MONITEUR INDUSTRIEL, Nov. 16, 1845.

Parmi tous les voyageurs qui ont exploré l’Amérique du Nord, aucun ne s’est occupé des races Indiennes autant que M. Catlin. Presque seul dans un canot d’écorce, il a suivi tout le cours du Missouri, et pendant huit années il en a parcouru en tous sens l’immense bassin, s’en allant de tribu en tribu, comme autrefois Hérodote, le père de l’histoire, s’en allait de ville en ville, de région en région, s’enquérant des mœurs, des traditions et des idées des populations lointaines.

M. Catlin est encore dans la force de l’âge, mais ses traits pâlis portent l’empreinte d’une vie déjà longuement et péniblement éprouvée. Son abord est froidement poli, son visage sévère et pensif, comme celui d’un homme qui a vu beaucoup de choses. Toute sa personne révèle une indomptable énergie. En public, il parle l’Anglais avec une remarquable puissance; il y a dans son accentuation quelque chose du magnifique enthousiasme d’un poète.

Le grand ouvrage de M. Catlin est un beau monument élevé à la science; il faut espérer qu’on songera à en donner une traduction Française. Chemin fesant, M. Catlin a dessiné et peint une étrange collection de vues, de scènes naturelles, de portraits d’indigènes et de scènes de mœurs. Cette nombreuse collection de toiles doit nécessairement se sentir de la rapidité forcée du travail, et des circonstances difficiles d’exécution où s’est trouvé l’artiste dans un voyage à travers les déserts de l’Ouest. On demeure, au contraire, étonné que le courageux explorateur ait pu mettre dans de telles peintures autant de mouvement et de vérité. Ici, c’est un troupeau de bisons surpris par des chasseurs qui se traînent en rampant, couverts de peaux trompeuses; là, c’est un guerrier à cheval, poursuivant son ennemi dans une course, sans hyperbole, vraiment échevelée; plus loin, c’est une danse frénétique, excitation à la volupté ou au carnage; ou bien des scènes de tortures qui semblent copiées dans l’enfer.

INDEPENDANCE, Brussels, Jan. 4, 1846.

Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, by G. Catlin (Lettres et Notes sur les Mœurs, les Coutumes, et l’Etat Social des Indiens du Nord de l’Amérique, par George Catlin). 2 vol. ornés de plusieurs centaines de planches.

Fils d’un homme de loi, élevé lui-même pour figurer au barreau, devenu enfin avocat, M. Catlin aimait trop le grand air et les voyages pour se laisser claquemurer dans l’antre de la chicane. Deux passions d’ailleurs se partageaient sa vie: la pêche et la peinture. Quand il n’était pas au bord d’une rivière, il était devant une toile, et vice-versâ. Il apprit la peinture sans maître, y devint habile après trois ou quatre ans d’études, et se demandait à quel but il dévouerait son existence, et l’esprit un peu enthousiaste qui l’animait, lorsqu’arrivèrent à Washington, des pays bien loin à l’Ouest, une douzaine d’Indiens au port noble et majestueux, accoutrés de leurs vêtements bizarres, mais pittoresques, la tête ornée de leur casque, le bras chargé de leur bouclier, le corps ceint de la tunique de peau d’antilope, les épaules couvertes du manteau de buffle.

Ces braves gens firent l’admiration des gamins et du beau monde de Washington et donnèrent beaucoup à réfléchir à notre peintre. Il se dit que les vêtements de la civilisation ne servaient pas seulement à voiler, mais à gâter la grâce et la beauté naturelles, que l’homme non garrotté dans les liens de l’art, devait offrir à l’artiste le plus magnifique modèle, et que l’histoire et les coutumes des peuplades sauvages étaient des sujets dignes d’occuper la vie d’un homme.

