• Achæans, Celts and, 111, 112.
• Acheulian culture, 13, 14.
• Adonis, killed by boar, 197.
• Ægean culture, Celts absorbed, 112.
• — — in Central Europe, 96.
• Æstyans, the, amber traders, 161.
• — worship of mother goddess and boar god, 161, 162.
• Africa, Crô-Magnon peoples entered Europe from, 35.
• — ostrich eggs, ivory, &c., from, found in Spain, 96.
• — transmigration of souls in, 143.
• Age, the Agricultural and pre-Agricultural, 213.
• — the Early Red Deer, 214, 215.
• — the Prehistoric, 217.
• — the Historic, 217.
• — the Reindeer, 213.
• Ages, Archæological, new system of, 215.
• — — problem of Scottish copper axe, 219.
• — the Mythical, colours and metals of, 121. See also Geological and Archæological Ages.
• Agriculture, beginning of, in Britain, 217.
• — importance of introduction of, 212.
• — history of, 210.
• — Neolithic sickles, 4.
• — barley, wheat, and rye cultivated, 5.
• Aine, the Munster fairy, 202.
• Airts (Cardinal Points), the, doctrine of, 145. See also Cardinal Points.
• Akkad, Sargon of, his knowledge of Western Europe, 96, 218.
• Alabaster, Eastern perfume flasks of, in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• Albertite, jet and, 164.
• Albiorix, the Gaulish god, 207.
• All Hallows, Black Sow of, 200.
• Amber, associated with jet and Egyptian blue beads in England, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — Celtic and German names of, 162.
• — as magical product of water, 162, 163.
• — eyes strengthened by, 165.
• — imported into Britain at 1400 b.c., 106; and in first century a.d., 114.
• — jet and pearls and, 22.
• — as "life substance", 80.
• — Megalithic people searched for, 93.
• — origin of, in Scottish lore, 162.
• — Persian, &c., names of, 163, 164.
• — Tacitus on the Baltic Æstyans, 161.
• — connection of, with boar god and mother goddess, 161.
• — as "tears" of goddess, 161.
• — trade in, 219.
• — the "vigorous Gael" and, 163.
• — connection of, with Woad, 163.
• — white enamel as substitute for, 165.
• America, green stone symbolism in, 34.
• Angles, 126.
• — Celts and, 227.
• Anglo-Saxon intruders, our scanty knowledge of, 209.
• Angus, the Irish god of love, 202.
• Animism, not the earliest stage in religion, 178.
• Annis, Black (also "Black Anny" and "Cat Anna"), 195.
• — — Irish Anu (Danu), and, 198.
• Anthropology, stratification theory, 11, 12.
• Anu (Ana), the goddess, 198, 201.
• Aphrodite, 221.
• — amber and, 163.
• — the black form of, 164.
• — connection of, with pearl and moon, 158.
• — Julius Cæsar's pearl offering to, 159.
• — myth of origin of, 38.
• — Egyptian Hathor and, 38.
• — the Scandinavian, 161.
• Apollo, British temples of, 177.
• — the Gaelic, 202.
• — the Gaulish, 207.
• — god of London, 203.
• — mouse connection of, 179.
• — mouse feasts, 187.
• Apple, 221.
• — connection of mouse with, 196.
• — as fruit of longevity, 144.
• — Scottish hag-goddess and, 196.
• — Thomas the Rhymer and apple of knowledge and longevity, 146.
• — "wassailing", 204.
• Apple land (Avalon), the Celtic Paradise, 144.
• Apples, life substance in, 206.
• Apple tree, God of, 204.
• Archæological Ages, 1400 b.c., a date in British history, 106.
• — — "Broad-heads" in Britain and "Long-heads" in Ireland use bronze, 87.
• — — climate in Upper Palæolithic, 14.
• — — Egyptian and Babylonian relics in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• — — Egyptian Empire beads associated with bronze industry in south-western England, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — — few intrusions between Bronze and Iron Ages, 109.
• — — in humorous art, 1.
• — — "Stone Age" man not necessarily a savage, 2.
• Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, 12.
• — — Irish sagas and, 119.
• — — bronze and iron swords, 119.
• — — Lord Avebury's system, 8.
• — — Neolithic industry introduced by metal workers in Spain, 95, 99.
• — — relations of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, 14, 15, 16.
• — — "Transition Period" longer than "Neolithic Age", 61.
• — — Western European metals reached Mesopotamia between 3000 b.c. and 2000 b.c., 99, 100. See also Palæolithic and Neolithic.
• Archæology, stratification theory, 11, 12.
• Argentocoxus, the Caledonian, 112.
• Armenoid (Alpine) races, early movements of, 56.
• Armenoids in Britain, 222.
• — intrusions of, in Europe, 126.
• — partial disappearance of, from Britain, 127.
• Armlets, in graves, 158.
• Arrow, the fiery, and goddess Brigit, 188.
• Arrows, Azilians introduced, into Europe, 55.
• — as symbols of deity, 51.
• Art, ancient man caricatured in modern, 1.
• Artemis, bee and butterfly connected with, 193.
• — myth of the Scottish, 174, 197.
• Arthur, King, Celtic myth attached to, 198.
• Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, night-shining gem of, 160.
• — — giant of, 131, and also note 98.
• Aryans, The, 123.
• Astronomy in Ancient Britain and Ireland, 175, and also note 162.
• — Welsh and Gaelic names of constellations, 203.
• Atlantis, The Lost, 70.
• Atrebates, The, in Britain, 128.
• Augustine of Canterbury, Pope Gregory's letter, 176.
• — — Canterbury temple occupied by, 177.
• Augustonemeton (shrine of Augustus), 159.
• Aurignac, Crô-Magnon cave-tomb of, 20, 22.
• Aurignacian, African source of culture called, 27, 35.
• — custom of smearing bodies with red earth, 27.
• — animism and goddess worship, 178.
• — influence in Britain, 19, 216.
• — burial customs, 45.
• — cave hand-prints, 47.
• — "Combe-Capelle" man, 25.
• — Brüx and Brünn race, 26.
• — Crô-Magnons and, 14.
• — culture of Crô-Magnon grotto, 23, 24.
• — heart as seat of life, 32.
• — green stone symbolism, 33.
• — Indian Ocean shell at Grimaldi, 36.
• — Magdalenians and, 52.
• — the Mother-goddess, 42, 178.
• — Egyptian milk and shells link, 43.
• — "Tama" belief, 44.
• — origin of term, 22.
• — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• — Proto-Solutrean influence on, 49.
• — no trace of, in Hungary, 50.
• Aurignacian Age, 13.
• Aurignacian implements 21 (ill.).
• Australian natives, Neanderthal man and, 9.
• Avalon (Apple land), the Celtic Paradise, 144.
• Avebury, megaliths of, 82.
• — — burial customs, 171.
• Axe, Chellean 14 (ill.).
• — double, as "god-body", 50.
• — Glasgow and Spanish green-stone axes, 97.
• — as religious object, 77.
• Axes, Neolithic, distribution of population and, 82, 84.
• — Neolithic, mathematical skill in manufacture of, 4.
• Aynia, Irish fairy queen, 201.
• Azilian culture, 62.
• — — artifacts, 13.
• — — English Channel land-bridge crossed by carriers of, 58, 67, 69.
• Azilian culture, Iberian carriers of, 216.
• — — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• — — rock paintings, 55.
• — — customs of, revealed in art, 55.
• — — script used, 56.
• — — in Scotland and England, 58, 60.
• — boats, 75.
• Azilians in Britain, 70, 125.
•  
• Babylonia, goddess of, in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• — influence of, in Asia Minor and Syria, 95.
• — influence of culture of, 212.
• — influence of, in Britain, 218.
• — knowledge of European metal-fields in, 99.
• — religious ideas of, in Britain, 154.
• Baptism, milk and honey used in, 152.
• Barley, cultivation of, 5.
• — the Egyptian, reaches Britain, 84, 85.
• Basket-making, relation of, to pottery and knitting, 6.
• Beads, as "adder stones" and "Druid's gems", 163.
• — Egyptian blue beads in England, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — Egyptian, in Britain, 211.
• Bede, on jet symbolism, 164.
• Bee, connection of, with Artemis and fig tree, 193.
• — as soul form in legends, 193.
• Bees, connection of, with maggot soul form, 102.
• — "Telling the bees" custom, 103, 193.
• Belatucadros, a Gaulish Mars, 207.
• Belgæ, The, in Britain, 128.
• Belisama, goddess of Mersey, 206.
• Beltain festival, fires at, 191.
• Berries, fire in, 181.
• — life substance in, 206.
• — "the luck", 180.
• — salmon and red, 183.
• Berry charms, 47.
• Birds, butterfly as "bird of god", 191.
• — Celtic deities as, 195.
• Birds, language of, Druids and wren, 145.
• — language of, in India, 151.
• — language of, St. Columba and, 146.
• — oyster catcher and wood linnet as birds of goddess Bride, 187.
• — swan form of soul, 190.
• — taboo in Ancient Britain, 201.
• — taboo in Highlands, 201.
• — tom-tit, robin, wren, and apple cults, 204.
• — wren as king of, 186.
• Black Annis, Irish Anu (Danu) and, 198.
• —Leicestershire hag-deity, 195, 196.
• Black Demeter, 196.
• Black goddesses, Greek and Scottish, 164.
• Black Kali, Indian goddess, 196.
• Black Pig, Devil as, 200.
• Black Sow, Devil as, 200.
• Blood Covenant, 152.
• Boadicea, 162, 227.
• — (Boudicca), Queen, 114.
• — Iceni tribe of, 128.
• Boann, the goddess, 202.
• Boar, Adonis and Diarmid slain by, 197.
• — in Orkney, 129.
• — salmon and porpoise as, 182.
• Boar god on British and Gaulish coins, 162.
• — — connection of, with amber, 161.
• — — the Gaulish, 197.
• — — Mars as, 197.
• — — The Inverness, 129, 155 (ill.).
• Boats, ancient migrations by sea, 92.
• — axe of Clyde boat, 77.
• — Himilco's references to skin-boats, 77.
• — sea-worthiness of skin-boats, 77.
• — how sea-sense was cultivated, 78.
• — Veneti vessels, 78.
• — Azilian-Tardenoisians and Maglemosians required, 69.
• — Britain reached by, before last land movement ceased, 72.
• — Perth dug-out, under carse clays, 72.
• Boats, Forth and Clyde dug-outs, 72.
• — dug-outs not the earliest, 72, 73.
• — Ancient Egyptian papyri and skin-boats, 73.
• — "seams" and "skins" of, 74.
• — Egyptian models in Europe and Asia, 74.
• — religious ceremonies at construction of dug-outs, 74.
• — Polynesian, dedicated to gods, 74.
