Spaniards!

As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness for me, my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in prayer that the God of mercy would shed His grace and His blessing upon us.

When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul and the first thought of my heart was to raise my voice in friendship, the voice with which I have ever spoken to you with a sense of unspeakable tenderness, both in good and bad fortune.

Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only consolation in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God and to you, to my father and to my children.

Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and barren recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent of the realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions; on the contrary, I have done everything to calm them and would gladly see them at rest. The language of self-restraint alone is consonant with my affection, my dignity, and my glory.

When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish hearts, rumour had informed me of your great exploits and your high qualities. I knew that in every age you had leaped forward to the combat with the noblest and most generous ardour to defend the throne of your Sovereigns; that you had defended it at the price of your blood, and that in days of glorious memory you had deserved well of your country and of Europe. I then swore to devote myself to the happiness of a nation which had shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings. The Almighty heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that you were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have kept it.

When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the reins of State from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands, my gaze fell alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle, and the Spanish nation, thus uniting the three objects of my love in order to recommend them to the protection of heaven in one prayer. My painful experiences as mother and wife while my husband's life and my daughter's throne were endangered could not distract me from my duties as Queen: at my voice universities were opened; at my voice long-standing abuses disappeared and useful reforms, wisely considered, were brought forward; at my voice those who had sought in vain a home as exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to their hearths and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts of justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the grief and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned; for myself I reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all joy.

At a later date, when God had called my august husband to Himself, who left the government of the whole realm in my hands, I strove to guide the State as a merciful Queen-Regent (justiciera). During the short period which elapsed since my elevation to power until the convocation of the first Cortes, my power was unique, but it was not despotic, or absolute, or arbitrary, for it was limited by my will. The most dignified people in the realm and the Council of Government, which I was bound to consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the sovereign power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously convoked the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores of the realm.

I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If others have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for their actions before God, who holds laws sacred.

The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the oath to it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and greatest of sacrifices—I laid down the sceptre and I was forced to abandon my daughters.

In referring to the events which have brought these cruel tribulations upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity demands, with self-restraint and in words well weighed.

I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by the Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously demanded by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which was only concluded by the renunciation which I signed at Valencia. During this deplorable period, the municipality of Madrid revolted against my authority, an example followed by other important towns. The rebels insisted that I should condemn the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me; that I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I had sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that I should endanger the unity of the Regency.

I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire loss of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without recognising the right of force, a right recognised neither by divine nor human laws, and the existence of which is incompatible with the Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions; I could not accept the third condition without infringing the Constitution, which regards as law any measure voted by the Cortes and sanctioned by the supreme head of the State, and which places a law once sanctioned beyond the sphere of the royal authority; I could not accept the fourth condition without accepting my own disgrace, passing condemnation upon myself and undermining the power which the King had left me and which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed, and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I had sworn never to surrender to the hands of factious men.

My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the face of my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the monarchy, has brought down upon the defenceless woman, whose voice now speaks to you, a series of griefs and sufferings which no human language could express. You will not have forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my misfortunes from city to city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for one of those decrees of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted injustice and ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the small number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me, while the large number of those who loved me had so far lost courage as to offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony of their affection. There were some who offered me their swords, but I did not accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in isolation to the certain prospect of reading one day a new list of martyrs who had fallen victims to their loyalty. I might have stirred up a civil war, but civil war could not be aroused by myself, who have just given you the peace that my heart desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the past; my mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure to death, but that she must not stir up war between them.

Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my sceptre become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of thorns. At length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre and my crown to breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim but with a calm brow, a clear conscience, and a soul without remorse.

Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this account of it that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so doing I have performed the last of my duties. She who was your Queen asks nothing more of you than that you will love her daughter and honour her memory.

Marseilles, November 8, 1840.

(Signed) Maria Christina.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted in more detail in the Biographical Index of vol. i.]