Ces réflexions étaient à peine achevées que M. Catlin prit son parti. Il consulta bien pour la forme quelques amis qui essayèrent de le détourner de son projet; ils lui représentèrent les dangers auxquels il allait s’exposer, les fatigues inouïes qu’il aurait à supporter et bien d’autres arguments auxquels il fut insensible. M. Catlin fit ses paquets qui n’étaient pas lourds, et qui se composaient de toiles roulées, de brosses, de couleurs, de papier et de crayons; il mit sa carabine en bandouliere; et le bâton blanc à la main il partit pour l’Ouest en quête d’aventures, de Peaux-Rouges, de buffles et de prairies.

Mais au train dont marchent les Yankees, il avait long à aller avant d’atteindre les vastes solitudes où sont encore disséminées les peuplades sauvages. La civilisation le poursuivait partout; là où il espérait voyager en canot, il était forcé de prendre le bateau à vapeur; là où il se croyait au milieu des sauvages, il se trouvait avec des compatriotes; l’Ouest, but de son voyage, semblait le fuir à mesure qu’il en approchait. Il maudissait les pionniers qui avec leur bêche et leur marteau ont implanté la civilisation dans les parties les plus reculées de l’Amérique, et il désespérait de rencontrer les Peaux-Rouges qui devenaient un mythe pour lui, lorsqu’il tomba au milieu d’un village Mandan. Sa joie fut un peu calmée en apercevant que la civilisation avait encore passé par là sous la forme d’un agent de la compagnie des fourrures du Missouri. Mais il restait assez de sauvagerie dans la localité pour le satisfaire provisoirement. Quand il eut bien vu et bien observé, quand il eut bien fumé le calumet de paix; bien vécu sur un quartier de buffle braisé, bien dormi sous le wigwam hospitalier, et “pourtraicté” le chef Mandan, revêtu de son grand costume de guerre, depuis les cornes de buffle dont il s’orne le front jusqu’à ses mocassins brodés de paille, y compris la longue bande de plumes d’aigle qui descend depuis le derrière de la tête jusqu’aux talons, M. Catlin reprit sa course vers les regions inconnues, en s’arrêtant en route chaque fois qu’un site ou quelques aventures ou des figures d’Indiens fournissaient des sujets à son pinceau.

M. Catlin est resté huit ans en voyage; il a visité quarante-huit tribus dont la population totale s’élevaient à plusieurs centaines de mille individus. Il a rapporté chez lui 350 portraits à l’huile d’Indiens, 200 tableaux représentant des vues de leurs villages, leurs wigwams, leurs jeux, et leurs cérémonies religieuses, leurs danses, leurs chasses, des paysages admirables, et enfin une nombreuse et très-curieuse collection de leurs costumes et vêtements, et d’autres objets de leur fabrique, depuis une de leurs maisons jusqu’à de petits riens qui leur servent de jouets.

Toute cette collection avec les portraits et les tableaux figurent au Louvre où le Roi Louis-Philippe leur a fait donner une place. La galerie Indienne de l’Amérique du Nord, de M. Catlin, est bien connue et montre le résultat auquel peut arriver un homme entreprenant, patient et ferme qu’inspirent le goût de l’art et une certaine dose d’enthousiasme.

C’est l’histoire de cet intéressant voyage que M. Catlin a écrite dans une série de lettres au nombre de 58, et accompagnées de 310 gravures au trait et de cartes géographiques. Ces lettres étaient écrites sur les lieux et envoyées par des Indiens jusqu’aux bureaus de postes placés par cette maudite civilisation jusqu’aux frontières les plus reculées de l’Ouest.

Peu de livres ont plus d’intérêt que celui de M. Catlin. On lit cet ouvrage avec le plaisir que l’on prendrait à la lecture d’un bon roman, s’il y avait encore de bons romans pour servir de point de comparaison. On suit M. Catlin dans ses courses vagabondes, on aime avec lui ces Indiens qu’il a toujours trouvés francs et hospitaliers, généreux et dignes. Ces Indiens si méconnus ont, quoique sauvages, toutes les qualités qui distinguent l’épicier le plus civilisé de la rue Saint-Denis, caporal de la garde nationale; comme celui-ci, ils sont bons pères, bons époux, amis dévoués; la seule différence entr’eux, c’est qu’ils ne payent pas très-exactement leurs contributions par la raison qu’on ne leur en demande pas, et qu’ils ne montent pas assidument leur garde, par l’autre raison qu’on ne connaît pas les guérites dans ce pays.

