Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
14. Heliosphæra solaris, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, about the same breadth as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Fifty to eighty main spines, conical, as long as the radius; by-spines very numerous, also conical, but only as large as one pore.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores and bars 0.006 to 0.008; length of the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with one simple latticed sphere, covered with radial spines having the form of hollow cones with porous walls.
The genus Conosphæra differs from Acanthosphæra in the peculiar formation of the radial spines, which are not simple solid sticks, but hollow cones with porous walls, as immediate elevations of the hollow sphere.
1. Conosphæra platyconus, n. sp.
Pores of the shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Conical spines about sixty, regular, broader than they are high, with six to nine pores in the wall.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.012, basal breadth 0.024.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
2. Conosphæra orthoconus, n. sp. (Pl. 12, fig. 2).
Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the radius. Conical spines about forty, regular, higher than they are broad, as long as the radius, with sixteen to twenty pores in the wall.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
3. Conosphæra plagioconus, n. sp. (Pl. 12, fig. 4).
Pores of the shell irregular, polygonal, twice to five times as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-four on the radius. Conical spines about eighty, irregularly formed and scattered, with oblique (not radial) axes; about as high as broad, with eight to twelve pores in the wall.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with one simple lattice-sphere, covered with simple radial spines; the pores between them prolonged into hollow, conical, or cylindrical tubuli.
The genus Coscinomma exhibits among the Astrosphærida the same peculiar formation that distinguishes Ethmosphæra and Sethosphæra among the Liosphærida; each pore of the simple shell is prolonged into a short conical or cylindrical tubulus, as a rule either on the outside or on the inside of the shell, but sometimes on both sides.
Definition.—Pores prolonged into short tubes both on the inside as well as the outside of the shell.
1. Coscinomma amphisiphon, Haeckel (Pl. 26, figs. 1, 1a, 1b).
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars, prolonged on the inside as well as on the outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube; fifteen to eighteen pores on the radius. In each hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, half as long as the radius.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.1.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
Definition.—Pores prolonged into external tubes on the outside of the shell.
2. Coscinomma ectosiphon, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars, prolonged on the outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube; ten to twelve pores on the radius. In each hexagon-corner arises a short bristle-shaped spine, twice as long as the tube, one-third as long as the radius. (Very similar to Ethmosphæra conulosa, Pl. 12, fig. 5, but differs in the possession of radial spines.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the spines 0.04, of the tubes 0.02.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.
3. Coscinomma macrosiphon, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars, prolonged on the outside of the shell into a long cylindrical tube, half as long as the radius (eight to nine pores on the radius); between them bristle-shaped, at the base conical, radial spines of double length.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.08, of the tubes 0.04.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
Definition.—Pores prolonged into internal tubes on the inside of the shell.
4. Coscinomma endosiphon, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars (fourteen to sixteen on the radius), prolonged on the inside of the shell into a short truncated cylindrical tube. In each hexagon-corner arises a thin, bristle-shaped, radial spine with pyramidal base, half as long as the radius, twice as long as the tube.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the spines 0.066, of the tubes 0.03.
Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with one simple lattice-sphere, covered with branched radial spines (the stem of the spine never forked).
The genus Cladococcus, together with the following Elaphococcus, is distinguished from the other Coscinommida by the ramification of the radial spines covering the surface of the simple hollow lattice-sphere. In Cladococcus each spine sends out three or more lateral branches, which are either simple or again ramified; but the stem of the spine itself is not forked, as in Elaphococcus.
Definition.—Branches of the spines simple, not ramified. Pores regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form.
1. Cladococcus arborescens, J. Müller.
Cladococcus arborescens, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 31, Taf. i. fig. 2.
Pores of the spherical shell regular, hexagonal, three times as broad as the bars; three to four on the radius. Ten to twenty spines, three-sided prismatic, two to three times as long as the shell diameter; towards the distal end each spine with three branches (one lateral simple straight branch on each edge of the spine).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.02.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Nice); North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.
2. Cladococcus spinifer, Haeckel.
Cladococcus spinifer, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 368, Taf. xiii. fig. 9.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, three-sided, longer than the shell diameter, with six to twelve simple verticillate branches (two to four branches on each edge).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1, breadth 0.03.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.
