[270] Rosenberg, Jenny Lind in America, 79.

[271] Simpson, Cyclopedia of Methodism, 785.

[272] The North, Aug. 30, 1893, quoting from The Workman.

[273] Jensson, American Lutheran Biographies, 25 ff; The Home Missionary, XXII, 263, 264; XXIII, 119. In Anderson’s report for 1850 is an account of a visit to Dane County, Wisconsin, where ‘one of the Formalists,’ after five years of labor had failed to bring much enlightenment. “There are some four thousand or more Norwegians in one settlement, about three-quarters of whom are members of this man’s church, and the rest are sheep without a shepherd. They had had preaching there for the last five years, but such gross immorality I had never witnessed before.... We have no reasonable ground to hope that a single individual of those three thousand souls is converted to God; for all are intemperate and profane.... Of all I saw (and I saw a great many) two out of three were intoxicated, or had been drinking so that it was offensive to come within the sphere poisoned by their breath; and of every two I heard talking together one or both profaned their Maker.”

[274] The Home Missionary, XXIII, 250, 263.

[275] Ibid., XXIV, 238; XXIV, 287.

[276] The Home Missionary, XXVI, 73.

[277] Ibid., XXV, 77; XXVI, 268.

[278] Liljegren, “Historical Review of Scandinavian Methodist in the United States,” in Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 208; The Methodist Year Book, 1912, 42-45.

[279] Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 337; The Methodist Year Book, 1912, 90-92.

[280] Newman, A Century of Baptist Achievement, 126; Nelson (and Peterson), History of the Scandinavians, I, 202; Annual of the Northern Baptist Convention, 1913, 189.

[281] Congregational Year Book, 1914. Cf. Nelson, Scandinavians in the United States, I, 346; Montgomery, Work among the Scandinavians (1888), and a “Wind from the Holy Spirit” in Norway and Sweden, 7-8, 109-112.

[282] Söderström, Minneapolis Minnen, 231-236.

[283] Cosmopolitan, Oct., 1890; Nelson, Scandinavians in the United States, I, 337; Söderstsröm, Minneapolis Minnen, 249-250.

[284] Söderström, Minneapolis Minnen, 237-241.

[285] Year book of the Chicago Theological Seminary, 1906; Montgomery, The Work Among the Scandinavians (1888), 9-12, 22.

[286] Catalogue of the Northwestern University, 1913-1914, 379-380, 478.

[287] Annual Register of the University of Chicago, 1904-5; 1912-1913, 311.

[288] Nelson (and Skordalsvold), “Historical Review of the Scandinavian Churches in Minnesota,” History of the Scandinavians, I, 335-349.

[289] Ibid., I, 236 ff.; Jacobs, History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States, 513; Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1890.

[290] Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 217-224, 263; U. S. Eleventh Census, 1890, Churches, 452.

[291] Beretning om det syttende Aarsmöde for den Forenede norsk lutherske Kirke i Amerika, 140 and LVI.

[292] World Almanac and Encyclopedia, 1914, 538-539.

[293] Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 219.

[294] Ibid., I, 217; Carroll, The Religious Forces of the United States (rev. ed.), 190.

[295] Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 339.

[296] Beretning om det syttende Aarsmöde for den Forenede norsk lutherske Kirke i Amerika, 1906, XLIV.

[297] Ibid., II-LV.

[298] Daily Skandinaven, May 24, 1893.

[299] Gamla och Nya Hemlandet, Apr. 8, 1903.

[300] Gamla och Nya Hemlandet, April 8, 1903 (translated).

[301] “Bidrag til vore Settlementers og Menigheders Historie.”

[302] This valuable little book bore the title Skandinaverne i de Forenede Stater og Canada, med Indberetninger og Oplysninger fra 200 Skandinaviske Settlementer. En Ledetraad for Emigranten fra det gamle Land og for Nybyggeren in Amerika.

[303] Translated from Fæderelandet og Emigranten, July 21, 1870.

[304] Schröder, Skandinaverne i de Forenede Stater og Canada (1867), 53.

[305] Ibid., 53; also a two-and-a-half-column article “Vink til Nysettlere i Minnesota,” in Fædrelandet og Emigranten, June 29, 1871.