Une Odyssée de huit ans a fait apprécier à M. Catlin les mérites et les vertus des sauvages; et, après avoir lu son livre, j’ai fini par croire avec Jean-Jacques Rousseau que l’homme, tel que nous avons le malheur de le connaître, est un animal dépravé par la civilisation.

Rien de plus touchant que l’apologie des Indiens faite par M. Catlin, dans sa neuvième lettre; partout où il peut mettre en saillie la noblesse de leur caractère, M. Catlin le fait avec bonheur; il se souvient du bon temps passé au milieu d’eux, des marques d’affection qu’ils lui out données, et il les venge du mépris que les civilisés déversent sur ces pauvres et braves gens, contents de leur sort, sans regret du passé, sans souci de l’avenir, sans autres lois que celles de l’honneur qui est tout puissant chez eux.

Tous ceux qui ont lu les admirables romans de Cooper retrouvent dans l’ouvrage de M. Catlin les scènes, mais cette fois vraies, animées, vivantes, décrites avec tant de talent par le fécond romancier Américain. M. Catlin a décrit aussi l’embrâsement des prairies, et pouvait dire: Quorum pars magna fui; car il ne dut qu’à la vitesse de son “pony” Indien d’échapper à la flamme immense qui courait sur lui avec plus de rapidité qu’une locomotive lancée à fond de train. J’étais en sûreté, dit-il, que je tremblais encore. Une autre fois, plus de 2000 buffles se jettent à l’eau pour atteindre le canot dans lequel il nageait, et c’est à grand’peine qu’il se sauve et que le canot ne chavire pas, soulevé par le dos d’un de ces animaux; une autre fois encore, il se rencontre nez à nez avec une ourse grise accompagnée de ses deux petits, bête énorme de la taille d’un rhinocéros et qui vous dépèce un homme en un tour de main, à l’aide de ses ongles longs d’un décimètre et larges à la base de cinq centimètres pour finir par la pointe la plus aiguë.

Un des plus agréables épisodes de ce voyage, c’est la rencontre que fait M. Catlin, dans un immense désert et au détour d’un bois, d’un trappeur Canadien qui sifflait entre ses lèvres un vaudeville Français du temps de Louis XIV. et se mit à entrer en conversation avec M. Catlin, moyennant un langage dans lequel le Français, l’Anglais et l’Indien entraient chacun pour un tiers. L’honnête Baptiste, descendant d’un de ces hommes que les racoleurs allaient presser sur le quai de la Ferraille pour en faire des colons volontaires destinés à peupler le Canada, devint le compagnon de voyage de M. Catlin, le Vendredi dévoué de ce nouveau Robinson de terre ferme, et n’est pas le personnage le moins intéressant de la relation.

M. Catlin, indépendamment de son mérite d’écrivain et de dessinateur, aura celui d’avoir donné l’histoire la plus complète des mœurs de ces peuplades que la civilisation balaye devant elle et qu’elle tue avec de l’eau-de-vie et la variole. Ces peuplades, autrefois maîtresses du grand continent du nord de l’Amérique, s’éteignent rapidement; leur mémoire s’éteindrait même si de hardis voyageurs n’allaient pas recueillir parmi elles les renseignements qui peuvent la préserver de l’oubli. Au nombre de ces voyageurs il faut citer au premier rang l’honorable M. Catlin, qui a rectifié bien des idées erronnées et fait connaître bien des faits jusqu’ici ignorés.


APPENDIX—(B).
MUSEUM OF HISTORY.

Established 1844.

This institution is intended to illustrate the History of Man by means of popular Lectures, aided and enforced by scenery, maps, and national costumes, adding every scenic attraction to the higher views of instruction, and combining art, history, philology, and geography; the audience, as it were, being thus transported to the sites themselves.

