Four. Neewing, Four times.
Naunun, Five. Nauning, Five times.
N'goodwaswä, Six. N'goodwautsking, Six times.
Neeshwauswä, Seven. Neeshwautshing, Seven times.
Shwauswe, Eight. Shwautshing, Eight times.
Shongusswe, Nine. Shongutshing, Nine times.
Metauswe, Ten. Meetaushing, Ten times.

These inflections can be carried as high as they can compute numbers. They count decimally. After reaching ten, they repeat, ten and one, ten and two, &c. to twenty. Twenty is a compound signifying two tens; thirty, three tens, &c.; a mode which is carried up to one hundred—n'goodwak. Wak then becomes the word of denomination, combining with the names of the digits until they reach a thousand, meetauswauk, literally ten hundred. Here a new compound term is introduced, made by prefixing twenty to the last denominator, neeshtonnah duswak, which doubles the last term, thirty triples it, forty quadruples it, &c. till the computation reaches to ten thousand, n'goodwak dushing n'goodwak, one hundred times one hundred. This is the probable extent of all certain computation. The term gitshee (great), prefixed to the last denomination, leaves the number indefinite.

There is no form of the numerals corresponding to second, third, fourth, &c. They can only further say, nittum, first, and ishkwaudj, last.

IV.
Some Remarks respecting the Agglutinative Position and Properties of the Pronoun.

Inquiry 4.

Nature and principles of the pronoun—Its distinction into preformative and subformative classes—Personal pronouns—The distinction of an inclusive and exclusive form in the number of the first person plural—Modifications of the personal pronouns to imply existence, individuality, possession, ownership, position, and other accidents—Declension of pronouns to answer the purpose of the auxiliary verbs—Subformatives, how employed to mark the persons—Relative pronouns considered—Their application to the causative verbs—Demonstrative pronouns—Their separation into two classes, animates and inanimates—Example of their use.

Pronouns are buried, if we may so say, in the structure of the verb. In tracing them back to their primitive forms, through the almost infinite variety of modifications which they assume, in connection with the verb, substantive, and adjective, it will facilitate analysis to group them into preformative and subformative, which include the terms that have already been made use of—pronominal prefixes, and suffixes—and which admit of the further distinction of separable and inseparable. By separable, is intended those forms which have a meaning by themselves, and are thus distinguished from the inflective and subformative pronouns, and pronominal particles, significant only in connection with another word.

1. Of the first class, are the personal pronouns Neen (I), Keen (Thou), and Ween or O (He or She). They are declined, to form the plural persons, in the following manner:—

I, Neen. We, Keen owind. (in.)
    We, Neen owind. (ex.)
Thou, Keen. Ye, Keen owau.
He or she, Ween or O. They, Ween owau.

Here the plural persons are formed by a numerical inflection of the singular. The double plural of the first person, of which both the rule and examples have been incidentally given in the remarks on the substantive, is one of those peculiarities of the language which may, perhaps, serve to aid in a comparison of it with other dialects, kindred and foreign. As a mere conventional agreement for denoting whether the person addressed be included or excluded, it may be regarded as an advantage to the language. It enables the speaker, by the change of a single consonant, to make a full and clear discrimination, and relieves the narration from doubts and ambiguity, where doubts and ambiguity would otherwise often exist. On the other hand, by accumulating distinctions, it loads the memory with grammatical forms, and opens a door for improprieties of speech. We are not aware of any inconveniences in the use of a general plural; but, in the Indian, it would produce confusion. And it is, perhaps, to that cautious desire of personal discrimination, which is so apparent in the structure of the language, that we should look for the reason of the duplicate forms of this word. Once established, however, and both the distinction, and the necessity of a constant and strict attention to it, are very obvious and striking. How shall he address the Deity? If he say, "Our Father who art in heaven," the inclusive form of our makes the Almighty one of the suppliants, or family. If he use the exclusive form, it throws him out of the family, and may embrace every living being but the Deity. Yet, neither of these forms can be used very well in prayer, as they cannot be applied directly to the object addressed. It is only when speaking of the Deity, under the name of father, to other persons, that the inclusive and exclusive forms of the word our can be used. The dilemma may be obviated by the use of a compound descriptive phrase, Wä ö se mig o yun, signifying, "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal father." In practice, however, the question is cut short by those persons who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that, by the use of either of the foregoing terms, the Deity would be thrown into too remote a relation to them; and I have observed that in prayer they invariably address Him by the term used by children for the father of a family—that is, nosa, "my father."