• — earliest Egyptian, 74.
• — Britons and Veneti, 224.
• — Celtic pirates, 136.
• — earliest, in Britain, 218.
• — early builders of, 6.
• — Easterners exported ores by, from Western Europe, 99.
• — Egyptian barley carried by early seafarers to Britain, 84.
• — exports from early Britain, 104.
• — Glasgow discoveries of ancient, 75, 76.
• — cork plug in Glasgow boat, 75, 76.
• — invention of, 72.
• — oak god and skin boats, 153.
• — outrigger at Glasgow, 76.
• — ancient Clyde clinker-built boat, 76.
• — Aberdeenshire dug-out, 76.
• — Sussex, Kentish, and Dumfries finds of, 77.
• — Brigg boat, 77.
• — Pictish, 136.
• — pre-Roman British, 224.
• — similar types in Africa and Scandinavia 75 (ill.).
• — why early seafarers visited Britain, 80, 81.
• Bodies painted for religious reasons, 28.
• Boers, the mouse cure of, 187, and also note172.
• Bone implements, 82.
• — — Magdalenians favoured, 52.
• Bonfires, at Pagan festivals, 181.
• Borvo, the Gaulish Apollo, 207.
• Bows and arrows, Azilians introduced, into Europe, 55.
• Boyne, River goddess of, 202.
• Boyne, The "white cow", 206.
• Bran, the god and saint, 202.
• Bride, The goddess, Bird of, and Page of, 187. — — dandelion as milk-yielding plant of, 187.
• — serpent of, as "daughter of Ivor" and the "damsel", 187, 188. See Brigit.
• — Saint, Goddess Bride and, 188.
• Bride's Day, 187.
• Bride wells, 188.
• Brigantes, blue shields of, 173.
• — Brigit (Bride) goddess of, 187.
• — territory occupied by, 188.
• — in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 128, 188.
• Brigit, Dagda and, 202.
• — as "fiery arrow", 188.
• — the goddess (also Bride), Brigantes and, 187.
• — three forms of, 188, 195.
• — as hag or girl, 195.
• Britain, Stone Age man in, 1.
• — early races in, 16.
• — date of last land movement in, 18.
• Briton, "cloth clad", 119.
• Britons, the, Cruithne of Ireland were, 131, 132.
• — chief people in ancient England, Ireland, and Scotland, 132.
• Brittany, Easterners in, 100.
• Bronze, Celts and, 106.
• — Gaelic gods connected with, 102.
• — knowledge of, introduced into Britain by traders, 101.
• — British, same as Continental, 101.
• — Spanish Easterners displaced by carriers of, 221.
• Bronze Age, The Archæological, British "broad-heads" and Irish "long-heads" as bronze users, 87.
• — — French forms in Britain and Spanish in Ireland, 88.
• — — conquest theory, 88.
• — — prospectors discovered metals in Britain, 89.
• — — how metals were located, 89.
• — — bronze carriers reached Spain from Central Europe, 96.
• — — carriers of bronze earliest settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, 111.
• Bronze Age, Celtic horse-tamers as bronze carriers, 111.
• — — carriers expel Easterners from Spain, 100, 101.
• — — Druidism and, 149.
• — — Egyptian relics of, 104.
• — — relics of 113 (ill.).
• Bronze industry, fibulæ and clothing, 119.
• Brünn and Brüx races, 50.
• — — skull caps, 25, 26.
• Brut, The, reference in, to Apollo's temple, 177.
• Bull, rivers and, 206.
• Bulls, The Sacred, 155 (ill.).
• — sacrifice of, in Ross-shire in seventeenth century, 148.
• Burial Customs, Avebury evidence regarding, 171.
• — — body painting, 27.
• — — Seven Sleepers myth, 29.
• — — British Pagan survivals, 17.
• — — Crô-Magnon Aurignacian, in Wales, 19.
• — — doctrine of Cardinal Points and, 168, 170.
• — — Egyptian pre-dynastic customs, 170.
• — — food for the dead, 158.
• — — urns in graves, 158.
• — — green stones in mouths of Crô-Magnon dead, 33.
• — — Egyptian and American use of green stones, 33, 34.
• — — long-barrow folk in England, 82.
• — — milk offerings to dead, 148.
• — — in Neolithic Britain, 86.
• — — Palæolithic, 158.
• — — "Round Barrow" folk, 87.
• — — Shakespeare's reference to Pagan, 45.
• — — Crô-Magnon rites, 45.
• — — shell and other ornaments, 36.
• — — short-barrow and cremation intruders, 104.
• — — solar aspect of ancient British, 170.
• — — Welsh ideas about destiny of soul, 144.
• — — why dead were cremated, 109, 110, 111.
• Butterfly, connection of, with jade and soul in China, 193.
• — connection with plum tree in China and honeysuckle in Scotland, 193.
• — as fire god in Gaelic, 191.
• — Gaelic names of, 191.
• — goddess Freyja and, 192.
• — Psyche as, 192.
• — as Italian soul form, 192.
• — Serbian witches and, 192.
• — Burmese soul as, 193.
• — Mexican soul and fire god as, 194.
• Byzantine Empire, The, Chinese lore from, 160.
•  
• Cailleach, The, 174, 197. See Artemis.
• Caithness, the "cat" country, 130.
• Caledonians, The, 129.
• — Celtic tribal name of, 112.
• — personal names of, 112.
• — clothing of, 119.
• — the Picts and, 130.
• — Romans and, 224.
• — Tacitus's theory regarding, 137.
• Calendar, the Gaelic, 198.
• Calgacus, 112.
• Callernish stone circle, 94.
• Calton (hazel grove), 150.
• Camulos, god of Colchester, 207.
• Canoes. See Boats.
• Canterbury Pagan temple, St. Augustine used, 177.
• Cantion, the, Kent tribe, 128.
• Cardinal Points, doctrine of, 145, 168.
• — — south as road to heaven, 145, and also note 114.
• — — Gaelic colours of, 168.
• — — goddesses and gods come from their own, 173.
• — — giants of north and fairies of west, 173.
• — — in modern burial customs, 171.
• — — "sunwise" and "withershins", 172, and also note 159.
• Carnonacæ Carini, the, 129.
• Carthage, Britain and, 229.
• — British and Spanish connection with, 107.
• — megalithic monuments and, 149.
• Carthage, trade of, with Britain, 114.
• Cassiterides, The, 98.
• — Carthagenians' trade with, 114.
• — Pytheas and, 115.
• — Crassus visits, 116.
• — exports and imports of, 104.
• — Œstrymnides of Himilco and, 116.
• — the Hebrides and, 117.
• Cat, the Big, 196.
• — as goddess, 154.
• — pear tree and, 196.
• Cat-Anna, Leicestershire hag-goddess, 195.
• Cat goddess of Egypt, 196.
• Cat stone, 196.
• Cats, the, peoples of Shetland, Caithness, and Sutherland as, 129, 130.
• — witches as, 196.
• Caturix, the Gaulish god, 207.
• Catuvellauni, The, in England, 128.
• Cauldron. See Pot.
• Cauldron, the Celtic, 90, 91.
• — — Welsh goddess of, 204.
• — of Dagda, 202.
• — Holy Grail and, 205.
• — myth of, 205.
• Celts, Achæans and, 111.
• — as carriers of La Tène culture, 112.
• — confederacies formed by, 112.
• — as conquerors of earlier settlers in Britain and Ireland, 107.
• — as military aristocrats in Britain, 107.
• — conquests of, 111.
• — Etruscans overcome by, 112.
• — Sack of Rome, 112.
• — Danube valley and Rhone valley trade routes controlled by, 114.
• — as pig rearers and pork curers, 114, 223.
• — destiny of soul, 144. See Soul.
• — displacement theory regarding, 137.
• — earlier fair folks in Britain, 125.
• — ethnics of, 112.
• — the fair in Britain and Ireland, 227.
• — fair queens of, 112.
• — gold and silver offered to deities by, 80.
• Celts, Maglemosians and, 138.
• — origin of, obscure, 222.
• — as Fair Northerners, 222.
• — Pictish problem, 130. See Picts.
• — as pirates, 136.
• — references to clothing of, 119.
• — British breeches, 119.
• — settlement of, in Asia Minor, 112.
• — Tacitus on the Caledonians, &c., 137.
• — Teutons and, 125.
• — Iberians and, 125.
• — Teutons did not exterminate, in England, 227.
• — early Christian influence of, 228.
• — theory of extermination of, in Britain, 122.
• — as traders in Britain, 107.
• — and transmigration of souls, 143.
• — tribes of, in ancient Britain, 128.
• — tribal rivalries of, in Britain, 119.
• — westward movement of, 214.
• Celtic art, Ægean affinities, 118, 119.
• — cauldron, 205, 206.
• — gods, connection of, with metals, 102.
• Cenn Cruach, Irish god, 102, 103.
• Cereals, 5.
• Cerones, Creones, the, 129.
• Chancelade Man, 53.
• Chariots, in pre-Roman Britain, 119.
• Charms, hand-prints, horse-shoes, and berries as, 47.
• — herbs and berries as, 167.
• — lore of, 157 et seq. See Shells, Necklaces, Pearls.
• — otter skin charm, 189.
• Chellean culture, 13.
• — — artifacts of, 13, 14.
• — Coup de Poing 14 (ill.).
• Children sacrificed, 174.
• China, butterfly soul of, 193.
• Chinese dragon, Scottish Bride serpent and, 188, 189.
• Churchyards, Pagan survivals, 171.
• Cocidius, a Gaulish Mars, 207.
• Cockle-shell elixir, in Japan and Scotland, 40, 41.
• — — in Crete, 41.
• Coinage, ancient British, 223.
• Colour symbolism, black and white goddesses, 164.
• — — blue artificial shells, 173.
• — — blue shields of Brigantes, 173.
• — — blue as female colour, 173.
• — — blue as fishermen's mourning colour, 173.
• — — blue stone raises wind, 172.
• — — body paint used by Neolithic industry peoples, 82.
• — — Celtic root glas as colour term, and in amber, &c., 162, 163.
• — — coloured pearls favoured, 168.
• — — coloured races and coloured ages, 121, 124.
• — — coloured stones as amulets, 80.
• — — Dragon's Eggs, 173.
• — — enamel colours, 165.
• — — four colours of Aurignacian hand impressions in caves, 47.
• — — Gaelic colours of seasons, 169.
• — — Gaelic colours of winds and of Cardinal Points, 168.
• — — green stones used by Crô-Magnon, Ancient Egyptian, and pre-Columbian American peoples, 33, 34.
• — — how prospectors located metals by rock colours, 89.
• — — Irish rank colours, 173, and also note 160.
• — — jade tongue amulets in China, 34.
• — — luck objects, 165.