It is also in contemplation to add gradually, as funds shall accumulate—

1. Models and coloured portraits of the races of man.

2. A gallery of architectural models.

3. A cabinet of coins and inscriptions.

4. Collection of views and drawings.

5. Collection of objects illustrative of the arts, sciences, navigation, commerce, agriculture, amusements, and domestic economy of ancient and modern nations.

6. Specimens of manufactures.

7. A library and reading-room, to contain the principal British and foreign periodicals and newspapers, and without distinction of party; as also the latest publications on subjects connected with the objects of the institution.

The transactions of the institution will be published.

Illustrated lectures will be given on ancient and modern history, as also on New Zealand and Australia, embracing the modern settlements, and their capabilities for the colonist or emigrant.

Amongst the illustrated lectures to be given will be the following:—

On the Grecians.
On the Byzantines.
On the Modern Greeks.
On the Egyptians.
On the Arabians.
On the Romans.
On Russia and Siberia.
On New Zealand.
On Japan.
On the Ruined Cities of America.

With the aid of transparent maps (on a scale never before attempted) the spectator can follow the historian or traveller step by step, and with the advantages and beauties of scenery combined, is enabled to locate, classify, define, and retain the knowledge thus acquired.

The scenery and machinery have been so constructed, that whilst one series is used in London, others may be speedily sent to Edinburgh and elsewhere, where branch societies will be formed.

The management of the institution to be vested in a council elected by the subscribers, two of whom to retire annually, who may however be eligible for re-election.

Terms.

For permanently reserved places at the lectures, five guineas per annum.

Ordinary subscribers, two guineas per annum.

Authors, artists, ladies, members of learned societies, and foreigners, one guinea per annum.

Ambassadors, foreign ministers, consuls, and secretaries of learned societies only can become honorary members.

Admission to the public, two shillings for reserved places at the lectures; one shilling for ordinary visitors.

Subscribers to possess the right to be present at all lectures.

Subscribers to meet annually.

Trustees and auditors to be chosen by the subscribers.


All communications may be addressed to W. H. Shippard, Esq., Turnham Green.

Museum of History,
28th April, 1845.


A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF
CATLIN’S INDIAN COLLECTION;

CONTAINING
PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES, COSTUMES, ETC.,
AND
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS
OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

COLLECTED AND PAINTED ENTIRELY BY MR. CATLIN,
DURING EIGHT YEARS’ TRAVEL AMONGST FORTY-EIGHT TRIBES, MOSTLY SPEAKING DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.


Exhibited three years, with great success, in the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London.


I wish to inform the visitors to my Collection that, having some years since become fully convinced of the rapid decline and certain extinction of the numerous tribes of the North American Indians; and seeing also the vast importance and value which a full pictorial history of these interesting but dying people might be to future ages—I sat out alone, unaided and unadvised, resolved (if my life should be spared), by the aid of my brush and my pen, to rescue from oblivion so much of their primitive looks and customs as the industry and ardent enthusiasm of one lifetime could accomplish, and set them up in a Gallery unique and imperishable, for the use and benefit of future ages.

I devoted eight years of my life exclusively to the accomplishment of my design, and that with more than expected success.

I visited with great difficulty, and some hazard to life, forty-eight tribes (residing within the United States, British, and Mexican Territories), containing about half a million of souls. I have seen them in their own villages, have carried my canvas and colours the whole way, and painted my portraits, &c., from the life, as they now stand and are seen in the Gallery.

The collection contains (besides an immense number of costumes and other manufactures) near six hundred paintings, 350 of which are Portraits of distinguished men and women of the different tribes, and 250 other Paintings, descriptive of Indian Countries, their Villages, Games, and Customs; containing in all above 3000 figures.

As this immense collection has been gathered, and every painting has been made from nature, by my own hand—and that too when I have been paddling my canoe, or leading my pack-horse over and through trackless wilds, at the hazard of my life—the world will surely be kind and indulgent enough to receive and estimate them, as they have been intended, as true and fac-simile traces of individual life and historical facts, and forgive me for their present unfinished and unstudied condition as works of art.