The other personal pronouns undergo some peculiar changes when employed as preformatives before nouns and verbs, which it is important to remark. Thus neen, is sometimes rendered ne, or nin, and sometimes nim. Keen, is rendered ke, or kin. In compound words, the mere signs of the first and second pronouns, N and K, are employed. The use of ween is limited; and the third person, singular and plural, is generally indicated by the sign O.

The particle suh, added to the complete forms of the disjunctive pronouns, imparts a verbal sense to them; and appears, in this instance, to be a succedaneum for the substantive verb. Thus Neen, I, becomes neensuh, it is I. Keen, thou, becomes keensuh, it is thou; and ween, he or she, weensuh, it is he or she. This particle may be also added to the plural forms.

Keenowind suh, It is we. (in.)
Neenowind suh, It is we. (ex.)
Keenowau suh, It is ye, or you.
Weenowau suh, It is they.

If the word aittah, be substituted for suh, a set of adverbial phrases are formed:—

Neen aittah, I only. Neen aittah wind, We, &c. (ex.)
  Keen aittah wind, We, &c. (in.)
Keen aittah, Thou only. Keen aittah wau, You, &c.
Ween aittah, He or she only. Ween aittah wau, They, &c.

In like manner, nittum, first, and ishkwaudj, last, give rise to the following arrangement of the pronoun:—

Neen nittum, I first.
Keen nittum, You or thou first.
Ween nittum, He or she first.
Keen nittum ewind, We first. (in.)
Neen nittum ewind, We first. (ex.)
Keen nittum ewau, Ye or you first.
Ween nittum ewau, They first.
Ishkwaudj.
Neen ishkwaudj, I last.
Keen ishkwaudj, Thou last.
Ween ishkwaudj, He or she last.
Keenowind ishkwaudj, We last. (in.)
Neenowind ishkwaudj, We last. (ex.)
Keenowau ishkwaudj, Ye or you last.
Weenowau ishkwaudj, They last.

The disjunctive forms of the pronoun are also sometimes preserved before verbs and adjectives.

Neezhika. Alone, (an.)
Neen neezhika, I alone.
Keen neezhika, Thou alone.
Ween neezhika, He or she alone.
Keenowind neezhika, We alone. (in.)
Neenowind neezhika, We alone. (ex.)
Keenowau neezhika, Ye or you alone.
Weenowau neezhika, They alone.

To give these expressions a verbal form, the substantive verb, with its pronominal modifications, must be superadded. For instance, I am alone, &c. is thus rendered:—

Neen neezhika nindyau, I am alone + aumin.
Keen neezhika keedyau, Thou art alone + aum.
Ween neezhika iyau, He or she is alone, &c. + wug.

In the subjoined examples, the noun OW, body, is changed to a verb, by the permutation of the vowel, changing OW, to AUW; which last takes the letter d before it when the pronoun is prefixed:—

I am a man, Neen nin dauw.
Thou art a man, Keen ke dauw.
He is a man, Ween ah weeh.
We are men, (in.) Ke dauw we min.
We are men, (ex.) Ne dauw we min.
Ye are men, Ke dauw mim.
They are men, Weenowau ah weeh wug.

In the translation of these expressions, "man" is used as synonymous with "person." If the specific term inine had been introduced, in the original, the meaning thereby conveyed would be, in this particular connection, "I am a man," with respect to courage, &c. in opposition to effeminacy. It would not be simply declarative of corporeal existence, but of existence in a particular state or condition.