3. Cladococcus penicillus, n. sp.
Pores subregular, hexagonal, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Sixty to eighty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, pencil-shaped, longer than the shell diameter; each at the distal end with a brush or pencil composed of nine to twenty-one short, simple, curved branches (three to seven on each edge).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16, breadth 0.006.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
Definition.—Branches of the spines simple, not ramified. Pores irregular, of different size or form.
4. Cladococcus antarcticus, n. sp.
Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Forty to fifty radial spines, angular, curved, of variable size and form, with three to nine irregular, simple, blunt curved branches.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.05; length of the spines 0.1 to 0.18, breadth 0.007.
Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.
5. Cladococcus japonicus, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, of the same breadth as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Twenty to thirty radial spines, angular, longer than the shell diameter, with thirty to forty simple branches, decreasing in size from the middle part of the spine to the distal end (ten to thirteen branches on each edge).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores and bars 0.007; length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, breadth 0.004.
Habitat.—North Pacific (Japan), Station 240, surface.
6. Cladococcus quadricuspis, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. About twenty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, as long as the shell diameter; in the proximal half simple, with smooth edges; in the distal half with three diverging simple branches, half the length of the spine, with dentated edges.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.17, breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Definition.—Branches of the spines again ramified. Pores regular, of nearly equal size and similar form.
7. Cladococcus scoparius, n. sp. (Pl. 27, fig. 2).
Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Twenty radial spines, broom-shaped, three times as long as the shell diameter; in the proximal half simple, in the distal half branched, with three to nine branches, which are again ramified; spines and their branches with three smooth edges, not dentated.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.055, pores 0.0075, bars 0.0025; length of the spines 0.15, basal thickness 0.007.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
8. Cladococcus viminalis, Haeckel.
Cladococcus viminalis, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 369, Taf. xiv. figs. 2, 3.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, four times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, twice as long as the shell diameter; in the basal half simple, in the distal half with three to six long, thin, curved branches, which are partly forked; three edges of the spines dentated.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the radial spines 0.16, basal breadth 0.003.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina).
9. Cladococcus bifurcus, Haeckel.
Cladococcus bifurcus, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 368, Taf. xiii. figs. 7, 8.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, four times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Radial spines arising from all the nodal-points, three-sided prismatic, with dentated edges, longer than the shell diameter. On each spine six to nine branches, which are for the most part forked, the distal branches only being simple. (May be regarded as a further developmental stage of Cladococcus spinifer and Cladococcus viminalis.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.003.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands, Azores, surface.
10. Cladococcus pinetum, n. sp. (Pl. 27, fig. 1).
Pores regular, circular, polygonally framed, about the same breadth as the bars: two to three on the radius. About twenty radial spines, very large, three to four times as long as the shell diameter, branched like a pine tree, with straight, stout, three-sided prismatic stem; three prominent edges dentated. On each edge five to seven lateral branches, the distal ends of which are simple, the proximal again ramified, with numerous ramules. The figured specimen is a young one, with branches but little developed.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.06, pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25 breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266 to 274, surface.
Definition.—Branches of the spines again ramified. Pores irregular, of different size and form.
11. Cladococcus abietinus, n. sp. (Pl. 27, fig. 3).
Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to ten on the radius. About twenty radial spines, two to three times as long as the shell diameter, branched like a pine tree, with straight, stout, three-sided pyramidal stem. From the dentated edges arise numerous verticillate branches, the proximal ends of which are thickly ramified. (Differs from the preceding and similar species mainly in the large size and irregular lattice-work of the shell.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.25 to 0.4, breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 256, surface.
12. Cladococcus tricladus, n. sp.
Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. About twenty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, twice as long as the shell diameter; in the proximal half simple, with smooth edges; in the distal half with three diverging curved branches, which bifurcate two to three times or ramify irregularly. (Closely related to the simpler Cladococcus quadricuspis.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.04 to 0.016, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.3, breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
13. Cladococcus stalactites, n. sp. (Pl. 27, fig. 4).
Pores irregular, roundish, once to five times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. About twenty radial spines, very stout, longer than the shell diameter, with three wing-like, prominent smooth edges. At the middle, or in the distal half, each spine bears a verticil of three strong, irregularly formed ramified branches.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.003 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.16 to 0.2, breadth 0.02.