Geo. Catlin.


INDIAN PORTRAITS.


CERTIFICATES.

I hereby certify that the persons whose signatures are affixed to the certificates used below, by Mr. Catlin, are officers in the service of the United States, as herein set forth: and that their opinions of the accuracy of the likenesses, and correctness of the views, &c., exhibited by him in his “Indian Gallery,” are entitled to full credit,

J. E. Poinsett, Secretary of War, Washington.

With regard to the gentlemen whose names are affixed to certificates below, I am fully warranted in saying, that no individuals have had better opportunities of acquiring a knowledge of the persons, habits, costumes, and sports of the Indian tribes, or possess stronger claims upon the public confidence in the statements they make respecting the correctness of delineations, &c., of Mr. Catlin’s “Indian Gallery;” and I may add my own testimony, with regard to many of those Indians whom I have seen, and whose likenesses are in the collection, and sketched with fidelity and correctness.

C. A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington.

I have seen Mr. Catlin’s collection of Portraits of Indians, many of which were familiar to me, and painted in my presence; and, as far as they have included Indians of my acquaintance, the likenesses are easily recognised, bearing the most striking resemblance to the originals, as well as faithful representations of their costumes.

W. Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, St. Louis.

I have examined Mr. Catlin’s collection of the Upper Missouri Indians to the Rocky Mountains, all of which I am acquainted with, and indeed most of them were painted when I was present, and I do not hesitate to pronounce them correct likenesses, and readily to be recognised. And I consider the costumes, as painted by him, to be the only correct representations I have ever seen.

John F. A. Sanford,
U. SS. Indian Agent for Mandans, Rickarees, Minatarees,
Crows, Knisteneaux, Assinneboins, Blackfeet, &c.

Having examined Mr. Catlin’s collection of Portraits of Indians of the Missouri and Rocky Mountains, I have no hesitation in pronouncing them, so far as I am acquainted with the individuals, to be the best I have ever seen, both as regards the expression of countenance and the exact and complete manner in which the costume has been painted by him.

J. L. BEAN, S. Agent for Indian Affairs.

I have been for many years past in familiar acquaintance with the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri and the Rocky Mountains, and also with the landscape and other scenes represented in Mr. Catlin’s collection, and it gives me great pleasure to assure the world that, on looking them over, I found the likenesses of my old friends easily to be recognised, and his sketches of Manners and Customs to be portrayed with singular truth and correctness.

J. PILCHER, Agent for Upper Missouri Indians.

It gives me great pleasure in being enabled to add my name to the list of those who have spontaneously expressed their approbation of Mr. Catlin’s collection of Indian Paintings. His collection of materials places it in his power to throw much light on the Indian character; and his portraits, so far as I have seen them, are drawn with great fidelity as to character and likeness.

H. SCHOOLCRAFT, Indian Agent for Wisconsin Territory.

Having lived and dealt with the Black feet Indians for five years past, I was enabled to recognise every one of the portraits of those people, and of the Crows also, which Mr. Catlin has in his collection, from the faithful likenesses they bore to the originals.

St. Louis, 1835.

J. E. BRAZEAU.

Having spent sixteen years in the continual acquaintance with the Indians of the several tribes of the Missouri represented in Mr. Catlin’s Gallery of Indian Paintings, I was enabled to judge of the correctness of the likenesses, and I instantly recognised every one of them, when I looked them over, from the striking resemblance they bore to the originals; so also of the landscapes on the Missouri.

HONORE PICOTTE.

The portraits in the possession of Mr. Catlin of Pawnee Picts, Kioways, Camanches, Wecos, and Osages, were painted by him from life, when on a tour to their country with the United States Dragoons. The likenesses are good, very easily to be recognised, and the costumes faithfully represented.

Henry Dodge, Col. of Drag.
R. H. Mason, Major of ditto.
D. Hunter, Capt. of ditto.
D. Perkins, Capt. of Drag.
M. Duncan, ditto.
T. B. Wheelock, Lieut, ditto.