• — — lucky and unlucky colours, 157.
• — — painted vases in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• — — painting of god, 174.
• — — red berries as "fire berries", 181.
• — — red berries, 31.
• — — Greek gods painted red, 31.
• — — Indian megaliths painted, 32.
• — — Chinese evidence, 32.
• — — red earth devoured, 32.
• — — Ruadh (red) means "strong" in Gaelic, 32.
• Colour symbolism, red and blue supernaturals in Wales, 158.
• — — red body paint in Welsh Aurignacian cave burial, 20.
• — — red earth and blood, 167.
• — — herbs and berries, 167.
• — — red jasper as blood of goddess, 45.
• — — red stone in Aurignacian cave tomb, 46.
• — — shells coloured, in Mentone cave, 46.
• — — Red symbolism, 31.
• — — red blood and red fire, 31, 32.
• — — blood as food of the dead, 32.
• — — red souls in "Red Land", 32.
• — — red woman as goddess, 45.
• — — scarlet-yielding insect, 152.
• — — sex colours, 170.
• — — significance of wind colours, 174.
• — — Solutrean flint-offerings coloured red, 50.
• — — white serpent, 188.
• — — why Crô-Magnon bodies were smeared with red earth, 27.
• — — Woad dye, 163.
• Columba, Saint, Christ as his Druid, 146.
• "Combe-Capelle" man, 25, 26, 36.
• — — shells worn by, 46.
• Con-chobar, dog god and, 66.
• Copper, axe of, in Scotland, 219.
• — in Britain, 91.
• — difficult to find and work in Britain, 95.
• — Easterners worked, in Spain, 97, 98.
• — as variety of gold, 80.
• — offered to water deity, 174.
• Coral, enamel and, 162.
• — as "life-giver" (margan), 161.
• — as "life substance", 80.
• — Megalithic people searched for, 93.
• — symbolism of, 221.
• — use of, in Britain, 164, 165.
• — enamel as substitute for, 165.
• Cormorants, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Cornavii, The, in England and Scotland, 129.
• Cornwall, Damnonians in, 89.
• Cow, The Sacred, in Britain and Ireland, 152, 154, 195, 206.
• — connected with River Boyne, 206.
• — Damŏna, Celtic goddess of cattle, 208.
• — Indian, and milk-yielding trees, 151.
• — Morrigan as, 195.
• — The Primeval, in Egypt, 149.
• — white, sacred in Ireland, 152.
• Cranes, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Cremation, in Britain, 127.
• — significance of, 109.
• Cresswell caves, Magdalenian art in, 53.
• Cromarty, night-shining gem of, 160.
• Crom Cruach, Irish god, 102; children sacrificed to, 174.
• — — as maggot god, 102.
• Crô-Magnon, animism, 178.
• Crô-Magnon Grotto, discovery of, 23.
• — — skeletons in, 23.
• Crô-Magnon Races, advent of, in Europe, 12.
• — — ancestors of "modern man", 10, 11.
• — — archæological horizon of, 9.
• — — Aurignacian culture of the, 14.
• — — Brüx and Brünn types different from, 26.
• — — burial customs of, 45.
• — — cultural influence of, on Neanderthals, 14.
• — — discovery of Crô-Magnon grotto skeletons, 23.
• — — first discovery of traces of, in France, 20.
• — — history of modern man begins with, 26.
• — — as immigrants from Africa, 35.
• — — Indian Ocean shell at Mentone, 36, 37.
• — — inventive and inquiring minds of, 27.
• — — Magdalenian culture stage of, 53.
• — — domestication of horse, 53.
• — — modern representatives of, 122.
• Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, 42.
• — — "Tama" belief, 44.
• — — not in Hungary, 50.
• — — "Red Man" of Wales, 19.
• — — Red Sea shells imported by, 210.
• — — history of, 210.
• — — relations of, with Neanderthal man, 14.
• — — in Wales, 19.
• — — sea-shell necklace 39 (ill.).
• — — trade of, in shells, 40.
• — — tall types, 24.
• — — high cheek-bones of, 25.
• — — tallest types in Riviera, 35, 36.
• Crô-Magnon skulls 24 (ill.).
• Crô-Magnons, Azilian intruders and, 62.
• — heart as seat of life, among, 32.
• — in Britain, 67, 125, 216.
• — English Channel land-bridge crossed by, 67.
• — hand-prints and mutilation of fingers, 47.
• — modern Scots and, 137.
• — Selgovæ and, 139.
• Crow, and goddess of grove and sky, 160.
• Crows, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Cruithne, in Ireland, 224.
• — the Irish, not Picts, 132.
• — the Q-Celtic name of Britons, 132.
• Cuchullin, and Scotland, 224.
• — dog god and, 64.
• — goddess Morrigan and, 195.
• — his knowledge of astronomy, 175, and also note 162.
• — pearls in hair of, 163.
•  
• Dagda, the god, 202.
• — connection with oak and fire, 202.
• — cauldron of, 202.
• — Thor and, 202.
• — a giant-slayer, 202.
• Damnonians. See Dumnonii.
• — an early Celtic "wave", 107.
• — Fomorians as gods of, 198.
• — settlements of, in metal-yielding areas, 89.
• Damona, Celtic goddess of cattle, 208.
• Danann deities, 201.
• — — not in Scotland, 199.
• — — talismans of, 205.
• — — Japanese talismans, 205.
• — — war against Fomorians, 198.
• — — Welsh "Children of Don" and, 203.
• Dandelion, as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, 187.
• Danes, in Britain, 126.
• Dante, moon called "eternal pearl" by, 159.
• Danu, the goddess, 198.
• Danube valley trade route, 114.
• Danubian culture in Central Europe, 96.
• — — Celts as carriers of, 111, 112.
• Decantæ, The, 129.
• Deer, as goddess, 154.
• Demetæ, The, in Wales, 129.
• Demeter, The black, 196.
• Demons, dogs as enemies of, 65.
• Derbyshire, Magdalenian art in, 53.
• Deva, Devona, Dee, Rivers, 206.
• Devil as "Big Black Pig" in Scotland, 200.
• — as Black Sow in Wales, 200.
• — as pig, goat, and horse, 191.
• Devon, Damnonians in, 89.
• — Magdalenian art in, 54.
• Diamond, The night-shining, 160.
• Diana of the Ephesians, fig tree and, 193.
• Diancecht, Irish god of healing, 202.
• Diarmid, Gaelic Adonis, 197.
• Diodorus Siculus, on gold mining, 90.
• — — reference to British temple to Apollo, 177.
• Disease, deity who sends also withdraws, 179.
• — ancient man suffered from, 2.
• — "Yellow Plague", 2.
• Dog, The Big, god Indra as, 196.
• — The Sacred, 154, 155 (ill.).
• — taboo to Cuchullin, 154, and also note 133. See Dogs.
• Dogger Bank, ancient plateau, 68.
• — — animal bones, &c., from, 57, 61.
• — — Island, 69.
• Dog gods, 64.
• Dogs, children transformed into, 190.
• — domesticated by Maglemosians, 57, 63.
• — religious beliefs regarding, 63.
• — early man's dependence on, 65.
• — in ancient Britain and Ireland, 66.
• — in warfare, 66.
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• Dog Star, The, 64.
• Dolmen, The. See Megalithic monuments.
• Domnu, tribal goddess of Damnonians, 90.
• Don, the Children of, 203.
• Doves, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Dragon, Bride's Scottish serpent charm and Chinese charm, 188.
• — Hebridean, 190.
• — Irish, and the salmon, 182.
• — otter and, 189.
• — on sculptured stone, 155 (ill.).
• — luck pearls of, 184.
• — stones as eggs of, 173.
• Dragon-mouth Lake, The Irish, 183.
• Dragon Slayers, the, Druids and, 145.
• Druid Circle, the Inverness, 220.
• Druidism, 140.
• — belief in British origin of, 142.
• — doctrines absorbed by, 222.
• — eastern origin of, 149.
• — in ancient Spain, 149.
• — Pliny on Persian religion and, 143, and also note 111.
• — oak cult, 145.
• — tree cults and, 141.
• Druids, in Anglesea, 103.
• — human sacrifices of, 103.
• — "Christ is my Druid", 146.
• — the collar of truth, 146.
• — connection of, with megalithic monuments, 103, 154.
• — and oak, 141.
• — classical references to, 141.
• — "Druid's gem", 163.
• — evidence of, regarding races in Gaul, 100.
• — Tacitus on Anglesea Druids, 147.
• — temples of, 177.
• — "True Thomas" (the Rhymer) as "Druid Thomas", 146.
• — sacred salmon and, 182.
• Druids, salmon and dragon myth, 182.
• — star lore of, 175.
• — Kentigern of Glasgow as Christian Druid, 185.
• — wren connection, 145.
• — soothsayers, 145, 146.
• Dug-out canoes, origin of, 72. See Boats.
• Dumnogeni, The, in Yarrow inscription, 89.
• Dumnonii, 128. See Damnonians.
• — Fomorians as gods of, 198.
• — Silures and, 129.
• Dunatis, Gaulish Mars, 207.
• Durotriges, in Britain and Ireland, 128.
• Dwyn, St., formerly a goddess, 204.
• Dwynwen, British Venus, 204.
•  
• Eagle, the Sacred, 155 (ill.).
• — wren and, in myth, 186.
• Ear-rings, as solar symbols, 165.
• East, The, "Evil never came from", 168. See Cardinal Points.
• Easterners, colonies of, in Spain and Portugal, 95, 100, 211, 218, 229.
• — descendants of, in Britain, 118.
• — displacement of, in Spain, 100, 221.
• — Druidism introduced into Europe by, 149.
• — as exploiters of Western Europe, 98.
• — settlements of, in France and Etruria, 100.
• — in Hebrides, 139.
• — influence of, in Britain and Ireland, 221.
• — iron industry and, 107.
• — not all of one race, 107.
• — Neolithic industry of, 214.
• — in touch with Britain at 1400 b.c., 106.
• — in Western Europe, 218, 229.
• Eel, Morrigan as, 195.
• Eels, as "devil fish" in Scotland, 190.
• — tabooed in Scotland, 199.
• Eggs, Dragons', stones as, 173.
• Egypt, alabaster flasks, &c., from, in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• — artificial shells in, 41, 173.
• — barley of, carried to Europe, 84.
• — black and white goddesses of, 164.
• — blue beads from, in England, 104, 105 (ill.), 106, 211.
• — Cat goddess of, 196.
• — culture of, transferred with barley seeds, 212.
• — "Deathless snake" of, and Scottish serpent, 188.
• — dog-headed god of, 64.
• — earliest sailing ship in, 74.
• — earliest use of gold in, 80.
• — malachite charms in, 80.
• — flint sickles of, 4.