Habitat.—West Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.
14. Cladococcus dendrites, n. sp. (Pl. 27, fig. 5).
Pores irregular, roundish, with denticulate margin, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to twelve on the radius. Fifty to eighty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, with elegantly denticulated edges; in the proximal two-thirds simple, in the distal third with a bunch of ten to twenty short simple spines (three to seven on each edge).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.2, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with one simple lattice-sphere, covered with forked or dichotomously branched radial spines (the stem of the spine always forked).
The genus Elaphococcus differs from the preceding Cladococcus in the mode of ramification of the radial spines. These are forked; and the forked branches are either simple, again forked, or dichotomously ramified.
Definition.—Pores of the shell regular, of nearly equal size and similar form.
1. Elaphococcus furcatus, n. sp.
Pores of the spherical shell regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars; four to five on the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, cylindrical, as long as the radius, simply forked at the distal end; both branches half as long as the undivided part.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; length of the spines 0.04, breadth 0.004.
Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.
2. Elaphococcus cervicornis, Haeckel.
Cladococcus cervicornis, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 370, Taf. xiv. figs. 4-6.
Pores regular, hexagonal, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Fifty to ninety radial spines (or more), arising not only from the nodal-points of the network but also from the bars between them. Each spine is cylindrical, longer than the shell diameter, and repeatedly forked (three to six times), having, therefore, numerous (thirty to sixty or more) curved branches. The distal ends of all branches fall in one spherical face.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.001 to 0.015; length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.005.
Habitat.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.
3. Elaphococcus elaphoceras, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three to four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. At each nodal-point of the hexagon arises a short bristle-shaped, simple by-spine. In addition, there arise from the bars thirty to sixty large main spines, longer than the shell diameter, repeatedly forked in the same way as in the preceding species.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.002.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272. depth 2600 fathoms.
4. Elaphococcus umbellifer, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Twenty to forty straight cylindrical spines, as long as the shell diameter, having at the distal end a regular umbel composed of nine to twelve curved branches of equal length, which are again ramified and resemble the inflorescence of an umbelliferous plant, the distal ends of all ramules falling in a spherical face.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.14, breadth 0.002.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
Definition.—Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or form.
5. Elaphococcus dichotomus, n. sp.
Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Thirty to sixty radial spines cylindrical, curved, as long as the shell diameter, simply forked at the distal end; both branches one-third as long as the undivided part.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.004.
Habitat.—Arctic Ocean, Greenland, surface (Koch).
6. Elaphococcus umbellatus, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, or polygonal, twice to five times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Forty to sixty radial spines cylindrical, curved, as long as the shell radius, having at the distal end an irregular umbel, composed of six to twelve short branches, which are irregularly ramified or forked. (Differs from the regular Elaphococcus umbellifer mainly in the irregularity.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—South-east Pacific (Juan Fernandez), Station 299, surface.
7. Elaphococcus drymodes, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, little broader than the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Eighty to one hundred and twenty (or more) radial spines, cylindrical, three to four times as long as the shell diameter, irregularly forked or repeatedly dichotomous (each spine with forty to sixty forked branches); the distal ends of all branches fall in a spherical plane. (Differs from the regular Elaphococcus cervicornis mainly in the irregularity.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores and bars 0.003 to 0.008; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—Arctic Ocean, Iceland (Steenstrup).
Diplosphærida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with two concentric spherical lattice-shells, united by radial beams.
Definition.—Astrosphærida with one medullary (intracapsular) and one cortical (extracapsular) shell, which are connected by radial beams, piercing the central capsule. Shell surface covered with simple radial spines of the same kind.
The genus Haliomma, one of the oldest known Radiolarian genera, contained in the catalogue of its discoverer, Ehrenberg, a large number of very different Sphærellaria, belonging to at least sixteen different genera. We limit here the conception of the genus to those Haliommida which bear simple radial spines of one kind on the surface of the cortical shell (the latter being separated from the medullary shell by the central capsule).