A

• ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen years. He was eventually captured in 1847 by General Lamoricière, sent to France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at Amboise. Napoleon III. set him at liberty, and he afterwards remained loyal to France. He died in Syria, where he had withdrawn.
• ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de Courlande, married in 1801 François Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc d'Acerenza. She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
• ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.
• ADÉLAÏDE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over whom she exerted a great influence.
• ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of Germany in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion of Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him, and he was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at the battle of Göllheim.
• AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840. On June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the Faubourg Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while beseeching the insurgents to surrender. He died two days later in consequence of this wound.
• AGNÈS SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine. Agnès Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comté of Penthièvre, the manors of Roquessière, Issoudun, and Vernon-sur-Seine, and finally the seat of Beauté in the Bois de Vincennes, whence she took the name of Dame de Beauté.
• ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and diplomatist.
• ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra, who died in 1826.
• ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.
• ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He secretly married the Countess of Albany.
• ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King Louis-Philippe on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed on July 11 following.
• ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from 1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and Education.
• ALTON-SHÉE DE LIGNIÉRES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence of the ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his political connections.
• ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer, known for his wit.
• ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Frédéric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he became Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor at the Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III. requested him to undertake the education of the Prince Royal, afterwards Frederick William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon was influential there until his death. He married three times: in 1792, Marie Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824, Louise Molière, who died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille d'Harley and de Verquignieulle, of an old Belgian family.
• ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the famous Dr. Andral.
• ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the Spanish Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of Frias and became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his wife's family.
• ANGOULÊME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin, after his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in 1824. In 1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, only daughter of King Louis XVI. He was Commander-in-Chief of the French Army sent to Spain in 1823, captured the fort of Trocadero, and showed his moderation by the ordinance of Andujar. He died in exile at Goritz, and left no children.
• ANGOULÊME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Thérèse Charlotte of France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie Antoinette. At her birth she received the title of Madame Royale. She shared the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the Directory consented to exchange her for the commissaries sent back by Austria. She married her cousin, the Duc d'Angoulême, and returned to Paris with him in 1815. Exiled once more in 1830, she never returned to France, and died at Frohsdorf.
• ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during the minority of Louis XIV.
• ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of François II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles VIII. and Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of Brittany, to which she was heiress.
• APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then Ambassador at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at London and then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808 he married Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.
• ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier, he became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France. From 1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and retained the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his death.
• ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement here he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote memoirs, &c. His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and his daughter the Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean, Abbess of Port Royal.
• ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of the Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port Royal. He composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of Port Royal, and with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of Arnauld d'Andilly.
• ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Angélique de Sainte Madeleine (1591-1661). Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She was Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen. She introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.
• ARNAULD, Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal, as was her aunt, the Mother Superior Angélique de Sainte Madeleine. She has a large place in the records of Port Royal worthies; she also wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &c.
• ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short time at Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he retired from politics.
• ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.
• ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche. Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la Vauguyon.
• ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of Engineers in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns of the Empire, and under the Restoration became aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans. Under the July monarchy he filled various diplomatic posts, and became Peer of France in 1840. He retired into private life after 1848.
• AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In 1823 he married Mlle. Rouillé du Boissy du Coudray, and died insane in 1842.
• AUBUSSON, Mlle. Noémi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince Gontran of Bauffremont.
• AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge. She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse Cassel.
• AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Amélie. He distinguished himself by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left France in 1848 and returned after 1871. He again became an exile, and did not return until 1889. His talents as historian procured his entry to the French Academy. He bequeathed to the Institute of France his beautiful estate of Chantilly.
• AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.