[306] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 94-107. Langeland succeeded Reymert as editor of Nordlyset. A few copies of Nordlyset, Demokraten, Emigranten, and some fifteen other early Norwegian papers were found some years ago in the hands of an old Norwegian, Christopher Hanson of St. Ansgar, Iowa. By him they were turned over to Rasmus B. Anderson, then editor of Amerika. Amerika, Jan. 4, 1899. Anderson sold the collection for $100 to the United Church in whose Seminary Library it now rests. “Raport fra Komiteen til Indsamling af historiske Documenter,” Beretning om det syttende Aarsmöde for den Forenede norsk lutherske Kirke i Amerika (1906), 126-128.

[307] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 96-112.

[308] “Den skandinaviske tidnings-pressens barndom i Amerika,” Hemlandet, Feb. 25, March 4, 1913; Hansen and Wist, “Den Norsk-Amerikanske Presse”. Norsk-Amerikanernes Festskrift, 1914. 9-203.

[309] Rowell, American Newspaper Directory, 1870, 948.

[310] Ibid., 633.

[311] The North, Aug. 9, 1893, reports six weeklies “suspended within the past few weeks.”

[312] Rowell, American Newspaper Directory for years named; Hemlandet, Mar. 4, 1903: “De svenska tidningarne i Amerika har nu sammenlagt en prenumerantsiffra som uppgår till 400,000.”

[313] Lenker, Lutherans in all Lands, 771.

[314] Madison Democrat, Oct. 6, 1898.

[315] Skandinaven, May 3, May 31, 1893.

[316] Ibid., Jan. 27-April 30, 1904; Dannevirke, March 30, 1904.

[317] Svenska Amerikanska Posten, Feb. 17, June 30, 1903.

[318] Hemlandet, Feb. 25 (quoting from Nya Dagligt Allehanda of Stockholm for Feb. 7), July 15, Aug. 19, 1903.

[319] Bremer, Homes of the New World, II, 222, 227, 236; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 372, 380, 384, 404, 423, 429, 438, 504, 530.

[320] U. S. Tenth Census, 1880, I, 676.

[321] U. S. Twelfth Census Reports, 1900, I, Population, Pt. 1, CXCIII, and Tables 43, 46, 56.

[322] U. S. Consular Reports (1887) No. 76, 148; Young, Labor in Europe and America, 681.

[323] Special Reports, Bureau of the Census, “Supplementary Analysis and Derivative Tables” (1906), 32-33.

[324] Sparks, History of Winneshiek County, Iowa, 110; History of Fillmore County (Minnesota), 377 ff., 434 ff.

[325] J. O. Ottesen, “Bidrag til vore Settlementers og Menigheders Historie,” Amerika, April-September, 1894, especially July 4.

[326] These biographies are numerous in the many county histories which appeared between 1880 and 1890 as the work of a syndicate of publishers; they are also the staple of the latter half of such works as Johnson and Peterson, Svenskarne i Illinois, and Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, and II. All the Scandinavian newspapers print many similar sketches, biographical, autobiographical, and obituary.

[327] U. S. Consular Reports (1887), No. 76, 151; Young, Labor in Europe, 689. C. C. Andrews, U. S. Minister to Sweden, 1873, states: “The proportion of illegitimate births, including the whole kingdom was 5.85%, but including only cities, the proportion of illegitimates was 14.32%.”

[328] Statesman’s Year Book, 1900, 1048.

[329] Ibid., 1062; Folkebladet, Feb. 5, 1896.

[330] A discussion of these statistics for 1885-1890 is given in The Forum, XIV, 103. The reports of the superintendents of some of the institutions give more or less of the history of each case. See Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, II, 1-23.

[331] Special Reports, Bureau of the Census, 1904, “Insane and Feebleminded in Hospitals and Institutions,” 20.

[332] Hall, Immigration, 166.

[333] Special Reports, Bureau of the Census, “Insane and Feebleminded,” 21.

[334] Minnesota Executive Documents, 1900—statistics for the insane for 1890, 1896, and 1900; The North, Dec. 18, 1889; Wisconsin State Board of Control [biennial], 1890 to 1902.