Definition.—Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size and similar form; spines on the whole surface (commonly one spine at each nodal-point).
1. Haliomma hexagonium, n. sp.
Cortical shell four times as broad as the medullary shell, both having very thin thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores (eighteen to twenty on the radius of the outer, five to six on the radius of the inner shell). The two shells connected by twenty thin thread-like radial beams. At each nodal-point of the outer shell arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, half as long as the radius. (Similar to Heliosoma radians, Pl. 28, fig. 3, but with all the spines equal.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05; pores of the outer 0.015, of the inner 0.01; length of the spines 0.05.
Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
2. Haliomma arachnium, n. sp.
Cortical shell three times as broad as the medullary shell; pores of the former regular, hexagonal, with very thin thread-like bars (fourteen to sixteen on the radius); pores of the latter regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars (four to five on the radius). The two shells connected by about forty radial beams. At each nodal-point of the outer shell arises one bristle-shaped radial spine, twice as long as the diameter of one hexagonal mesh.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; pores of the outer 0.012, of the inner 0.006; length of the spines 0.025.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.
3. Haliomma favosum, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Medullary shell with simple, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars. At each nodal-point of the outer shell arises a short triangular spine three times as long as one pore.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; pores of the former 0.01, of the latter 0.005; bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.015.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.
4. Haliomma regulare, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, nearly twice as broad as the medullary shell, and connected with it by forty to sixty thin radial beams. Both shells of the same perfectly regular structure, with an identical number of regular, circular pores, which are hexagonally framed, four times as broad as the bars, nine to eleven on the radius. The outer pores are twice as broad as the inner, exactly corresponding pores. Between every three pores of the outer surface (in each corner of the cortical hexagon) arises one short three-sided pyramidal spine, twice as long as the diameter of one pore.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, of the inner 0.11; pores of the former 0.018, of the latter 0.009; length of the spines 0.04.
Habitat.—South Atlantic (Tristan da Cunha), Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
5. Haliomma melitomma, n. sp. (Pl. 20, fig. 4).
Melitomma formosum, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, loc. cit.
Cortical shell thick walled, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular pores of very elegant structure, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. The inner opening of each pore is simple, circular, the outer regular, six-lobed; corresponding to the six lobes are six short conical spines, which arise from the six corners of the regular hexagonal frames separating the pores. Pores of the medullary shell simple, circular, of the same breadth as the bars. The two shells connected only by six radial beams (in three dimensive axes).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, of the inner 0.07; pores of the former 0.012, of the latter 0.004; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.01.
Habitat.—Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.
6. Haliomma lirianthus, n. sp. (Pl. 28, figs. 1, 1a, 1b).
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, rosette-shaped pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. The regular structure of the elegant pores is the same as in the preceding species, but without prominent crested frames (fig. 1b). Also the medullary shell (fig. 1a) is different, much thinner and smaller, with simple, circular pores, which are three times as broad as the bars. The two shells are connected by numerous (twenty?) radial beams.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, of the inner 0.05; pores of the former 0.01, of the latter 0.005; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.02.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
7. Haliomma castanea, Haeckel.
Haliomma castanea, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 428, Taf. xxiv. fig. 4.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell; pores of both regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars (seven to eight on the radius of the outer, four to five on the radius of the inner shell), the two connected by six to twelve (?) strong radial beams. Radial spines bristle-shaped, with conical bases, twice as long as the diameter of the cortical pores (one spine at the nodal-point between every three pores).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.15, inner 0.03 to 0.05; pores of the former 0.005, of the latter 0.003; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.01.
Habitat.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.
8. Haliomma horridum, Stöhr.
Haliomma horridum, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 87, Taf. i. fig. 10.
Cortical shell thick walled, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Radial spines conical, stout, nearly half as long as the radius. (Differs from the closely allied Haliomma castanea in the smaller pores and larger spines.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.06; pores of the former 0.004, of the latter 0.02.
Habitat.—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily; living in the Atlantic, Station 9, depth 3150 fathoms, and Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.