In the following phrases, the modified forms, or the signs only, of the pronouns are used:

N'debaindaun, I own it.
Ke debaindaun, Thou ownst it.
O debaindaun, He or she owns it.
N'debaindaum-in, We own it. (ex.)
Ke debaindaum-in, We own it. (in.)
Ke debaindaun-ewau, Ye own it.
O debaindaun-ewau, They own it.

These examples are cited as exhibiting the manner in which the prefixed and preformative pronouns are employed, both in their full and contracted forms. To denote possession, nouns specifying the things possessed are required; and, what would not be anticipated had not full examples of this species of declension been given in another place, the purposes of distinction are not affected by a simple change of the pronoun, as I to mine, &c., but by a subformative inflection of the noun, which is thus made to have a reflective operation upon the pronoun speaker. It is believed that sufficient examples of this rule, in all the modifications of inflection, have been given under the head of the substantive. But as the substantives employed to elicit these modifications were exclusively specific in their meaning, it, may be proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to present a generic substantive under their compound forms.

I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. IE-AU´, is the abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its inanimate correspondent is IE-EE´. These are two important roots. And they are found in combination, in a very great number of derivative words. It will be sufficient here, to show their connection with the pronoun, in the production of a class of terms in very general use.

Animate Forms.
Possessive.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nin dyë aum, Mine. Nin dyë auminaun, Ours. (ex.)
    Ke dyë auminaun, Ours. (in.)
Ke dyë aum, Thine. Ke dyë aumewau, Yours.
Objective.
O dyë aum-un, His or Hers. O dyë aumewaun, Theirs.
Inanimate Forms.
Possessive.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nin dyë eem, Mine. Nin dyë eeminaun, Ours. (ex.)
    Ke dyë eeminaun, Ours. (in.)
Ke dyë eem, Thine. Ke dyë eemewau, Yours.
Objective.
O dyë eem. His or Hers. O dyë eemewau, Theirs. (pos. in.)

In these forms the noun is singular throughout. To render it plural, as well as the pronoun, the appropriate general plurals ug and un, or ig and in, must be superadded. But it must be borne in mind, in making these additions, "that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns (which have no objective case), forms the objective case to animate, which have no number in the third person." (p. 461.) The particle un, therefore, which is the appropriate plural for the inanimate nouns in these examples, is only the objective mark of the animate.

The plural of I, is naun, the plural of thou and he, wau. But as these inflections would not coalesce smoothly with the possessive inflections, the connective vowels i and e are prefixed, making the plural of I, inaun, and of thou, &c., ewau.

If we strike from these declensions the root IE, leaving its animate and inanimate forms AU and EE, and adding the plural of the noun, we shall then, taking the animate declension as an instance, have the following formula of the pronominal declensions:

Pronoun singular. Place of the noun. Possessive inflection. Objective inflection to the noun singular. Connective vowel. Plural inflection of the pronoun. Objective inflection, noun plural. Plural of the noun.
Ne   aum   i naun   ig
Ke   aum   e wau   g
O   aum un        
O   aum   e wau n  

To render this formula of general use, six variations (five in addition to the above) of the possessive inflection are required, corresponding to the six classes of substantives, whereby aum would be changed to _äm_, eem, im, _öm_, and oom, conformably to the examples heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The objective inflection would also be sometimes changed to een, and sometimes to oan.

Having thus indicated the mode of distinguishing the person, number, relation, and gender, or what is deemed its technical equivalent, the mutations words undergo, not to mark the distinctions of sex, but the presence or absence of vitality, I shall now advert to the inflections which the pronouns take for tense, or rather to form the auxiliary verbs, have, had, shall, will, may, &c.; a very curious and important principle, and one which clearly demonstrates that no part of speech has escaped the transforming genius of the language. Not only are the three great modifications of time accurately marked in the verbal form of the Chippewas, but, by the inflection of the pronoun, they are enabled to indicate some of the oblique tenses, and thereby to conjugate their verbs with accuracy and precision.