[335] Special Reports, Bureau of the Census, 1904, “Insane, etc., in Hospitals,” 21. Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, II, ch. i, makes a conscientious, but rather lame, attempt at analyzing available statistics of insanity, and gives his conclusions for two periods, 1881-2 and 1890-4: ratio of insane in total population, 1:2718 and 1:1719; in American-born, 1:4120 and 1:3009; in foreign-born, 1:1480 and 1:1144; in Irish, 1:1061 and 1:769; in German, 1:1461 and 1:1439; in Scandinavian, 1:1588 and 1:819.

[336] Gronvald, “The Effects of the Immigration on the Norwegian Immigrants,” Sixth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, 520.

[337] For an interesting background for this discussion, see Grellet, Memoirs, I, 324. He wrote in 1818 of a parish named Stavanger, having a population of some 7,000: “We visited their prison and their schools; the former kept by an old woman. She had but one prisoner in it, and had so much confidence in him that the door of his cell was kept open.”

[338] Minnesota Executive Documents, biennial reports of State Prisons for the years mentioned.

[339] U. S. Twelfth Census, I, Population, Pt. I, Tables 25, 38, 40.

[340] Reports of the Wisconsin State Board of Control for the years mentioned.

[341] Minnesota Executive Documents, Reports of the State Board of Charities and Corrections, especially for 1884, 1890, 1896; The North, Dec. 18, 1889. Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, II, ch. i, tabulates his estimates of criminality as he does those of insanity; for the years 1880-1822 and 1892-1894:

[342] Statistics for foreign-born in 1890:

[343] In 1850 the total of foreign-born Scandinavians was 12,678, of whom 3,559 were Swedes. In 1860 the corresponding figures were 43,995 and 18,625. In 1880 the Swedes numbered 194,337, and the Norwegians, 181,729. United States Census Reports for the years 1850, 1860, 1880.

[344] Christiana got its name through the carelessness of Gunnul Vindæg, who desired to name the town after the Norwegian capital, but omitted the “i” in the last syllable. Billed Magazin, I, 388.

[345] Mattson, Story of an Emigrant, 50-51; History of Goodhue County, Minnesota, 248.

[346] History of Fillmore County, Minnesota, 346, 378.

[347] History of the Minnesota Valley, 688, 690, 693.

[348] Ibid., 688.

[349] Ibid., 790, 837; History of the Upper Mississippi Valley, 572.

[350] Amerika, May 20, 1901.

[351] “The Norwegians of Wisconsin”, Phillips Times (Wis.), April 22, 1905.

[352] The nearest postoffice to the early settlers in Fillmore County, Minnesota, was twenty miles away at Decorah, Iowa. History of Fillmore County, Minnesota, 429.

[353] From the list transcribed from the books of the Appointment Office of the Post Office Department, Dec., 1856. Andrews, Minnesota and Dakota, 191.

[354] Mattson, The Story of An Emigrant, 50.

[355] Mattson, The Story of an Emigrant, 62.

[356] Personal interview with Mr. Aaker, May, 1890. He was school teacher, in English, and school district clerk in Wisconsin before moving to Iowa and Minnesota. See also Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1893, 89-92; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 365.

[357] By these changes Johanson became Johnson; Hanson, Jackson; Fjeld, Field; Larson, Lawson (as Victor F. Lawson, the great newspaper owner of Chicago). By taking the homestead name, the too common name of Olson was changed to Tuve in one case, while Adolf Olson became Adolf Olson Bjelland in another.

[358] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1893, 341-366 (naming 16 officers for most counties); Wisconsin Blue Book, 1895, 630 (naming 10); North Dakota Legislative Manual, 1895; Basford, South Dakota Handbook and Official and Legislative Manual, 1894, 16-120.

[359] Amerika, Nov. 18, 1904.

[360] Journal of the Second Convention, 18; Tenney, Fathers of Wisconsin, 249; Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 94-96; Wisconsin Blue Book, (1895), 141, 173.

[361] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 96.

[362] Ibid., 95.

[363] Journal of the Second Convention, 31, 129.

[364] Ibid., 422, 638; Poore, Charters and Constitutions (2nd ed.), 2037.

[365] Wisconsin Blue Book, 1895, 136 ff; Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1893, 87-92; History of the Upper Mississippi Valley, 573; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 390.

[366] Wisconsin Blue Book, 1895, 136 ff. For the more recent legislatures it is possible to be fairly exact in these data, since the blue books and manuals give biographical sketches.

[367] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1895, 573 ff.