• — furnaces and crucibles of, in Western Europe, 101.
• — Hathor and Aphrodite, 38.
• — shell amulets in early graves in, 39.
• — Isis as "Old Wife", 181, and also note 166.
• — gods in weapons, 51.
• — gold in, 90, 93.
• — gold diadem from, in Spanish Neolithic tomb, 98.
• — gold models of shells in, 41.
• — green stone symbolism, 33.
• — Hathor as milk goddess, 149.
• — history of agriculture in, 210.
• — ideas regarding soul in, 103.
• — influence of, in Asia Minor and Europe, 95.
• — influence of, in Britain, 218.
• — invention of boats in, 72.
• — ivory from, found in Spain, 96·
• — Ka and serpent, 189.
• — milk elixir in Pyramid Texts, 43.
• — milk goddess of, in Scotland, 221.
• — Mother Pot of, and Celtic cauldron, 206.
• — Osirian Underworld Paradise, 143.
• — pork taboo in, 201.
• — annual sacrifice of pigs in Scotland and, 201.
• — Post-Glacial forests of, 15.
• — pre-dynastic burial customs, 170.
• — sex colours in, 170.
• Egypt, proto-Egyptians and British Iberians, 126.
• — red jasper as "Blood of Isis", 45.
• — "Red Souls" in "Red Land", 32.
• — why gods of, were painted, 32.
• — religious ideas of, in Britain, 154, 201, 206, 218, 221.
• — stones, pearls, metals, &c., and deities of, 80.
• — symbols of, in Celtic art, 118.
• — transmigration of souls, 143.
• Elk, on Dogger Bank, 57, 68.
• Elm, 221.
• Enamel, 224.
• — British, the finest, 225.
• — coral and, 162.
• — as substitute for coral, 165.
• — turquoise, lapis lazuli, white amber and, 165.
• Enamels, colours of the British, 226.
• Eoliths, 13, 26.
• Epidii, The, 129.
• Epŏna, Celtic goddess of horses, 208.
• Eskimo, the Chancelade skull, 53.
• — Magdalenian art of, 53.
• Etruscans, 149.
• — Celts as conquerors of, 112.
• — civilization of, origin of, 100.
• European metal-yielding areas, 99.
• Evil Eye, The, shells as protection against, 39.
•  
• Fairies, associated with the west,
• — dogs as enemies of, 65.
• — on eddies of western wind, 173.
• — Greek nereids and, 173.
• — Fomorians (giants) at war with, 198.
• — goddess as "fairy woman", 207.
• — shell boat of, 207.
• — Irish "queens" of, 201.
• — as milkers of deer, 154.
• — as "the mothers" in Wales, 206.
• — Picts and, 131, and also note 98.
• — Scottish "Nimble Men" and "Blue Men", 208.
• Fairies, as supernatural beings, 201, and also note 192.
• Fairy dogs, 64.
• Fairyland, as Paradise, 144.
• — Thomas the Rhymer in Paradise of, 146.
• Fata Morgana, 161.
• Fauna, Post-Glacial, in Southern and Western Europe, 14.
• Festus Avienus, 116.
• Figs, hazel-nuts and, 151.
• Fig milk, 149.
• — trees, bees and wasps fertilize, 193.
• — tree, Diana of the Ephesians and, 193.
• Finger charms, 47.
• Finger-mutilation, Aurignacian custom, 47.
• — Australian, Red Indian, and Scottish customs, 47.
• Fir, The Sacred, 179.
• Fir-bolgs, The, 188.
• — as miners, 90, and also note 65.
• — as slaves, 90.
• — Celts as subduers of, 107.
• — subject peoples called, 223.
• Fir-domnan, 90, and also note 65.
• Fir-domnann, 118.
• — Fomorians as gods of, 198. See Damnonians and Dumnonii.
• Fire, Beltain need fires, 191.
• — Brigit and, 188.
• — butterfly as god of, in Gaelic, 191.
• — God Dagda and, 202.
• — goddess and, 163.
• — Mexican god of, as butterfly, 193.
• — pool fish and, 182.
• — salmon and, 183.
• — Scottish goddess of, 181.
• — in red berries, 181.
• — in St. Mungo myth, 186.
• — from trees, 180.
• — lightning and, 181.
• — worshipped in ancient Britain, 147.
• Fire-sticks, The, 180.
• "Fire water" as "water of life", 181.
• Fish taboo, 201.
• Flax, Stone Age people cultivated, 5.
• Flint, as god, 51.
• Flints, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 45.
• — as offerings to deity, 50.
• Flint deposits, English, 81.
• — — early peoples settled beside, 81.
• — — river-drift man in England near, 81.
• Flint industry, Tardenoisian microliths used by Maglemosians, 57.
• — working, ancient English flint factories, 82.
• — — Aurignacian, 13, 14. See Palæolithic.
• — — Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian implements 21 (ill.).
• — — Chellean coup de poing 14 (ill.).
• — — "Combe-Capelle" man's, 25.
• — — early English trade in worked flints, 81.
• — — eastern influence in Neolithic industry, 214.
• — — Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97.
• — — the evolution theory, 99.
• — — Hugh Miller's and Andrew Lang's theories regarding, 11.
• — — Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal, 12.
• — — Neolithic saws or sickles, 4.
• — — Palæolithic and Neolithic, 212.
• — — Tardenoisian microliths or "pygmy flints", 54, 55 (ill.).
• — — proto-Solutrean and "true" Solutrean, 49.
• Flint-god, the Solutrean, 51.
• — Zeus and Thor as, 51.
• Foam, as milk, 151.
• Fomorians, duels of, in Scotland, 199.
• — as gods of Dumnonii, 198.
• — Neit as war god, 202.
• — Nemon as goddess of, 202.
• — war of, with fairies, 198, 199.
• Fowl taboo in ancient Britain, 201.
• Freyja, Scandinavian Venus, 161.
• — pearls, amber, &c., as tears of, 161.
• Furfooz man, 56.
•  
• Gaelic Calendar, 198.
• Galatia, Celts in, 112.
• Galley Hill man, 26.
• Gaul, Celts of, in Roman army, 127.
• — early inhabitants of, 100.
• — refugees from sea-invaded areas in, 70.
• Gaulish gods, 207.
• Gems, "Druid's gem", 163.
• — night-shining, 160.
• — as soul-bodies, 44.
• Geological Ages, breaking of North Sea and English Channel land-bridges, 69.
• — — confusion regarding, in modern art, 1.
• — — date of last land movement, 100.
• — — megalithic monuments submerged, 100.
• — — early boats and, 72.
• — — England in Magdalenian times, 54.
• — — sixth glaciation and race movements, 54.
• — — England sinking when Scotland was rising, 71.
• — — last land movement, 70, 100.
• — — horizon of Crô-Magnon races, 26.
• — — Pleistocene fauna in Europe, 14.
• — — Archæological Ages and, 14.
• — — Post-Glacial and the early Archæological, 13, 14, 15.
• — — theories of durations of, 16, 17, 18.
• Giants, associated with the north, 173.
• — (Fomorians) as gods, 198.
• — war of, with fairies, 198.
• — Scottish, named after heroes, 131, and also note 98.
• Glas, as "water", "amber", &c., 162, 163.
• Glasgow, seal of city of, 185.
• Glass, connection of, with goddess, 163.
• — imported into Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• Goat, Devil as, 191.
• God, in stone, 173.
• God-cult, Solutreans and, 51.
• God-cult, stone as god, 51, 173.
• Goddess, Anu (Danu), 198, 201.
• — — as "fairy queen" in Ireland, 201, 202.
• — bird forms of, 195.
• — Black Annis, 195.
• — Black Aphrodite, 164.
• — Black goddess of Scotland, 164.
• — The Blue, 173.
• — Bride (Brigit) and her serpent, 187.
• — Brigit as goddess of healing, smith-work, and poetry, 188.
• — cat forms of, 196.
• — connection of, with amber and swine deities, 161.
• — connection of, with glass, 163.
• — connection of, with grove, sky, pearl, &c., in Celtic religion, 158-60, 162,179, 206.
• — animals and plants of, 162.
• — cult animals of, 154, 161, 162, 195, 196, 200.
• — eel and, 200.
• — eel, wolf, &c., forms of, 195.
• — Egyptian milk goddess, 149.
• — Indian milk goddess, 151.
• — Gaulish goddess Ro-smerta, 174.
• — influences of, 179.
• — groups of "mothers", 206.
• — Hebridean "maiden queen", 221.
• — honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, 193.
• — bee and, 193.
• — luck and, 167.
• — Morrigan comes from north-west, 173.
• — wind goddess from south-west, 173.
• — Scottish Artemis, 174, 196.
• — The Mother, Aurignacians favoured, 51.
• — — connection of, with law and trade, 166.
• — — Crô-Magnon form of, 42, 51.
• — — jasper as blood of, 45.
• — — her life-giving shells, 40.
• — — shell-milk Highland myth, 42.
• — The mother-pot, 205.
• — rivers and, 206.
• — Oriental, in Spain, 220.
• Goddess, pearl, &c., offerings to, 174.
• — precious stones of, 221.
• — Scottish hag goddess, 174, 196.
• — Indian Kali, 196.
• — shell and milk Hebridean goddess, 153.
• Gods, animal forms of, 196.
• — Danann deities, 198.
• — deity who sends diseases withdraws them, 179.
• — influences of, 179.
• — Gaelic references to, 140, 179.
• — Hazel god, 140, 150.
• — Gaelic fire god, 140.
• — "King of the Elements", 179.
• — Romano-Gaulish, 207.
• Goibniu, Irish god and the Welsh Govannan, 203.
• Gold, amber and, 165.
• — coins of, in pre-Roman Britain, 223.
• — deposits of, in Britain and Ireland, 79, 84, 89, 91, 95, 114, 219, 220.
• — mixed with silver in Sutherland, 91.
• — earliest use of, in Egypt, 80.
• — copper used like, 80.
• — Egyptian diadem of, found in Neolithic Spain, 98.
• — in England (map), 83.
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• — finds of, in Scotland, 220.
• — first metal worked, 84.
• — as a "form of the gods", 80.
• — as "fire, light, and immortality", 80.
• — as "life giver", 80.
• — Gaelic god and, 102.
• — Gauls offered, to water deity, 174·
• — how miners worked, 90.
• — "World Mill" myth, 90.
• — ingot of, from salmon, 184.
• — luck of, 166.
• — no trace of where worked out, 93.
• — not valued by hunting peoples in Europe, 99.
• — offered to deities by Celts, 80.
• — psychological motive for searches for, 94.
• Gold, knowledge and skill of searchers for, in Britain, 95.
• — ring in St. Mungo legend, 185.
• — rod of, at Inverness stone circle, 220.
• — in salmon myths, 183.