We have seen Mr. Catlin’s Portraits of Indians east of the Rocky Mountains, many of which are familiar to us: the likenesses are easily recognised, bearing a strong resemblance to the originals, as well as a faithful representation of their costumes.

J. Dougherty, Indian Agent.
J. Gantt.

November 27th, 1837.

We hereby certify that the portraits of the Grand Pawnees, Republican Pawnees, Pawnee Loups, Tappage Pawnees, Otoes, Omahaws, and Missouries, which are in Mr. Catlin’s Indian Gallery, were painted from life by Mr. George Catlin, and that the individuals sat to him in the costumes precisely in which they are painted.

J. Dougherty, I. A. for Pawnees, Omahaws, and Otoes.
J. Gantt.

New York, 1837.

I have seen Mr. Catlin’s collection of Indian Portraits, many of which were familiar to me, and painted in my presence at their own villages. I have spent the greater part of my life amongst the tribes and individuals he has represented, and I do not hesitate to pronounce them correct likenesses, and easily recognised; also his sketches of their manners and customs, I think, are excellent; and the landscape views on the Missouri and Mississippi are correct representations.

K. M‘Kenzie, of the Am. Fur Co., Mouth of Yellow Stone.

We hereby certify that the portraits of Seminoles and Euchees, named in this catalogue, were painted by George Catlin, from the life, at Fort Moultrie; that the Indians sat or stood in the costumes precisely in which they are painted, and that the likenesses are remarkably good.

P. Morrison, Capt. 4th Inft.
J. S. Hathaway, 2nd Lieut. 1st Art.
H. Wharton, 2nd Lieut. 6th Inft.
F. Weedon, Assistant-Surgeon.

Fort Moultrie, Jan. 26, 1838.

In addition to the above certificates, nearly every portrait has inseparably attached to its back an individual certificate, signed by Indian agents, officers of the army, or other persons, who were present when the picture was painted. The form of these certificates is as follows:—

No. 131, BLACKFOOT, PE-TOH-PE-KISS (THE EAGLE-RIBS).

I hereby certify that this portrait was painted from the life, at Fort Union, mouth of Yellow Stone, in the year 1832, by George Catlin, and that the Indian sat in the costume in which it is painted.

John F. A. Sanford, United States Indian Agent.

Légation des Etats Unis, Paris, Dec. 8, 1841.

Dear Sir,

No man can appreciate better than myself the admirable fidelity of your drawings and book which I have lately received. They are equally spirited and accurate—they are true to nature. Things that are are not sacrificed, as they too often are by the painter, to things as in his judgment they should be.

During eighteen years of my life I was Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the north-western territory of the United States; and during more than five I was Secretary of War, to which department belongs the general control of Indian concerns. I know the Indians thoroughly—I have spent many a month in their camps, council-houses, villages, and hunting-grounds—I have fought with them and against them—and I have negotiated seventeen treaties of peace or of cession with them. I mention these circumstances to show you that I have a good right to speak confidently upon the subject of your drawings. Among them I recognise many of my old acquaintances, and everywhere I am struck with the vivid representations of them and their customs, of their peculiar features, and of their costumes. Unfortunately they are receding before the advancing tide of our population, and are probably destined, at no distant day, wholly to disappear; but your collection will preserve them, as far as human art can do, and will form the most perfect monument of an extinguished race that the world has ever seen.

Lewis Cass.

To George Catlin.

Cottage, Haddington, 15th April, 1843.

Dear Sir,

I have enjoyed much pleasure in attending your lectures at the Waterloo Rooms in Edinburgh. Your delineations of the Indian character, the display of beautiful costumes, and the native Indian manners, true to the life, realised to my mind and view scenes I had so often witnessed in the parts of the Indian countries where I had been; and for twenty years’ peregrinations in those parts, from Montreal to the Great Slave River north, and from the shores of the Atlantic, crossing the Rocky Mountains, to the mouth of the Columbia River, on the Pacific Ocean, west, I had opportunities of seeing much. Your lectures and exhibition have afforded me great pleasure and satisfaction, and I shall wish you all that success which you so eminently deserve for the rich treat which you have afforded in our enlightened, literary, and scientific metropolis.