9. Haliomma datura, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, only one and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, both having regular, circular pores, four to six times as broad as the bars (five to six on the radius of the outer, three to four on the radius of the inner shell), the two connected by numerous (forty to sixty?) thin, short, radial beams. Radial spines conical, twice as long as the diameter of one cortical pore, arising from all the nodal-points between them.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, inner 0.06 to 0.08; pores of the former 0.015 to 0.02, of the latter 0.007 to 0.012; length of the spines 0.02.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Stations 268 to 274, surface.
Definition.—Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size and similar form; the spines not covering the entire surface, but scattered at intervals (their number smaller than that of the nodal-points of the network).
10. Haliomma circumtextum, n. sp. (Pl. 28, figs. 7, 7a).
Cortical shell very delicate, with thin thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores, little larger than the thick-walled medullary shell (= 7 : 6). Pores of the latter regular, circular, double-edged, with hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars; from all the hexagon-corners arise thin bristle-shaped, radial spines, twice as long as the diameter of the pores, becoming connected at equal distances from the centre by tangential threads, regularly disposed, forming the cortical shell. Twelve strong, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines, as broad at the base as one mesh, and about half as long as the radius of the shell.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.12; pores of the former 0.012, of the latter 0.005; length of the radial spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
11. Haliomma duodecinum, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Both shells with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius of the outer, five to six on the radius of the inner shell. Twelve conical, regularly disposed radial spines, as long as the radius, and as broad at the base as one mesh.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the former 0.005, of the latter 0.002; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.005.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
12. Haliomma megaporum, Ehrenberg.
Haliomma megaporum, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 313.
Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell; the pores regular, circular, three to four on the radius, eight times as broad as the bars, quite as broad as the medullary shell, the pores of which are much smaller, twice as broad as the bars. Eight radial spines regularly disposed, conical, as long as the radius. (As the diagnosis of Ehrenberg is very incomplete, and no figure is given with it, it remains doubtful whether his Mediterranean species be identical with my Atlantic variety.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the former 0.04, of the latter 0.008; length of the spines 0.06.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Grecian shore); North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.
13. Haliomma oculatum, Ehrenberg.
Haliomma oculatum, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxviii. figs. 2, 3.
Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell; its pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars, six to eight on the radius. Pores of the medullary shell regular, hexagonal, with very thin bars, three to four on the radius. Nine radial spines, regularly disposed, conical, as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one cortical pore. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg, only two spines were preserved, seven being accidentally broken off.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, of the inner 0.04; pores of the former 0.01, of the latter 0.005.
Habitat.—Fossil in Barbados.
14. Haliomma enneaxiphos, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Nine radial spines regularly disposed, three sided pyramidal, as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one mesh.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.03; cortical pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
15. Haliomma tenuispinum, J. Müller.
Haliomma tenuispinum, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 39, Taf. iv. fig. 9.
Haliomma tenuispinum, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 431.
Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Both shells with very fine, thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores; five to seven on the radius. Twenty radial spines, very thin, bristle-shaped, as long as the radius.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the former 0.016, of the latter 0.006.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Nice); North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
16. Haliomma longispinum, J. Müller.
Haliomma longispinum, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 39, Taf iv. fig. 8.
Haliomma longispinum, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 431.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the dark medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; four to six on the radius. Twenty radial spines, very long, regularly disposed, four to five times as long as the diameter of the shell, three-sided prismatic, with elegantly dentated edges, as broad as one cortical mesh.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03; pores of the former 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Nice); Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
17. Haliomma capense, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, both with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius of the outer, four to six on the radius of the inner shell. Forty to sixty radial spines, conical, as long as the radius, as broad as one cortical pore.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05; pores of the former 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.006, basal breadth 0.012.
Habitat.—Cape of Good Hope, Station 142, surface.
18. Haliomma denticulatum, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with regular, circular, double-edged pores, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Thirty to fifty radial spines, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, with three denticulated edges. (Very similar to Actinomma denticulatum, Pl. 29, fig. 3, but with simple medullary shell.)
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; pores and bars of the former 0.008; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
19. Haliomma grande, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with small, regular, circular pores, half as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-four on the radius. One hundred to one hundred and twenty conical radial spines, five times as long as broad, only half as long as the radius.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.08; pores of the outer 0.006, bars 0.012; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.
Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.