• — Scottish deposits of, 89.
• — search for, in Britain, 214, 217.
• — shells imitated in, 41, 80.
• — trade in, 219.
• — as tree, 221.
• Goodwin Sands, 69.
• Goose, taboo in ancient Britain, 201.
• Govannan. See Goibniu.
• Grail, The Holy, 205.
• Grannos, Gaulish Apollo, 207.
• Gregory the Great, letter from, to Mellitus, 176.
• Grimaldi, Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, 36.
• Grove, The sacred, Celtic names of, 159·
• — — Latin "nemus", 159.
• Gwydion, the god, Odin and, 204.
•  
• Hades, dog and,
• Hallowe'en, pig associated with, 200.
• Hallstatt culture, Celts influenced by, 112.
• Hand-prints, in Aurignacian caves, 47·
• — four colours used, 47.
• — dwellings protected by, in India and Spain, 47.
• — Arabian, Turkish, &c., customs, 47·
• Hare, taboo in ancient Britain, 201
• Harpoon, 62.
• — Victoria cave, late Magdalenian or proto-Azilian, 58.
• — finds of, in England and Scotland, 58.
• — Azilians imitated Magdalenian reindeer horn in red deer horn, 56.
• — Magdalenians introduced, 52.
• Hazel, nut of, as fruit of longevity, 144.
• — as god, 150, 179.
• — in early Christian legends, 150.
• — as milk-yielding tree, 150.
• Hazel, as sacred tree, 150.
• — nuts of, as food, 151.
• — palm tree and, 221.
• — The Sacred, 150, 179.
• — connection of, with sky, wells, &c., 179.
• — snakes and, 189.
• — in St. Mungo (St. Kentigern) myth, 186.
• — sacred fire from, 186.
• — Groves, Sacred, "Caltons" were, 150.
• Heart, as seat of life, 154.
• — as seat of life to Crô-Magnons and Ancient Egyptians, 32.
• Heaven as South, 170.
• Hebrides, dark folks in, 138.
• — descendants of Easterners in, 118.
• — "Maiden Queen" of, 221.
• — reroofing custom in, 178.
• — Sea god of, 193.
• — traces of metals in, 117.
• — as the Œstrymnides, 118.
• Heifer, milk of, in honeysuckle, 193.
• Hell, as North. See Cardinal Points.
• Herbs, ceremonial gathering of, 168.
• — life substance in, 206.
• — lore of, 167.
• — from tears of sun god, 181, and also note 167.
• — Silvanus, god of, 207.
• Hills, Gildas on worship of, 176, 178.
• Himilco, voyage of, 116.
• Homer, reference of, to cremation, 110.
• Honey, in baptisms, 152.
• — as life-substance, 193.
• — nut milk and, 150, and also note 120.
• — in "soma" and "mead", 151.
• Honeysuckle, butterfly and, 193.
• — honey and milk of, 193.
• Horn implements, 82.
• — — Magdalenians favoured, 52.
• Horse, Demeter and, 196.
• — domesticated by Azilians, 55.
• — domesticated by Crô-Magnons, 53.
• — eaten in Scotland, 200.
• — Epŏna, Celtic horse goddess, 208.
• Horse, The Sacred, 155 (ill.).
• — god, 129, and also note 96.
• Horse-shoe charms, 47.
• Hound's Pool, 64.
• Houses, Neolithic, 5.
• Human sacrifices, children as, 174.
•  
• Iberians, Armenoids and,
• — as carriers of Neolithic culture, 126.
• — Celts and, 125.
• — Silurians as, 137.
• Ice, connection of, with amber, &c., 163.
• Ice Age. See Geological Ages.
• Iceni, The, of Essex, 128.
• — boar god of, 162.
• Idols, in ancient Britain, 147, 176.
• — Pope Gregory's reference to ancient English, 176.
• Indo-European theory, 124.
• Indo-Germanic theory, 124.
• Indra, dog and, 64.
• Ireland, as a British island, 132.
• Iron, exported from Britain in first century, a.d., 114.
• Iron Age, Celts in, 112.
• Iron industry, Easterners and, in Western Europe, 107.
• Island of Women, 178.
• Isles of the Blest, Gaelic, 143.
• Ivory, associated with bronze, jet, and Egyptian beads in England, 104.
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.
• — Egyptian, in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• — imported into Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• — in Welsh cave-tomb, 20.
•  
• Jade, butterfly soul in,
• Japan, the shintai (god body) and Gaelic "soul case", 173.
• — talismans of, and the Irish, 206.
• Jasper, symbolism of, 221.
• Jet, amber and, 164.
• — British and Roman beliefs regarding, 164.
• — as article of trade at 1400 b.c., 106.
• — associated in Stonehenge area with Egyptian blue beads, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• Jet, early trade in, 219.
• — early working of, 82.
• — megalithic people searched for, 93·
• — pearls and amber and, 221.
• Jupiter, The Gaulish, 207.
• — Lapis, 51.
• Jutes, 126.
• — Celts and, 227.
•  
• Kali, the Black,
• Kentigern, St., as Druid, 185.
• — — in salmon and ring legend, 184.
• Kent's Cavern, Magdalenian art in, 54·
• Kerridiwen, the goddess, cauldron of, 204.
• Knife of deity, 206.
• Knitting, Stone Age people and, 5.
• — relation to basket-making and pottery, 5.
•  
• Lake, the Sacred, goddess and,
• Lanarkshire, Damnonians in, 89.
• Land-bridges, breaking of North Sea and English Channel bridges, 69.
• — Dogger Bank, 57, 61, 67, 68.
• — English Channel, 17, 67.
• — Italian, 14, 35.
• Land movement, the last, 216.
• Language and race, 123, 124, 222.
• Language of birds. See Birds.
• La Tène culture, Celts as carriers of, to Britain, 112.
• Leicestershire, Black Annis, a hag deity of, 195.
• Lewis, Callernish stone circle, 94.
• Lightning, butterfly form of god of, 191.
• — as heavenly fire, 181.
• — and trees, 181.
• Lir, sea god, 202. See Llyr.
• — sea god, "Shony" and, 194.
• Liver as seat of life in Gaelic, 154, 187.
• — cure from mouse's, 187.
• Lizard as soul-form, 189.
• Lleu, the god, 204.
• Llyr, sea god, 202. See Lir.
• — the sea god, "Shony" and, 194.
• London, god's name in, 203.
• Love-enticing plants, 168.
• Luck, belief in, 157.
• — berries and, 180.
• — fire as bringer of, 191.
• — lucky and unlucky days, 168.
• — pearls and, 166, 167.
• Lud, god of London, 203.
• — form of, 203.
• Lugh, Celtic god, associated with north-east, 173.
• — Gaelic Apollo, 202.
• Lugi, The, 129.
•  
• Mæatæ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, 130.
• Magdalenian culture, 13.
• — — Azilian and, 62.
• — — Eskimo art and, 53.
• — — in Britain, 53.
• — — origin of, 52.
• — — new implements, 52.
• — — traces of influence of, in Scotland, 60.
• — — Victoria cave reindeer harpoon, 58.
• — cave art revival and progress, 53.
• — implements, 21 (ill.).
• — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• Maggot god, early Christian myth of, 103.
• — — bees and, 103.
• — — Gaelic, 102.
• Magic wands, 146, 191.
• — — Etruscan, French, and Scottish, 100.
• Maglemosian culture, 54, 56.
• — — art and, 57.
• — — Magdalenian influence on, 57.
• — — Siberian origin of, 57.
• — — artifacts and, 13.
• — — in Britain, 125.
• — — Northerners as carriers of, 217.
• — — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• Maglemosians, boats of, 76.
• — animals hunted, 57.
• — land-bridges crossed by, 57.
• — in France and Britain, 58.
• — in Britain, 70.
• — Celts and, 138.
• — Dogger Bank land-bridge crossed by, 57, 67.
• — dogs domesticated by, 63.
• — Tardenoisian microliths used by, 58.
• Malachite charms, 80.
• Mammoth, bones of, from Dogger Bank, 68.
• — evidence that heart was regarded as seat of life, 33 (ill.).
• — in Western Europe, 14. See Fauna.
• Man, the Red, of Wales, ornaments of, 80.
• Mars, the Gaulish, 207.
• — Greek and Gaulish boar forms of, 197.
• Marsh plants, goddess and, 162.
• Mead, milk and honey in, 151.
• Meave, Queen, 112, 114, 227.
• Mediterranean race in North Africa and Britain, 126.
• — Sea, divided by Italian land-bridge, 14.
• Megalithic culture, Egyptian influence in Britain, &c., 101.
• — monuments, burial customs and, 170.
• — — connection of, with ancient mine workings, &c., 92, 93.
• — — connection of, with metal deposits, 82.
• — — connection of, with sacred groves, 103.
• — — cult animals on Scottish, 155 (ill.).
• — — "cup-marked" stones, 148.
• — — knocking stones, 148.
• — — Gruagach stone, 148.
• — — "cradle stone", 148.
• — — child-getting stones, 148.
• — — distributed along vast seaboard. 91.
• — — searchers for metals, gems, &c., erected, 92.
• — — distribution of, 82, 83 (ill.).
• — — distribution of Scottish, 219.
• — — Druids and, 103, 154.
• — — Easterners and followers of, as builders of, 104, 149.
• — — Egyptian Empire beads and Stonehenge circle, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — — Gaelic gods and, 102.
• — — Gaelic metal symbolism and, 102.
• — — Gaelic name of sacred shrine, 159.
• — — Phœnicians and, 149.
• Megalithic monuments, their relation to exhausted deposits of metals, 94.
• — — problem of Lewis and Orkney circles, 94.
• — — Standing Stones as maidens 147.
• — — Tacitus on Anglesea altars and Druids, 147.
• — — Stonehenge as temple, 177.
• — — Heathen temples and, 178.
• — — stone circle as sun symbol, 170.
• — — stones submerged in Brittany, 100.
• — — Tree Cult and, 220.
• — — worship of stones, 147, 179.
• — — connection of, with trees and wells, 147.
• Mentone, Aurignacian Mother-goddess, 43.
• — Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, 36.
• Mersey, the, goddess of, 206.
• Mesopotamia, influence of, in Western Europe, 218.
• — knowledge of European metal fields in, 99.
• Metals, eastern colonists worked, in Spain, 95.
• — Egyptian furnaces and crucibles in Britain, 101.
• — megalithic monuments and deposits of, 82.
• — searchers for, in Britain, 89.
• — searchers for; how prospectors located deposits of gold, &c., 89.
• — traces of, in Scotland, 93.
• Metal symbolism, Gaelic gods and metals, 102. See Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze.
• Metal working, after introduction of bronze working, 106.
• Mictis, tin from, 116.