I remain, dear Sir, yours very truly,
John Haldane.

To George Catlin, Esq.

The following is an extract of a letter received some days since by a gentleman in Edinburgh, from Mr. James Hargrave, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, dated York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, 10th December, 1842:—

“Should you happen to fall in with Catlin’s Letters on the North American Indians, I would strongly recommend a perusal of them for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of the habits and customs of those tribes among whom he was placed. Catlin’s sketches are true to life, and are powerfully descriptive of their appearance and character.”


CATLIN’S INDIAN COLLECTION


INDIAN PORTRAITS.

SACS (SÁU-KIES).

A Tribe of Indians residing on the Upper Mississippi and Desmoines rivers. Present number (in 1840) about 5000. The smallpox carried off half their population a few years since; and a considerable number were destroyed in the “Black Hawk War” in 1832-3. This tribe shave the head, leaving only a small tuft of hair on the top, which is called the “scalplock.”

[The acute accent is used in the spelling of the Indian names merely to denote the emphasis.]

1. Kee-o-kúk, the Running Fox; present Chief of the Tribe. Shield on his arm and staff of office (sceptre) in his hand; necklace of grisly bear’s claws, over the skin of a white wolf, on his neck.

This man, during the Black Hawk War, kept two-thirds of the warriors of the tribe neutral, and was therefore appointed chief by General Scott, in treaty, with the consent of the nation.

2. Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, the Black Hawk; in his war dress and paint. Strings of wampum in his ears and on his neck, and his medicine-bag (the skin of the black hawk) on his arm.

This is the man famed as the conductor of the Black Hawk War. Painted at the close of the war, while he was a prisoner at Jefferson Barracks, in 1832.

3. Náh-se-ús-kuk, the Whirling Thunder; eldest son of Black Hawk.

A very handsome man. He distinguished himself in the Black Hawk War.

4. Wa-sáw-me-saw, the Roaring Thunder; youngest son of Black Hawk.

Painted while a prisoner of war.

5. ( ), wife of Kee-o-kúk (No. 1); in a dress of civilized manufacture, ornamented with silver brooches.

This woman is the eldest of seven wives whom I saw in his lodge, and, being the mother of his favourite son, the most valued one. To her alone would he allow the distinguished honour of being painted and hung up with the chiefs.

6. Me-sóu-wahk, the Deer’s Hair; the favourite son of Kee-o-kúk, and by him designated to be his successor.

7. Wah-pe-kée-suck, White Cloud, called the “Prophet;” one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors and advisers.

Was a prisoner of war with Black Hawk, and travelled with him through the Eastern States.

8. Náh-pope, the Soup; another of Black Hawk’s principal advisers; and travelled with him, when he was a prisoner of war, to the Eastern cities.

He desired to be painted with a white flag in his hand.

9. Ah-móu-a, the Whale, one of Kee-o-kúk’s principal braves; holding a handsome war-club in his hand.

10. Wa-quóth-e-qua, the Buck’s Wife, or Female Deer; the wife of Ah-móu-a.

11. Pash-ee-pa-hó, the Little Stabbing Chief; holding his staff of office in his hand, shield and pipe.

A very venerable old man, who has been for many years the first civil chief of the Sacs and Foxes.

12. I-o-wáy, the Ioway; one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors; his body curiously ornamented with his “war-paint.” 13. Pam-a-hó, the Swimmer; one of Black Hawk’s warriors.

Very distinguished.

14. No-kúk-qua, the Bear’s Fat.

15. Pash-ee-pa-hó, the Little Stabbing Chief (the younger); one of Black Hawk’s braves.

16. Wáh-pa-ko-lás-kuk, the Bear’s Track.

FOXES.

On the Desmoines River; present number (in 1840), 1500.