The particle gee added to the first, second, and third person singular, of the present tense, changes them to the perfect past, rendering I, thou, he, I did, have, or had; thou didst, hast, or hadst; he or she did, have, or had. If gah be substituted for gee, the first future tense is formed, and the perfect past added to the first future, forms the conditional future. As the eye may prove an auxiliary in the comprehension of forms which are not familiar, the following tabular arrangement of them is presented.

First person, I.
Nin gee, I did, have, had.
Nin gah, I shall, will.
Nin gah gee, I shall have, will have.
Second person, Thou.
Ke gee, Thou didst, hast, hadst.
Ke gah, Thou shalt, wilt.
Ke gah gee, Thou shalt have, wilt have.
Third person, He or She.
O gee, He or she did, have, had.
O gah, He or she did, have, had.
O gah gee, He or she shall have, will have.

The present and imperfect tense of the potential mood is formed by dau, and the perfect by gee suffixed, as in other instances.

First person, I.
Nin dau, I may, can, &c.
Nin dau gee, I may have, can have, &c.
Second person, Thou.
Ke dau, Thou mayst, canst, &c.
Ke dau gee, Thou mayst have, canst have, &c.
Third person, He or She.
O dau, He or she may, can, &c.
O dau gee, He or she may have, can have, &c.

In conjugating the verbs through the plural person, the singular terms for the pronoun remain, and they are rendered plural by a retrospective action of the pronominal inflections of the verb. In this manner the pronoun-verb auxiliary has a general application, and the necessity of double forms is avoided.

The preceding observations are confined to the formative or prefixed pronouns. The inseparable suffixed or subformative are as follows:—

Yaun, My.
Yun, Thy.
Id or d, His or hers.
Yaung, Our. (ex.)
Yung, Our. (in.)
Yaig, Your.
Waud, Their.

These pronouns are exclusively employed as suffixes, and as suffixes to the descriptive compound substantives, adjectives, and verbs. Both the rule and examples have been stated under the head of the substantives, p. 463, and adjectives, p. 492. Their application to the verb will be shown as we proceed.

2. Relative Pronouns.—In a language which provides for the distinction of person by particles prefixed or suffixed to the verb, it will scarcely be expected that separate and independent relative pronouns should exist, or if such are to be found, their use, as separate parts of speech, must, it will have been anticipated, be quite limited; limited to simple interrogatory forms of expression, and not applicable to the indicative or declaratory. Such will be found to be the fact in the language under review; and it will be perceived from the subjoined examples, that in all instances requiring the relative pronoun who, other than the simple interrogatory forms, this relation is indicated by the inflections of the verb, or adjective, &c. Nor does there appear to be any declension of the separate pronoun corresponding to whose and whom.

The word Ahwaynain, may be said to be uniformly employed in the sense of who, under the limitations we have mentioned. For instance—

Who is there? Ahwaynain e-mah ai-aud?
Who spoke? Ahwaynain kau keegœdood?
Who told you? Ahwaynain kau weendumoak?
Who are you? Ahwaynain iau we yun?
Who sent you? Ahwaynain waynönik?
Who is your father? Ahwaynain kös?
Who did it? Ahwaynain kau tödung?
Whose dog is it? Ahwaynain way dyid?
Whose pipe is that? Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?
Whose lodge is it? Ahwaynain way weegewomid?
Whom do you seek? Ahwaynain nain dau wau bumud?
Whom have you here? Ahwaynain oh-amau ai auwaud?

Not the slightest variation is made in these phrases between who, whose, and whom.