• Milk, baptisms of, 152.
• — in the blood covenant, 152.
• — children sacrificed for corn and milk, 174.
• — cult animals of milk goddess, 154.
• — dandelion as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, 187.
• — in elixirs, 151.
• Milk, "soma" and "mead" and, 151.
• — elm as milk tree, 151.
• — foam as milk, 151.
• — goddess-cow gives healing milk, 195.
• — Hebridean milk goddess, 153, 221.
• — honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, 193.
• — Indian evidence regarding "river milk" and milk-yielding trees, 151.
• — Irish milk lake, 152.
• — healing baths of, 152.
• — marsh mallows and, 152, and also note 124.
• — mistletoe berries as milk berries, 153.
• — Oblations of, in Ross-shire, 148.
• — offerings of, to dead, 148.
• — elixir, Highland shell-goddess myth, 42.
• — — Egyptian evidence regarding, 43.
• — — prepared from shells in Japan and Scotland, 40.
• — goddess, Hathor as, 149.
• Milky Way, The, 154, 221.
• — — in ancient religion, 150.
• — — in Welsh and Gaelic, 203.
• Mind, heart as, 33.
• Mining, Egyptian methods in Western Europe, 102.
• Mistletoe, as "All Heal", 153, 167.
• — milk berries, 153.
• — trees on which it grows in Britain, 145, and also note 115.
• Modern man, 9. See Crô-Magnon Races.
• Mogounus, a Gaulish Apollo, 207.
• Moon, Aphrodite as goddess of, 159.
• — Dante refers to, as pearl, 159.
• — Gaels swore by, 148.
• — as "Pearl of Heaven", 159.
• — worship of, in ancient Britain, 147.
• Morgan le Fay, Arthur's pursuit of, 198.
• — — goddess Anu and, 198.
• — — as "life giver", 161.
• Morrigan, The (Irish goddess), Anu and, 198.
• Morrigan, associated with north-west, 173.
• — as the "life giver", 161.
• — forms of, 195.
• Mother goddess. See Goddess.
• Moths as soul forms, 192.
• Mouse, buried under apple tree, 196.
• — hunting of, in Scotland, 187.
• — mouse cures, 187.
• — Scottish supernatural, 187.
• — Apollo and, 179.
• — — mouse feasts, 187.
• — cures, Boers have, 187, and also note 172.
• — feasts in Scotland and the Troad, 187.
• Mousterian Age, 13.
• — — artifacts of, 14.
• — — Neanderthal races of, 14.
• Mungo, St., as Druid, 185, 186.
• — — salmon legend of, 184.
•  
• Navigation. See Boats
• Neanderthal man, Crô-Magnon influence on, 14.
• — — disappearance of, 15, 16, 122.
• — — European climates experienced by, 14.
• — — relations of, with Crô-Magnon races, 14.
• — — first discovery of bones of, 8, 9.
• — — skeleton of, found, 9.
• — — Australian natives and, 9.
• — — description of, 9, 10.
• — — flint working of, 12.
• — — Mousterian artifacts of, 14.
• — — Piltdown man and, 26.
• Necklaces in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.
• — Crô-Magnon sea shells, 39 (ill.).
• — Egyptian blue beads in British "Bronze Age" necklace, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — as gods, 44.
• — in graves, 158.
• — shell, in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, 20.
• — why worn, 37.
• Need fires, 181.
• — — butterfly and, 191.
• Neit, god of battle, 202.
• Nem, the root in neamh (heaven), neamhnuid (pearl), nemeton (shrine in a grove), nemed (chapel), neimhidh (church-land), nemus (a grove), Nemon (goddess), and Nĕmĕtŏna (goddess), 159, 160.
• Nĕmĕtŏna, British goddess, 159.
• Nemon, the goddess, a Fomorian, 202.
• — Irish goddess, and pearl, heaven, &c., 159.
• Neolithic, chronological problem, 212.
• — Egyptian diadem of gold found in Spanish Neolithic tomb, 98.
• — Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97, 214.
• — metal workers as flint users, 98.
• — Scottish copper axe problem, 219.
• — why ornaments were worn, 37, 38.
• — Age, transition period longer than, 61.
• — Culture, Iberians as carriers of, 126.
• — Industry, carriers of, attracted to Britain, 78.
• — — distribution of population and, 81-4.
• — — "Edge" theory, 61.
• — — Campigny find, 62.
• — — in Ireland, 85.
• — — in Scotland, 85.
• — — Scottish pitch-stone artifacts, 85.
• — — carriers of, not wanderers, 86.
• — — a lost art, 86.
• Nereids, the, fairies and, 173.
• Ness, the River, 206.
• Night-shining gems, 160.
• Norsemen, 126.
• — modern Scots and, 137.
• Northern fair race, 125.
• Northerners, Armenoids and, 127.
• Novantæ, The, 129.
• Nudd, the god, 203.
• Nut, as "soul case", 173.
• Nut-milk, 150.
• — — honey and, as elixir, 150, and also note 120.
• Nuts, life substance in, 206.
• — of longevity, 150.
• Oak, 221.
• — acorn as fruit of longevity, 144.
• — Druids and, 141, 145.
• — Black Annis and, 196.
• — Galatian oak grove and shrine, 159.
• — on Glasgow seal, 185.
• — god of, and seafarers, 153.
• — god Dagda and, 202.
• — the Sacred, 179.
• — use of acorns, 153.
• — in tanning, 153.
• — Spirits, 207.
• Oaths, Sacred, Gaels swore by sun, moon, &c., 148.
• Oban, MacArthur Cave, 58, 217.
• Obsidian artifacts, 86.
• Odin, the dog and, 64.
• — pork feasts of, 144.
• — Welsh Gwydion and, 204.
• Œstrymnides, The, Himilco's tin islands, 116, 118.
• Onyx, same name as pearl in Gaelic, 160.
• Oracles, Druids and, 145.
• Orc (young boar), salmon as, 182.
• Orcs, The Picts as, 201.
• Orkney, boar name of, 129.
• — megalithic remains in, 94.
• — "Sow day" in, 201.
• Ornaments, "adder stones", "Druid gems", &c., 163.
• — jet charms, 164.
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.
• — as gods or god-cases, 44.
• — in grotto at Aurignac, 22.
• — in Mentone cave-tombs, 45.
• — religious value of, 80, 165.
• — in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, 20.
• — why worn by early peoples, 37, 38.
• Ostrich eggs, found in Spain, 96.
• Otter, skin charm of, 189.
• — as god, 190.
• — as soul-form, 189.
• — the king, 189.
• — jewel of, 189.
•  
• Palæolithic, chronological problem,
• — implements of Upper Palæolithic, 21 (ill.).
• Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, 37, 38.
• — — break in culture of, 12.
• — — origin of term, 8.
• — — races of, 8.
• — — sub-divisions of, 12, 13. See, Chellean, Acheulian, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian.
• Palm tree, British substitutes for, 221.
• — — cult of, in ancient Spain, 149.
• Paradise, as "Apple land" (Avalon) 144.
• — Celtic ideas regarding, 143.
• — fairyland as, 143.
• — pork feasts in, 144.
• — Welsh ideas regarding, 144.
• — in Border Ballads, 144.
• Parisii, The, in Britain, 128.
• Patrick, St., Pagan myth attached to, 198.
• Paviland cave, Crô-Magnon burial in Welsh, 19.
• Pearl, Aphrodite (Venus) as pearl, 158.
• — as life substance, 80, 158.
• — moon as "Eternal Pearl" in Dante's Inferno, 159.
• — Gaelic name of, 159.
• — nocturnal luminosity of, 160.
• Pearls, British, attracted Romans, 79·
• — and sacred grove, &c., 159.
• — Cæsar's pearl offering to Venus, 159.
• — in Cuchullin's hair, 163.
• — on Roman emperor's horse, 163.
• — dragons possess, 184.
• — in England (map), 83, 84.
• — fabulous origin of, 161.
• — Irish standard of value a set (pearl), 166.
• — luck of, 166.
• — jet and amber and, 221.
• — as "life substance", 80, 158.
• — as margan (life-giver), 161.
• — as medicine in India, 41.
• — searched for by megalithic people, 92.
• — soul in, 206.
• — as tama in Japan, 44.
• — as "tears" of goddess Freyja, 161.
• Pearls, why offered to goddess, 174.
• — Ythan River, Aberdeenshire, yields, 76.
• Pear tree, cat and, 196.
• Peat, from Dogger Bank, 57, 68.
• Penny Wells, 174.
• Phœnicians, the Cassiterides monopoly of, 104.
• — eastern colonists in Spain and, 98.
• — methods of, as exploiters, 98.
• — in Iron Age, 107.
• — megalithic monuments and, 149.
• — in modern Cornwall, 139.
• Pictones, The, as allies of Romans, 224.
• — Scottish Picts and, 131.
• Picts, The, agriculturists and seafarers, 130.
• — Caledonians and, 130.
• — allies of the Scots, 130.
• — Cruithne were Britons, 132.
• — fairy theory, 131, and also note 98.
• — as Pechts and Pecti, 131.
• — Gildas, Bede, and Nennius on, 132.
• — Irish myth regarding, 132.
• — Irish Cruithne not Picts, 132.
• — Saxon allies of, 131.
• — Roman, Scottish, and Welsh names of, 131.
• — as branch of the Pictones, 131.
• — tattooing habit of, 136.
• — vessels of, 136.
• — tribes of, 136.
• — as pirates, 136.
• Pig, Demeter and, 196.
• — Devil as, 191, 200.
• — in Roman religious ceremony, 51.
• — Scottish and Irish treatment of, 199.
• — taboo in Scotland, 199.
• — the Sow goddess, 154.
• Pigs, Achæans and Celts as rearers of, 111, 199.
• — Adonis and Diarmid and, 197.
• — Celts rearers of, 114.
• — and amber, 161.
• — as food of the dead, 144.
• — "lucky pigs", 157.
• — Orkney a boar name, 129.
• Pigs, salmon as, 182. See Pork taboo.
• Piltdown man, 26.
• Pin Wells, 174.
• Pirates, ancient, Picts as, 136.
• — — Gaelic reference to, 136.
• Pliocene mammals, 16.
• Poetry, goddess of, 188.
• Polycrates of Samos, luck of, in seal, 184.
• Pope Gregory the Great, letter on Pagans in England, 176.
• Pork. See Pigs and Swine.
• — taboo in Arcadia, 223.
• — — why Cretans detested, 154, and also note 133.
• — — Scottish, 199 et seq., 223.
• — — Celts ate pork, 199.
• Porpoise as sea-boar, 182.
• Portugal, colonists from, in Britain, 106.
• — early eastern influence in, 211.
• — settlements of Easterners in, 95.
• — settlers from, in Britain, 127.