B

• BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.
• BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden, who died in 1818.
• BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke Charles Louis of Baden and of Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in 1863.
• BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in 1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in 1812. In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John Hobart Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince Metternich.
• BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became Lady of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship. The Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and mind.
• BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for some time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing establishment which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris, where he became intimate with Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand, Joubert, etc. He became a member of the French Academy in 1844.
• BALZAC, Honoré de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and remarkable contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his profound analysis of human passion.
• BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic missions, Prefect of the Vendée and of the Loire-Inférieure, then Deputy, Peer of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. As writer and historian he was most successful and his History of the Dukes of Burgundy secured him a seat in the French Academy.
• BARANTE, the Baronne de. Née d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she was renowned for her beauty.
• BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the throne-room of the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became director of the Academy of Düsseldorf in succession to Schadow whose daughter he had married.
• BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
• BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
• BARTHE, Félix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.
• BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X. Under Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was compromised and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak upon the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to London. Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the National after the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a Deputy, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under the Empire he held aloof from politics.
• BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the chief members of the Tory Party.
• BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). Née Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.
• BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). Aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans.
• BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.
• BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de Talleyrand.
• BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Théodore de Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de Valençay.
• BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married, in 1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.
• BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in 1817. The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He wrote a Life of Fénelon and a Life of Bossuet.
• BAUTAIN, the Abbé (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders in 1828. In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him Vicar-General. The Abbé Bautain pursued almost every branch of human knowledge.
• BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden; she married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in 1825.
• BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of Bavaria in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King Louis abdicated in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of Germany.
• BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.
• BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess Marie of Prussia.
• BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first wife, in 1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as his second wife Mlle. Adèle de Gontaut-Biron.
• BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury. Assassinated at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry II., King of England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a martyr.
• BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros, with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in 1825 he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King of Prussia, Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
• BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).
• BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orléans (1812-1850). Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of Louis-Philippe.
• BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in 1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the Austrians drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831, where she attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and her foreign ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under an obvious pseudonym, a work in four volumes, entitled An Essay on the Formation of Catholic Dogma, which aroused much discussion. When Piedmont declared war upon Austria in 1848 the Princess hastened to Milan, fitted out and paid a battalion. After the peace she was exiled, and returned to Paris, where she gained a living for the most part with her pen, as her property had been confiscated by the Austrian Government. It was not restored to her until 1859, when she returned to Italy and plunged eagerly into politics.
• BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime Minister at Stuttgart, where he died.
• BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.
• BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor Napoleon I. and under the first Restoration.
• BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.
• BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.
• BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, née Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of M. Merlin.
• BERTIN L'AÎNÉ, Louis François (1766-1841). French publicist. Founded the Journal des Débats with his brother, Bertin de Veaux.
• BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the Journal des Débats. She married M. Bertin the elder.
• BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon I., whose aide-de-camp he was, and whom he followed to Elba and St. Helena.
• BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado. She was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the Palace. Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the eldest sister of the Empress Eugenie.
• BILZ, Fräulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress to Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
• BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). Née von Gerschau. She married, in 1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.
• BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun, sister of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a widower at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the Comte Etienne de Biron.
• BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married, in 1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.
• BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny married General von Boyen.
• BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte, daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.
• BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic Confederation in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe in 1835. In 1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle. Brentano.
• BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. He became an émigré in 1791, and returned to France when the Empire was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and became Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the French Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to support the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the return of religious ideas to France.
• BONAPARTE, Madame Lætitia (1750-1836). Lætitia Ramolino, of an Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles Bonaparte, by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was her second son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she retired to Rome, where she lived in seclusion.
• BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I., Joseph Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of a merchant, sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary. He shared in the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire, and several times governed France in the absence of Napoleon. In 1806 he was appointed King of Naples and transferred to the throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost in 1813; after the downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the United States, and then to Florence, where he died.
• BONAPARTE, Jérôme* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.
• BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.
• BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at Boulogne, he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to restore the Empire for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual confinement, he was imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled to Belgium, and returned to France after the revolution of 1848. He was elected President of the Republic on November 16 of the same year. Four years later the Empire was proclaimed, and Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the name of Napoleon III.
• BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of Comte de Chambord.
• BOSSUET, Jacques Bénigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in 1652. He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux. In 1670 he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and composed for that prince several educational works (Discourses upon Universal History, &c.) and showed himself a zealous defender of French liberty.
• BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force during the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army of Italy. In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was also attached to the Court under the Restoration. He became member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.
• BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice, was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.
• BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married Mlle. Adrienne de Vandœuvre.
• BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist.
• BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
• BRETZENHEIM VON REGÉCZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline, daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.
• BRÉZÉ, Marquis de Dreux—(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he retired and became peer of France after his father's death in 1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders of the Legitimist party against the government of Louis-Philippe.
• BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.
• BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. Née Anna Pieri, of a noble family of Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna, whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.
• BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805. In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of 1848 he retired to private life.
• BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.
• BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). Née Albertine de Staël.
• BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte d'Haussonville.
• BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very successful.
• BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.
• BÜLOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.
• BÜLOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and wife of Baron Heinrich von Bülow, with whom she resided in London from 1830 to 1834.
• BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.
• BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in 1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.
• BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, née Baroness of Herding, she inherited an enormous fortune.
• BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth, six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.
• BUSSIÈRE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, Chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private life.
• BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic poet.