Should we wish to change the interrogative, and to say he who is there, he who spoke, he who told you, &c., the separable personal pronoun ween (he) must be used in lieu of the relative; and the following forms will be elicited:—

Ween, kau unnönik, He (who) sent you.
Ween, kau geedood, He (who) spoke.
Ween, ai-aud e-mah, He (who) is there.
Ween, kau weendumoak, He (who) told you.
Ween, kau tödung, He (who) did it, &c.

If we object that, in these forms, there is no longer the relative pronoun who, the sense being simply he sent you, he spoke, &c., it is replied that, if it be intended only to say he sent you, &c., and not he who sent you, &c., the following forms are used:—

Ke gee unnönig, He (sent) you.
Ainnözhid, He (sent) me.
Ainnönaud, He (sent) him.
Iau e-mau, He is there.
Ke geedo, He (spoke).
Ke gee weendumaug, He (told) you.
Ke to dum, He did it.

We reply to this answer of the native speaker, that the particle kau prefixed to a verb, denotes the past tense; that in the former series of terms in which this particle appears, the verbs are in the perfect indicative, and in the latter, they are in the present indicative, marking the difference only between sent and send, spoke and speak, &c.; and that there is absolutely no relative pronoun in either series of terms. We further observe, that the personal pronoun ween, prefixed to the first set of terms, may be prefixed, with equal propriety, to the second set, and that its use or disuse is perfectly optional with the speaker, as he may wish to give additional energy or emphasis to the expression. To these positions, after reflection, discussion, and examination, we receive an assent, and thus the uncertainty is terminated.

We now wish to apply the principle thus elicited to verbs causative, and to other compound terms—to the adjective verbs, for instance—and to the other verbal compound expressions, in which the objective and the nominative persons are incorporated as a part of the verb, and are not prefixes to it. This may be shown in the causative verb—

TO MAKE HAPPY.
Mainwaindumëid, He (who) makes me happy.
Mainwaindumëik, He (who) makes thee happy.
Mainwaindumëaud, He (who) makes him happy.
Mainwaindumëinung, He (who) makes us happy. (in.)
Mainwaindumëyaug, He (who) makes us happy. (ex.)
Mainwaindumëinnaig, He (who) makes ye or you happy.
Mainwaindumëigowaud, He (who) makes them happy.

And so the forms might be continued throughout all the objective persons—

Mainwaindum ë yun, Thou (who) makest me happy, &c.

The basis of these compounds is minno, "good," and aindum, "the mind." Hence, minwaindum, "he happy." The adjective, in this connection, cannot be translated "good," but its effect upon the noun is to denote that state of the mind which is at rest with itself. The first change from this simple compound, is to give the adjective a verbal form; and this is effected by a permutation of the vowels of the first syllable—a rule of very extensive application—and by which, in the present instance, the phrase "he happy," is changed to "he makes happy," (mainwaindum.) The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns, id, ik, aud, &c., rendering the expressions, "he makes me happy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the vowel e is thrown between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression, not mainwaindum-yun, but mainwaindum ëyun. Generally, the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is here employed as a personal pronoun, and that the relative who is implied by the final inflection, overlook the inevitable inference, that if the marked e stands for me in the first phrase, it must stand for thee in the second, he in the third, us in the fourth, &c. As to the meaning and office of the final inflections id, ik, &c., whatever they may, in an involuted sense, imply, it is quite clear, by turning to the list of suffixed personal pronouns, and animate plurals, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.

Take, for example, minwaindumëigowaud, "he (who) makes them happy." Of this compound, minwaindum, as before shown, signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that but one person is made happy; and the suffixed personal pronouns singular, mark the distinctions between me, thee, and he, or him.