• Pot, the, shell as, 207.
• — as symbol of Mother-goddess, 205.
• — the Mother, Celtic cauldron as, 90.
• "Pot of Plenty", Celtic cauldron as, 205.
• Potter's wheel, 112.
• Pottery, Neolithic, 5.
• — relation to basket-making and knitting, 5, 6.
• Priestesses, ancient British, Tacitus refers to, 147.
• — witches and, 147, and also note 116.
• Ptolemy, evidence of, regarding British tribes, 128.
• Purple-yielding shells, in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.
• — — searched for by megalithic people, 92.
• Pytheas, 229.
• — exploration of Britain by, 115.
• — the Mictis problem, 116.
• — voyage of, 107.
•  
• Races, alien elements may vanish,
• — "Caucasian Man", 123.
• — Aryan theory, 123.
• Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, 129.
• — Azilian and Tardenoisian, 55.
• — Maglemosian, 56.
• — Britain in Roman period, 127.
• — Britain mainly "long-headed", 128.
• — Ptolemy's evidence regarding British tribes, 128.
• — British extermination theory, 227.
• — British Iberians and proto-Egyptians, 126.
• — Armenoid intrusions, 87, 126, 222.
• — Spanish settlers in Britain, 127.
• — bronze carriers displace eastern metal searchers in Western Europe, 100.
• — bronze users as earliest settlers in Aberdeenshire, 111.
• — Brünn and Brüx, 50.
• — Celts and Armenoids, 112.
• — Celts and Northerners, 112, 222.
• — Celts as conquerors of early settlers in Britain, 107.
• — colours of the mythical, 121, 125·
• — extermination theory, 122.
• — Celts as Fair Northerners, 222.
• — "broad heads" in Britain, 56, 87, 126, 222.
• — Celts and Teutons, 125.
• — Chancelade skull and Eskimos, 53.
• — Crô-Magnons in Wales, 19.
• — first discovery of Crô-Magnons in France, 20.
• — Cuchullin and Scotland, 224.
• — Britons in Ireland, 224.
• — Damnonians as metal workers, 89.
• — Damnonians in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 89, 90.
• — dark and fair peoples in England, 227.
• — descendants of Easterners in Britain, 118.
• — drifts of, into Britain, 79.
• — early settlers in Britain, 125, 216.
• — eastern colonists in Spain, 95.
• — Easterners reached ancient Britain from Spain, 97.
• — fair and dark among earliest settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, 60.
• Races, fair Celts and Teutons, 60.
• — Fir-bolgs in Ireland, 223.
• — Furfooz type, 56.
• — broad-headed fair types, 56.
• — Gaelic Fir-domnann and Firbolg, 90, and also note 65.
• — Gibraltar man, 8.
• — Cannstadt man, 8.
• — Neanderthal man, 9. See Neanderthal Man.
• — great migrations by sea, 92.
• — high and heavy Scots, 137.
• — intrusion of "Round Barrow", broad-headed people, 87, 126.
• — "Long heads" use bronze in Ireland, 87.
• — megalithic intruders, 94.
• — mixed peoples among Easterners in Western Europe, 107.
• — modern Crô-Magnons in Africa, British Isles, and France, 25.
• — "Combe-Capelle" man, 25.
• — Brüx and Brünn skulls, 25.
• — "Galley Hill" man, 26, 27.
• — modern man, 9.
• — Crô-Magnon, 9, 19. See Crô-Magnon Races.
• — Piltdown man, 9, 26.
• — Heidelberg man, 9.
• — Phœnician type in Cornwall, 139.
• — physical characters of, 124.
• — "pockets" in British Isles, 138.
• — Post-Glacial movements of, 54.
• — pre-Celtic extermination theory, 107.
• — few intrusions in ancient Britain, 109.
• — settlements of traders and workers, 109.
• — "short barrow" intruders, 104.
• — cremating intruders, 104.
• — Solutrean intrusion, 49.
• — Tacitus's references to British races, 137.
• — transition period and Neolithic, 61.
• Rainbow as god's rod-sling, 204.
• Raven and goddess of grove and sky, 160.
• Ravens, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Red deer on Dogger Bank, 68.
• "Red Man", The Welsh, 19, 27.
• Regni, The, Sussex tribe, 128.
• Reindeer on Dogger Bank, 68.
• — French and German, in early, Aurignacian times, 14. See Fauna.
• — in Scotland till twelfth century, 67.
• — in Germany in Roman times, 68.
• — Age, the, 213.
• Rhodesia, mouse cure in, 187, and also note 172.
• Rhone valley trade route, 114.
• Rivers, goddesses and, 206.
• River-worship, 176, 178, 179.
• Robin, apple cult and, 204.
• Robin Red-breast, on Glasgow seal, 185.
• — — in St. Mungo legend, 186.
• Romans, how Britain was conquered by, 119, 120.
• — Celtic boats superior to boats of, 224.
• — as exploiters of conquered countries, 79.
• — how loan-rate of interest was reduced, 79.
• — goddess, groups of, 207.
• — Gauls in army of, 127.
• — mean and tragical conquest of Britain by, 226, 227.
• — myths of, regarding savages in ancient Britain, 224.
• — references of, to Picts and Caledonians, 130.
• — religious beliefs of, no higher than those of Gaels, 208.
• — Tacitus on rewards of, in Britain, 79.
• — wars for trade, 229.
• Rome, connection of, with milk goddess cult, 149, 150.
• — sacked by Celts, 112.
• Ro-smerta, the Gaulish goddess, 174.
• Rowan, 221.
• — berry of, as fruit of longevity, 144.
• — the sacred, 179, 180. See Tree Cults.
• Rye, cultivation of, 5.
•  
• Sacred stones and sacred trees, 103. See Megalithic Monuments and Tree Cults.
• Sacrifices, annual pig sacrifices,201.
• — oxen sacrificed to demons in England, 178.
• — at "wassailing", 204, 205.
• Sahara, 27.
• — grass-lands of the, 14.
• St. Swithin's Day, 168.
• Salmon on city of Glasgow seal, 185.
• — as form of dragon, 182.
• — fire and, 183.
• — Gaelic names of, 182.
• — Irish saint finds gold in stomach of, 184.
• — in St. Mungo legend, 184.
• — the ring myth, 183.
• — the sacred "salmon of wisdom", 182.
• Sargon of Akkad, his knowledge of Western European metal-yielding areas, 99 et seq., 218.
• Saxons, 126.
• — Celts and, 227.
• — the, Picts as allies of, 131.
• Scape-dog, the, 65.
• Scots, The, Crô-Magnons and, 137.
• — Picts and, 130.
• — first settlement of, in Scotland, 130.
• Scott, Michael, in serpent myth, 188.
• Seafaring. See Boats.
• Sea god, the Hebridean Seonaidh (Shony), 193.
• Seasons, Gaelic colours of, 169.
• Selgovæ, The, 139.
• — in Galloway, 129.
• Serpent, Bride's serpent and dragon, 188.
• — as "daughter of Ivor", the "damsel", &c., 187.
• — dragon as, 182.
• — goddess Bride and, 187.
• — jet drives away, 164.
• — sacred white, 188.
• — on sculptured stones, 155 (ill.).
• — "snake of hazel grove", 189.
• — sea-serpent, 189.
• — as soul, 189.
• — the white, in Michael Scott legend, 188.
• Setantii, The, in England and Ireland, 128.
• — Cuchullin and, 128.
• Severus, disastrous invasion of Scotland by, 130, 225.
• Sheep, goddess as, 154.
• — in Scoto-Celtic tribal names, 129.
• Shells, as amulets, 34, 80.
• — Aphrodite as pearl in, 158.
• — in British graves, 46.
• — finds of, in Ireland and Scotland, 46.
• — coloured, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 46.
• — wearing of, not a juvenile custom, 46.
• — Combe-Capelle man wore, 25.
• — in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.
• — Crô-Magnon trade in, 40.
• — Japanese and Scottish "shell-milk" elixirs, 40, 221.
• — "Cup of Mary" Highland myth, 42.
• — limpet lore, 42, and also note 32.
• — Egyptian artificial, 173.
• — Egyptian gold models of, 41.
• — stone, ivory, and metal models of, 41.
• — as "life-givers", 41.
• — "Evil Eye" charms, 39.
• — Crô-Magnon necklace, 39 (ill.).
• — as food for dead, 41.
• — Cretan artificial, 41.
• — fairy woman's coracle a shell, 207.
• — in grotto at Aurignac, 22.
• — ground shells as elixir, 38.
• — as "houses" of gods, 38.
• — love girdle of, 38.
• — Hebridean tree goddess and, 153.
• — Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave, 36.
• — as "life substance", 80, 158, 178.
• — mantle of, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 45.
• — milk from, 40, 221.
• — "personal ornaments" theory, 37.
• — Red Sea shell in Hampshire, 47, and also note 36.
• — Red Sea shell in Neolithic Spain, 96.
• Shells, Red Sea shell at Mentone, 210.
• — searched for by megalithic people, 92 et seq.
• — in Welsh cave-tomb, 20.
• Ships. See Boats.
• Silures, The, Hebrideans and, 139.
• — Tacitus on, 137.
• — in Wales and Scilly Islands, 129.
• Silurians, as miners, 118.
• Silvanus, British deity, 207.
• Silver, amber and, 165.
• — in Britain, 91.
• — difficult to find and work in Britain, 95.
• — exported from Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• — Easterners worked, in Spain, 97.
• — Gaelic god connected with, 102.
• — offered to water deity by Gauls, 174.
• — offered to deities by Celts, 80.
• — lead, as ballast for boats of Easterners, 99.
• Sin (pronounced sheen), the Druid's judgment collar, 146.
• Skins, exported from Britain in first century, a.d., 114.
• Sky, connection of sacred trees and wells with, 179.
• Slaves, exported from Britain in first century a.d., 114. See Fir-bolgs.
• Sleepers myth, in Highland story, 47.
• — the Seven, antiquity of myth of, 29.
• Smertæ, The, 129.
• Smertullis, the god, Ro-smerta and, 174.
• Smintheus Apollo. See Mouse Apollo.
• Solutrean Age, 13.
• — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• — proto-Solutrean influence, 216.
• — culture, cave art declines, 51.
• — — characteristic artifacts, 50.
• — — climate, 51.
• — — open-air camps, 51.
• — — bone needles numerous, 52.
• — — decline of, in Europe, 52.
• — — earliest influence of, in Europe, 49.
• Solutrean culture, "true" wave of, 49.
• — — carriers of, 50.
• — Implements, 21 (ill.).
• Soul, animal shapes of, 65, 178, 190.
• — bee and butterfly forms of, 191.
• — bee forms of, in folk tales, 193.
• — beliefs regarding, Sleepers myth, 29.