C

• CALATRAVA, Don José Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was obliged to take ship for England during the period of the French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made a Senator.
• CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French Education.
• CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.
• CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her children during their life.
• CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by Pope Pius VII. as legate a latere to the French Government, and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of 1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.
• CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden. Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de Janeiro and at Madrid.
• CARAMAN, Marquise de. Césarine Gallard de Béarn married the Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.
• CARIGNAN, Prince Eugène de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of tie with the house of Savoy.
• CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with Mlle. de la Vauguyon.
• CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of Spain.
• CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters, and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom he had no children.
• CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.
• CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and became a widow in 1888.
• CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.
• CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the Prussian army and Councillor at Grünberg, Silesia. He had married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.
• CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States, Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Schönbrunn. She was the mother of Queen Marie Amélie.
• CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.
• CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.
• CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.
• CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian. At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.
• CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cordélia Greffulhe. Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France.
• CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844. In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, grand-niece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino, author of these memoirs.
• CÆSAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated for his conquest of Gaul.
• CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac, followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a profound attachment for the House of Orléans. He had been appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly after of pleurisy.
• CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and Finance Minister in 1829.
• CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son of the Duc de Périgord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.
• CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840, when she was well advanced in years.
• CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him at Heidelberg.
• CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous "Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the Universities of Prague and Vienna.
• CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.
• CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of England, by whom she had a very large number of children.
• CHASTELLUX, Madame de, née Zéphyrine de Damas. She married as her first husband M. de Vogüé.
• CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.
• CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of the Comte René de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of François de Rougé, Comte du Plessis Bellière.
• CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King Louis-Philippe.
• CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of Alexander II.
• CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry general, who played an important part in the wars in which Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866 against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had entirely exonerated him.
• CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.
• CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.
• CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the Countess Louise Chotek.
• CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in 1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.
• CLÉMENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Roncière le Noury. She was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the château of Beauvais near Valençay.
• CLÉMENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Clémentine d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.
• CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the Duc Aimé de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de Crillon.
• COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Doña Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal.
• COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he married Princess Antoinette of Würtemberg.
• CŒUR, The Abbé (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous banker of Charles VII., the Abbé Cœur was professor of philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.
• COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valençay.
• COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse d'Orléans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.
• COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de Coigny in 1822.
• COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.
• COMBALOT, the Abbé Théodore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines. His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political character.
• CONDÉ, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Condé, first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien. He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen, and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of the Fronde, the Prince de Condé was restored to his command at the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comté.
• CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English politician.
• CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State, deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of Timon.
• CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the School of Düsseldorf. He studied for several years at Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent and his power of drawing remarkable.
• COSSÉ BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter of the July Monarchy.
• COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). Née Comtesse de Medem, she married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of these memoirs.
• COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.
• COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.
• CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A member of the National Defence in 1870.
• CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the Conservatory at Naples.
• CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he had a large and select practice.
• CUBIÈRES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in 1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona. He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839 and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession of the salt-mines of Gouhénans. He was then tried before the Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of Appeal of Rouen.
• CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of George III., King of England.
• CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* Née Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
• CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.
• CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orléans. He belonged to another branch of the family of the famous naturalist who bears that name.
• CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of letters on the staff of the Journal des Débats, and appointed by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866.
• CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.
• CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.
• CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832 Prince Adam Czartoryski.

D

• DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and Archchancellor of the same name.
• DARMÈS. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October 15, 1840.
• DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.
• DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.
• DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then Duc d'Orléans, extricated him from his troubles by making him Librarian of the Palais Royal.
• DEMERSON, the Abbé (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in 1819 and was the incumbent of Saint Séverin, then of Saint Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to Notre Dame de Paris.
• DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de Montfort.
• DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his agent.
• DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel.
• DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.
• DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of Prince Christian, née Princess of Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg.
• DESJARDINS, the Abbé (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Châlons in 1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.
• DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of which he was director from 1840.
• DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of the castle of Löbichau.
• DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte Alexandre de Périgord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his father became Duc de Talleyrand.
• DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). Née Fräulein von Steinach, she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that neighbourhood.
• DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen Marie Amélie.
• DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize the throne.
• DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the Infanta Carlotta.
• DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and became Receiver-General for Finistère, and four years later Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.
• DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.
• DOSNE, Mlle. Félicie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903, some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.
• DOUDAN, Ximénès (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his services as private secretary.
• DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inférieure and member of the Royal Council of Education and director of the normal school.
• DUCHÂTEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.
• DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in 1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured the passing of the law of Guarantees.
• DUPANLOUP, Félix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms. After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orléans, was a member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In 1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by his grateful people.
• DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.
• DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor voice.
• DÜRER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely improved by him.
• DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.
• DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician. One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned and exiled after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, but was able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in place of the Duc de Broglie.