Minwaindum-e-ig is the verb plural, and implies that several persons are made happy; and, in like manner, the suffixed personal pronouns plural, mark the distinctions between we, ye, they, &c.; for it is a rule of the language, that a strict concordance must exist between the number of the verb and the number of the pronoun. The termination of the verb consequently always indicates whether there be one or many objects to which its energy is directed. And as animate verbs can be applied only to animate objects, the numerical inflections of the verb are understood to mark the number of persons. But this number is indiscriminate, and leaves the sense vague until the pronominal suffixes are superadded. Those who, therefore, contend for the sense of the relative pronoun "who" being given in the last-mentioned phrase, and all phrases similarly formed by a succedaneum, contend for something like the following form of translation: "He makes them happy—him!" or "Him—he (meaning 'who') makes them happy."

The equivalent for what, is waygonain.

What do you want? Waygonain wau iauyun?
What have you lost? Waygonain kau wonetöyun?
What do you look for? Waygonain nain dahwau bundahmun?
What is this? Waygonain ewinain maundun?
What will you have? Waygonain kad iauyun?
What detained you? Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?
What are you making? Waygonain wayzhetöyun?
What have you there? Waygonain e-mau iauyun?

The use of this pronoun, like the preceding, appears to be confined to simple interrogative forms. The word auneen, which sometimes supplies its place, or is used for want of the pronoun which, is an adverb, and has considerable latitude of meaning. Most commonly, it may be considered as the equivalent for how, in what manner, or at what time.

What do you say? Auneen akeedöyun?
What do you call this? Auneen aizheneekaudahmun maundun?(i.)
What ails you? Auneen aindeeyun?
What is your name? Auneen aizheekauzoyun?
Which do you mean, this or that? (an.) Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow gämau ewaidde?
Which do you mean, this or that? (in.) Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo gämau ewaidde?
Which boy do you mean? Auneen ah-ow-ainud?

By adding to this word the particle de, it is converted into an adverb of place, and may be rendered where.

Where do you dwell? Auneende aindauyun?
Where is your son? Auneende ke gwiss?
Where did you see him? Auneende ke waubumud?
Where did you see it? Auneende ke waubundumun?
Where are you going? Auneende azhauyun?
Where did you come from? Auneende ka oonjeebauyun?
Where is your pipe? Auneende ke döpwaugun?
Where is your gun? Auneende ke baushkizzigun?

By a still further modification, it is rendered an adverb of inquiry of the cause or motive.

Why do you do so? Auneeshween eh eu todumun?
Why do you say so? Auneeshween eh eu ekeedoyun?
Why are you angry? Auneeshween nishkaudizzeyun?
Why will you depart? Auneeshween wee matyauyun?
Why will you not depart? Auneeshween matyauseewun?
Why have you come? Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?
Tell me why? Weendumowishin auneeshween?
Wherefore is it so? Auneeshween eh-eu izzhewaibuk? (in.)
Wherefore did you strike him? Auneeshween ke pukketaywud?

3. Demonstrative pronouns are either animate or inanimate, and may be arranged as follows:—

ANIMATE. INANIMATE.
Mau-bum (impersonal), This. Maun-dun (inanimate proper).
Woh-ow (personal), Oh-oo (inanimate conventional).
Ah-ow, That. Eh-eu.
Mau-mig, These. Mau-min.
Ig-eu (personal), Those. In-eu (inanimate proper).
I-goo (impersonal), O-noo (inanimate conventional).

These words are not always used merely to ascertain the object, but often, perhaps always, when the object is present to the sight, have a substantive meaning, and are used without the noun. It creates no uncertainty, if a man be standing at some distance to say, Ah-ow; or if a canoe be lying at some distance, to say, Eh-eu; the meaning is clearly, that person, or that canoe, whether the noun be added or not. Or, if there be two animate objects standing together, or two inanimate objects lying together, the words maumig (a.), or maumin (i.), if they be near, or ig-eu, (a.), or in-eu (i.), if they be distant, are equally expressive of the materiality of the objects, as well as their relative position. Under other circumstances the noun would be required, as where two animate objects of diverse character—a man and a horse for instance—were standing near each other; or a canoe and a package of goods were lying near each other—and, in fact, under all circumstances—the noun may be used after the demonstrative pronoun, without violating any rule of grammar, although not without the imputation, in many instances, of being over-formal and unnecessarily minute. What is deemed redundant, however, in oral use, and amongst a people who supply much by sight and gesticulation, becomes quite necessary in writing the language; and, in the following sentences, the substantive is properly employed after the pronoun:—