• — soul-case in Scotland and Japan, 44.
• — butterfly as, in Greece, Italy, Serbia, Burmah, Mexico, China, Scotland, Ireland, &c., 192, 193.
• — the "change" in Gaelic, 158.
• — nourishment of, 158.
• — cremation customs and destiny of, 109.
• — dead go west, 173.
• — dog form of, 65.
• — Druids and transmigration, 142.
• — heart and liver as seats of life, 154.
• — maggot as, 102.
• — Egyptian Bata myth, 103.
• — moth form of, 192.
• — serpent form of, 189.
• — lizard and other forms of, 189.
• — star as, 208.
• — in stone or husk, 173.
• — in trees, 190.
• — in egg, fish, swans, &c., 190.
• — in weapons, 50.
• — Welsh ideas regarding destiny of, 144.
• Sow-day in Orkney, 201.
• Sow goddess, the, 154. See Pigs.
• Spain, British trade with, 114, 116.
• — colonists from, in Britain, 106.
• — displacement of Easterners in, 221.
• — Druidism in, 149.
• — early trade of, with Britain, 218.
• — Easterners in, 95, 211, 218, 229.
• — Easterners kept natives of, ignorant of uses of metals, 99.
• — Egyptian gold diadem in Neolithic tomb, 98.
• — Egyptian origin of Neolithic industry in, 97.
• — expulsion of Easterners from, 100.
• — in pre-Agricultural Age, 213.
• — settlers from, in Britain, 127.
• Spear of god Lugh, 206.
• Spinning, 5.
• Spirit worship. See Animism.
• Standing Stones. See Megalithic Monuments.
• Star, St. Ciaran's stellar origin, 208.
• — the Dog, 64.
• Stars, Druid lore of, 175.
• — Gaels measured time by, 175, and also note 162.
• — Sirŏna, star goddess, 208.
• — Milky Way and milk goddess cult, 149.
• — Welsh and Gaelic names of, 203.
• Stennis, Standing Stones of, 94.
• Stone of Danann deities, 206.
• — as god, 51.
• Stonehenge, doctrine of Cardinal Points and, 174.
• — and Egyptian Empire beads, 104, 105 (ill.), 106.
• — Temple theory, 177.
• Stones, in graves, 33, 34.
• — wind raised by, in Hebrides, 172.
• — as "god body", 173.
• — as dragon's eggs, 173.
• Sumeria. See Babylonia.
• Sun, ancient British solar symbol, 162.
• — circulating chapels, &c., 148.
• — ear-rings and, 165.
• — fire and, 181.
• — rays of, as tears, 181, and also note 167.
• — Gaelic worship of, 170.
• — Gaels swore by, 148.
• — goddess and, 163.
• — modern and ancient sunwise customs, 171.
• Sun-worship in Britain, King Canute and, 147.
• Surgery, ancient man's skill in, 2.
• — folk-lore evidence regarding, 3, 4.
• Surrogate of life blood, 28.
• Sussex dug-out, 76, 77.
• Swallows, Celtic deities as, 195.
• Swans, as souls, 190.
• — as oracles, 190.
• — Celtic deities as, 195.
• Swine. See Pork Taboo.
• — Celts rearers of, 114.
• — Devil and, 200.
• Swine, Maglemosian hunters of, 57.
• — Orkney a boar name, 129.
• — in Roman religious ceremony, 51.
• — Scottish taboo of, 199.
• Sword of god Lugh, 206.
• Symbols, swashtika, &c., 165, 166. See Colour Symbolism.
•  
• Tæxali, The,
• Talismans, Irish and Japanese, 206.
• Taranŭcus (Thunderer), Gaulish god, 207.
• Tardenoisian, 54, 62.
• — artifacts, 13.
• — Iberian carriers of, 216.
• — pre-Agricultural, 213.
• — pygmy flints, 54, 55 (ill.).
• Tardenoisians, The, in Britain, 125.
• — English Channel land-bridge crossed by, 69.
• — Industry, traces of, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, 71.
• — Maglemosians and, 57.
• Temples, pagan, used as Christian churches, 177.
• — the Gaulish, 177.
• — Apollo's temple in England, 177.
• — Stonehenge, 177.
• — Pytheas refers to, 178.
• — reroofing custom, 178.
• Ten Tribes, The Lost, 118.
• Teutons, British Celts' relations with, 137.
• — Celts and, 125.
• Thomas the Rhymer, "True Thomas" as "Druid Thomas", 146.
• Thor, Dagda and, 202.
• Tilbury man, 70, 71.
• Tin, 101.
• — beginning of mining in Cornwall, 116.
• — Scottish and Irish, 94, 117.
• — in Britain and Ireland, 91.
• — surface tin collected in Britain, 9.
• — English mines of, opened after surface tin was exhausted, 91.
• — the Mictis problem, 116.
• — descendants of ancient miners in Britain, 118.
• — exported from Cornwall in first century a.d., 114.
• Tin, Phœnicians and the Cassiterides, 104.
• — search for, in Britain, 95.
• — traces of, in Scotland, 94.
• — trade in, 219.
• — voyage of Pytheas, 107.
• — Cornish mines opened, 107. See Cassiterides and Œtrymnides.
• Tin Land, Sargon of Akkad's knowledge of the Western European, 99, 218.
• Tin-stone as ballast for boats of Easterners, 99.
• Toad, The, Jewel of, 189.
• Tom-tit, apple cult of, 204.
• Toothache, ancient man suffered from, 2.
• Torquay, Magdalenian art near, 54.
• Trade, early British exports, 104.
• — Red Sea shell in Hampshire, 47, and also note 36.
• — routes, British and Irish, 223.
• — — British trade with Spain and Carthage, 114.
• — — Danube valley and Rhone valley, 114.
• — — early trade between Spain and Britain, 218.
• — — exports from Britain in first century a.d., 114.
• — — when overland routes were opened, 106.
• — — Celts and, 106, 107.
• — — Phœnicians kept sea-routes secret, 107.
• — — voyage of Pytheas, 107.
• Transition Period. See Azilian, Tardenoisian, and Maglemosian.
• — — longer than Neolithic Age, 61.
• — — race movements in, 54.
• — in Scotland, 216.
• Transmigration, Druidism and, 142, 222.
• Traprain, silver as substitute for white enamel at, 165.
• Tree cults, apple of knowledge eaten by Thomas the Rhymer, 146.
• — — apple tree as "Tree of Life", 204.
• — — birds and apple trees, 204.
• — — Artemis and the fig, 193.
• Tree cults, bee and maggot soul forms in trees, 103.
• — — and standing stones, 103, 104.
• — — coral as sea tree, 221.
• — — grown gold, 221.
• — — and standing stones and wells, 147.
• — — trees and wells and heavenly bodies, 180.
• — — Druidism and, 141.
• — — fig as milk-yielding tree, 149.
• — — Gaelic and Latin names of sacred groves, 159.
• — — Galatian sacred oak, 159.
• — — Gaulish, 151.
• — — elm as milk tree, 151.
• — — plane as milk tree, 151.
• — — grove goddess as raven or crow, 160.
• — — the hazel god, 140, 144.
• — — apple of longevity, 144.
• — — Hebridean shell and milk goddess and, 153.
• — — Indian milk-yielding trees, 151.
• — — mouse and apple tree, 196.
• — — mistletoe and Druidism, 145.
• — — megalithic monuments and, 220.
• — — and pearls, &c., 220.
• — — palm tree cult in Spain, 220.
• — — oak on Glasgow seal, 185.
• — — sacred groves and stone shrines, 156.
• — — sacred rowan, 180.
• — — Silvanus, British tree god, 207.
• — — souls in trees, 190.
• — — St. Mungo takes fire from the hazel, 186.
• — — stone circles and, 178.
• — — Trees of Longevity and Knowledge, 152.
• — — woodbine as "King of the Woods" in Gaelic, 180.
• — — fire-producing trees, 180.
• Trepanning in ancient times, 2.
• Trinovantes, The, in England, 128.
• Turquoise, symbolism of, 221.
• Twelfth Night, 204.
•  
• Underworld, Gaelic ideas regarding,
• Underworld, Egyptian paradise of, 143.
• — fairyland as Paradise, 144.
• — Welsh ideas of, 144.
• — "Well of healing" in, 197.
• Urns, burial, food and drink in, 158.
• Uxellimus, Gaulish god, 207.
•  
• Vacomagi, The,
• Veneti, The, Pictones assist Romans against, 224.
• — Picts and, 131.
• Venus. See Aphrodite.
• — the British, 204.
• — Cæsar offered British pearls to, 79.
• — origin of, 38.
• — the Scandinavian, 161.
• Vernicones, The, in Scotland, 129.
• Viking ship, origin of, 76.
• Votadini, in Scotland, 129.
• Vulcan, the Celtic, 202, 203.
•  
• Warfare, Neolithic weapons rare
• Water, fire in, 182.
• — as source of all life, 180.
• — spirits, 207.
• "Water of Life", "fire water" as, 181, 182.
• Weapons, Celts swore by, 148.
• — demons in, 50.
• — as sacred symbols in Ireland and Japan, 206.
• Well, "Beast" (dragon) in, 182.
• Wells, Bride (Brigit) and, 188.
• — connection of, with trees, stones, and sky, 180.
• — goddess and, 180.
• — "well of healing" in Underworld, 197.
• Well-worship and sacred grove, heaven, &c., 160.
• Well-worship, Dingwall Presbytery deals with, 148.
• — Gildas refers to, 176.
• — well as a god, 176-9.
• — trees, standing stones, and, 147.
• — winds and, 174.
• — offerings of gold, &c., 174.
• Welsh gods, 203.
• Were-animals, Scottish, 190.
• — witches and, 191.
• Wheat, cultivation of, 5.
• Whistle, the, antiquity of, 31.
• Widow-burning, 110.
• Wind, fairies come on eddies of, 173.
• Wind and water beliefs, 174.
• Wind goddess, Scottish, associated with south-west, 173.
• Winds, colours of, 169 et seq.
• — Gaelic names of, in spring, 198.
• — Hebridean wind-stone, 172.
• Witches, cat forms of, 196.
• — priestesses and, 147.
• — were-animals and, 191.
• Withershins, 172.
• Woad, Celtic connection of, with water, amber, &c., 163.
• Wolf, goddess as, 154.
• — goddess Morrigan as, 195.
• Woodbine as "King of the Woods", 180.
• "World Mill", The, metal workers and, 90.
• Wren, apple cult of, 204.
• — Druids and, 145.
• — hunting of, 187.
• — the sacred, 186.
• — as king of birds, 186.
•  
• Yellow Muilearteach, the, Scottish deity, 196,
•  
• Zuyder Zee, formerly a plain,
• — — disasters of, 69, 70.