[368] Wisconsin Blue Books, 1895, 66; 1901, 733 ff; 1903, 740 ff.

[369] Minnesota Legislative Manuals for 1893, 1899, 1905.

[370] Legislative Manual of North Dakota, 1895, 18; North Dakota Senate Journal, 1901, 1; North Dakota House Journal, 1901, 1.

[371] Amerika, Nov. 18, 1904.

[372] Basford, Political Handbook (South Dakota), 149-197; Senate Journal and House Journal, 1897, 1903; Amerika, Nov. 18, 1904.

[373] Mattson, The Story of an Emigrant, 115; Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1905, 99.

[374] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1905, 99; North Dakota Legislative Manual, 1895, 66; South Dakota Legislative Manual, 1894, 130, 134.

[375] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1905, 99, 627.

[376] Ibid., 99-106, 627-637; Wisconsin Blue Book, 1895, 662 ff; South Dakota Political Handbook, 1894, 130 ff; The Viking, I, 3 (1906).

[377] Stenholt, Knute Nelson, 68-78; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 451; Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1893, 549.

[378] Svenska Amerikanska Posten, Nov. 22, 1898; World Almanac, 1899; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 432.

[379] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1905, 506, 520. In this election of 1904, P. E. Hanson, a Swedish immigrant of 1857, was elected on the Republican ticket as Secretary of State by a plurality of more than 96,000.

[380] World Almanac, 1907, 487.

[381] Ibid., 1909, 639.

[382] Ibid., 1911, 673; 1913, 741; Who’s Who in America, 1914-15.

[383] Wisconsin Blue Book (1903), 1070; World Almanac, 1907, 513.

[384] Minnesota Legislative Manual (1895), 325-6, 648; Congressional Directory, May, 1914.

[385] Wisconsin Bluebook (1895), 191-2; Congressional Directories, 1887 to 1914, which contain brief biographies of Representatives and Senators. Other Representatives for briefer terms than those mentioned above are: from Minnesota, Kittle Halvorson (Norwegian), 1891 to 1895; Halvor E. Boen (Norwegian), 1893 to 1895; Charles A. Lindbergh (Swede), since 1906; from Wisconsin, H. B. Dahle (Norwegian), 1899 to 1901; John M. Nelson (Norwegian), since 1906; and Irvine L. Lenroot (born of Swedish parents in Wisconsin), since 1909; from North Dakota, Henry T. Helgesen (Norwegian, born in Iowa), since 1911; and from Utah, Jacob Johnson (the only Dane who has sat in the House), since 1913.

[386] Who’s Who in America, 1914-5.

[387] Ibid.; Anderson, Norwegian Immigration, quoting from the Madison Democrat.

[388] Mattson, The Story of an Emigrant, 143-145.

[389] Congressional Directory, 1897, 1907, 1914; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 435, 480, 503; II, 195.

[390] Peterson, Svenskarne i Illinois, 389.

[391] Du Bois, Suppression of the African Slave-Trade, 90 n 5, 131, 143 n 1.

[392] Baker, History of the Elective Franchise in Wisconsin, 9; including a reference to the Wisconsin Banner, Oct. 17, 1846.

[393] Journal of the Second Convention, 511, 584.

[394] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 96.

[395] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 98: “Den förste Indvandrer-befolkning hovedsagelig bestod af Folk fra Landsbygderne, som for en stor Del ikke var vant til at læse andet end Deres Religionsböger, og mange af dem ansaa det endog for en Synd at læse politiske Blade.”

[396] Ibid., 98.

[397] Peterson, Svenskarne i Illinois, xii; Mattson, The Story of an Emigrant, 56; Nelson, History of the Scandinavians, I, 305, 310.

[398] Langeland, Nordmændene i Amerika, 110.

[399] Peterson, Svenskarne i Illinois, part II.

[400] Ibid., 353; “Medlem i de ‘moralska ideernas’ politska parti—det republikanska.”

[401] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1893, 482:

[402] Minnesota Legislative Manual, 1889, 397; 1893, 472.

[403] Mr. J. J. Skordalsvold in The North, Aug. 10, 1892.

[404] The ticket in Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, in this year, 1892, is an interesting illustration of “recognition” of the power of the recent deserters. The Scandinavians had:

Minneapolis Journal, Nov. 3, 1892.