This dog is very lean, Gitshee bukaukuddoozo woh-ow annemoosh.
These dogs are very lean, Gitshee bukaukuddoozowug o-goo annemooshug.
Those dogs are fat, Ig-eu annemooshug ween-in-oowug.
That dog is fat, Ah-ow annemoosh ween-in-oo.
This is a handsome knife, Gagait onishishin maundun mokomahn.
These are handsome knives, Gagait wahwinaudj o-noo mokomahnun.
Those are bad knives, Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.
Give me that spear, Meezhishin eh-eu ahnitt.
Give me those spears, Meezhishin in-eu unnewaidde ahnitteen.
That is a fine boy, Gagait kwonaudj ah-ow kweewezains.
Those are fine boys, Gagait wahwinaudj ig-euwaidde kweewezainsug.
This boy is larger than that, Nahwudj mindiddo woh-ow kweewezains ewaidde dush.
That is what I wanted, Meeh-eu wau iauyaumbaun.
This is the very thing I wanted, Mee-suh oh-oo wau iauyaumbaun.

In some of these expressions, the pronoun combines with an adjective, as in the compound words ineuwaidde and igeuwaidde, those yonder (in.), and those yonder (an.). Compounds which exhibit the full pronoun in coalescence with the adverb ewaidde, yonder.

2. NATURAL HISTORY.

V.
ZOOLOGY.

1. Limits of the Range of the Cervus Sylvestris in the Northwestern parts of the United States. By Henry R. Schoolcraft. (Northwest Journal.)

2. Description of the Fringilia Vespertina, discovered by Mr. Schoolcraft in the Northwest. By William Cooper. (Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.)

3. Conchology.—List of Shells collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, in the Western and Northwestern Territory. By William Cooper.

HELIX.

1. Helix albolabris, Say. Near Lake Michigan.

2. Helix alternata, Say. Banks of the Wabash, near and above the Tippecanoe. Mr. Say remarks, that these two species, so common in the Atlantic States, were not met with in Major Long's second expedition, until their arrival in the secondary country at the eastern extremity of Lake Superior.

PLANORBIS.

3. Planorbis campanulatus, Say. Itasca (or La Biche) Lake, the source of the Mississippi.

4. Planorbis trivolvis, Say. Lake Michigan. These two species were also observed by Mr. Say, as far east as the Falls of Niagara.

LYMNEUS.

5. Lymneus umbrosus, Say, Am. Con. iv. pl. xxxi. Fig. 1. Lake Winnipec, Upper Mississippi, and Rainy Lake.

6. Lymneus reflexus, Say, l. c. pl. xxxi. Fig. 2. Rainy Lake, Seine River, and Lake Winnipec.

7. Lymneus Stagnalis. Lake a la Crosse, Upper Mississippi.

PALUDINA.

8. Paludina ponderosa, Say. Wisconsin River.

9. Paludina vivipara, Say, Am. Con. i. pl. x. The American specimens of this shell are more depressed than the European, but appear to be identical in species.

MELANIA.

10. Melania virginica, Say. Lake Michigan.

ANODONTA.

11. Anodonta cataracta, Say. Chicago, Lake Michigan. This species, Mr. Lea remarks, has a great geographical extension.

12. Anodonta corpulenta, Nobis. Shell thin and fragile, though less so than others of the genus; much inflated at the umbones, margins somewhat compressed; valves connate over the hinge in perfect specimens; surface dark brown, in old shells; in younger, of a pale dingy green, and without rays, in all I have examined; beaks slightly undulated at the tip. The color within is generally of a livid coppery hue, but sometimes, also, pure white.