E

• EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under Louis-Philippe.
• ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived in retirement.
• ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of Lord Grey.
• ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.
• ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her, a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg. She had acquired a large fortune.
• EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy. This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552, received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559 by the treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, and married Margaret of France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at Turin.
• ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de Talleyrand.
• ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and owner of the château of la Moustière, near Valençay.
• EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help of some friends did he escape poverty.
• ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero, but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847. In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.
• ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.
• EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a marshal under the July monarchy.

F

• FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.
• FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.
• FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.
• FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.
• FERRUS, Guillaume Marie André (1784-1861). A French doctor. He introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bicêtre, of which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.
• FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and died there.
• FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.
• FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince Edmond Clary.
• FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825, Mlle. de Marmier.
• FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.
• FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English admiral, Lord Keith.
• FLAHAUT, Clémentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and Comtesse de Flahaut.
• FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.
• FOULD, Bénédict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from 1843.
• FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King Robert.
• FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works from an early age.
• FRANÇOIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles V.
• FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia and founder of the Prussian military power.
• FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until 1848.
• FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg (1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the Prussian Army.
• FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title of Princess of Liegnitz.
• FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in 1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.
• FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man of letters.
• FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he only survived three years.

G

• GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
• GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844; Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.
• GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.
• GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt, Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc d'Orléans who soon selected her as the governess of his children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of which her books on education are the most remarkable.
• GÉRARD, François Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.
• GÉRARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.
• GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony. He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in 1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.
• GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian Army. He resigned and married Fräulein Marianne von Schindel. In 1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.
• GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he was judicially separated in 1872.
• GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of the Legion of Honour.
• GIROLET, the Abbé* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.
• GIVRÉ, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and became a contributor to the Journal des Débats. In 1837 he was appointed deputy and voted with the Orléanist majority.
• GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King George III. of England.
• GÖCKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.
• GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.
• GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.
• GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the war and remained for six years in this difficult post.
• GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers Ministry.
• GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801, distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815," and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.
• GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacré Cœur, and Mother Superior of the Paris house.
• GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time Ambassador at Paris.
• GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of Devonshire.
• GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in 1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary fame.
• GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.
• GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.
• GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). Née Ponsonby.
• GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and beauty.
• GRIVEL, the Abbé Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.
• GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received the title of baron.
• GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In 1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830, but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to liberty.
• GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.
• WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.
• GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman and historian.

H

• HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. Stéphanie Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.
• HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton, a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory, whose life he wrote and whose works he published.
• HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, née Stéphanie de Beauharnais.
• HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the death of his brother King William IV. of England.
• HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King of Hanover.
• HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).
• HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande, who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.
• HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy, and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member of the French Academy.
• HÉLIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
• HÉLIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.
• HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in 1840.
• HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the Courts of Berlin.
• HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the Prussian service.
• HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had married a Princess of Baden.
• HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.
• HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor Nicholas I., in 1855.
• HOHENLOHE-ÖRINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of cavalry in the service of Würtemberg.
• HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.
• HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). Née Princess of Biron Courlande.
• HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800 he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
• HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.
• HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg, by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.
• HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the famous Fox.
• HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first marriage.
• HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M. Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810 he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and governor of the Bank of France.
• HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799. English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in 1834, and at Brussels in 1846.
• HÜBNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867 he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.
• HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been Austrian Minister at Paris.
• HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where she lived, she became the patroness of the Abbés Bautain, Gratry and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.
• HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier. Born of an old Alsatian family.
• HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.
• HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them display. He was a brother of the foregoing.
• HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of Dachröden. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.
• HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt.
• HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States, and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire. In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and afterwards lived in retirement.