Length of a middling sized specimen, four and a half inches, breadth, six and a quarter. It is often eighteen inches in circumference round the border of the valves, with a diameter through the umbones of three inches. Inhabits the Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin.

This fine shell, much the largest I have seen of the genus, was first sent by Mr. Schoolcraft, to the Lyceum, several years ago. So far as I am able to discover, it is undescribed, and a distinct and remarkable species. It may be known by its length being greater in proportion to its breadth than in the other American species, by the subrhomboidal form of the posterior half, and generally, by the color of the nacre, though this is not to be relied on. It appears to belong to the genus Symphynota of Mr. Lea.

ALASMODONTA.

13. Alasmodonta complanata, Barnes. Symphynota complanata, Lea. Shell Lake, River St. Croix, Upper Mississippi. Many species of shells found in this lake grow to an extraordinary size. Some of the present collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, measure nineteen inches in circumference.

14. Alasmodonta rugosa, Barnes. St. Croix River, and Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River.

15. Alasmodonta marginata, Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River; very large.

16. Alasmodonta edentula? Say. Anodon areolatus? Swainson. Lake Vaseux. The specimens of this shell are too old and imperfect to be safely determined.

UNIO.

17. Unio tuberculatus, Barnes. Painted Rock, Upper Mississippi.

18. Unio pustulosus, Lea. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien, to Lake Pepin.

19. Unio verrucosus, Barnes, Lea. St. Croix River of the Upper Mississippi.

20. Unio plicatus, Le Sueur, Say. Prairie du Chien, and River St. Croix.

The specimens of U. plicatus sent from this locality by Mr. Schoolcraft have the nacre beautifully tinged with violet, near the posterior border of the shell, and are also much more ventricose than those found in more eastern localities, as Pittsburg, for example; at the same time, I believe them to be of the same species. Similar variations are observed in other species; the specimens from the south and west generally exhibiting a greater development.

21. Unio trigonus, Lea. From the same locality as the last, and like it unusually ventricose.

22. Unio ebenus, Lea. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin.

23. Unio gibbosus, Barnes. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,

24. Unio rectus, Lamarck. U. prælongus, Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white, others rose purple, and others entirely of a very fine dark salmon color. This species inhabits the St. Lawrence as far east as Montreal.

25. Unio siliquoideus, Barnes, and U. inflatus, Barnes. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin. Large, ponderous, and the epidermis finely rayed.

26. Unio complanatus, Lea. U. purpureus, Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River. Lake Vaseux is an expansion of the River St. Mary, a tributary of the upper lakes. This shell does not appear to exist in any of the streams flowing into the Mississippi.

27. Unio crassus, Say. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien.

28. Unio radiatus, Barnes. Lake Vaseux. The specimen is old and imperfect, but I believe it to be the U. radiatus of our conchologists, which is common in Lake Champlain and also inhabits the St. Lawrence.

29. Unio occidens, Lea. U. ventricosus, Say, Am. Con. U. ventricosus, Barnes? Wisconsin and St. Croix Rivers, and Shell Lake. Epidermis variously colored, and marked with numerous rays.

30. Unio ventricosus, Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin and Shell Lake. The varieties of this, and the preceding pass insensibly into each other. Those from Shell Lake are of extraordinary size.

31. Unio alatus, Say. Symphynota alata, Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. Found also in Lake Champlain, by the late Mr. Barnes.

32. Unio gracilis, Barnes. Symphynota gracilis, Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. The specimens brought by Mr. Schoolcraft are larger and more beautiful than I have seen from any other locality.

VI.
BOTANY.

1. A List of Species and Localities of Plants collected in the Northwestern Expeditions of Mr. Schoolcraft of 1831 and 1832. By Douglass Houghton, M. D., Surgeon to the expeditions.

The localities of the following plants are transcribed from a catalogue kept during the progress of the expeditions, and embrace many plants common to our country, which were collected barely for the purpose of comparison. A more detailed account will be published at some future day.

VII.
MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.