17. Aíh-no-wa, the Fire; a doctor or “medicine” man; one half of his body painted red, and the other yellow.

18. Wée-sheet, the Sturgeon’s Head; one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors; his body most singularly ornamented with his war-paint.

This man held a spear in his hand, with which, he assured me, he killed four white men during the war.

19, 20, 21. Three in a group; names not known.

KON-ZAS.

A tribe of 1560 souls, residing on the Konza river, sixty or eighty miles west of the Missouri. Uncivilized remains of a powerful and warlike tribe. One-half died with the smallpox a few years since. This tribe shave the head like the Osages, Sacs, and Foxes.

22. Shó-me-kós-see, the Wolf; one of the Chiefs; his head curiously ornamented, and numerous strings of wampum on his neck.

23. Jee-hé-o-hó-shah, He who cannot be thrown down; a warrior.

24. Wá-hón-ga-shee, No Fool; a very great fop.

Used half the day in painting his face, preparing to sit for his picture.

25. Meach-o-shín-gaw, Little White Bear; a spirited and distinguished brave, with a scalping-knife grasped in his hand.

26. O-rón-gás-see, the Bear-catcher; a celebrated warrior.

27. Chésh-oo-hong-ha, the Man of Good Sense; a handsome young warrior; style of his head-dress like the Grecian helmet.

28. Hón-je-a-pút-o, a woman; wife of O-rón-gás-see.

O-SÁGE, OR WA-SÁW-SEE.

A tribe in their primitive state, inhabiting the head-waters of the Arkansas and Neosho or Grand Rivers, 700 miles west of the Mississippi. Present number of the tribe, 5200; residing in three villages; wigwams built of barks and flags, or reeds. The Osages are the tallest men on the continent, the most of them being over six feet in stature, and many of them seven. This tribe shave the head, leaving a small tuft on the top, called the “scalp-lock.”

29. Cler-mónt, ——; first Chief of the tribe; with his war-club in his hand, and his leggins fringed with scalp-locks taken from his enemies’ heads.

This man is the son of an old and celebrated chief of that name, who died a few years since.

30. Wáh-chee-te, ——; woman and child; wife of Cler-mónt.

31. Tchong-tas-sáb-bee, the Black Dog; second Chief of the Osages; with his pipe in one hand and tomahawk in the other; head shaved, and ornamented with a crest made of the deer’s tail, coloured red.

This is the largest man in the Osage nation, and blind in his left eye.

32. Tál-lee,——; an Osage warrior of distinction; with his shield, bow, and quiver.

33. Wa-ho-béck-ee,——; a brave; said to be the handsomest man in the nation; with a profusion of wampum on his neck, and a fan in his hand made of the eagle’s tail.

34. Mun-ne-pús-kee, He who is not afraid.
35. Ko-ha-túnk-a, the Big Crow.
36. Nah-cóm-ee-shee, Man of the Bed.
} group.

Three distinguished young warriors, who desired to be painted on one canvas.

37. Moi-eén-e-shee, the Constant Walker.

38. Wa-másh-ee-sheek, He who takes away.
39. Wa-chésh-uk, War.
40. Mink-chésk,——.
} group.

Three distinguished young men, full length.

41. Tcha-tó-ga, Mad Buffalo; bow and quiver on his back.

This man was tried and convicted for the murder of two white men, under Mr. Adams’s administration, and was afterwards pardoned, but is held in disgrace in his tribe since.

42. Wash-ím-pe-shee, the Madman; a distinguished warrior; full length.

43. Pa-hú-sha, White Hair; the younger; with lance and quiver. Chief of a band, and rival of Cler-mónt.

44. Shin-ga-wás-sa, the Handsome Bird; a splendid-looking fellow, six feet eight inches high; with war-club and quiver.

45. Cáh-he-ga-shín-ga, the Little Chief; full-length, with bow and quiver.

CA-MÁN-CHEES.

One of the most powerful and hostile tribes in North America, inhabiting the western parts of Texas and the Mexican provinces, and the south-western part of the territory of the United States near the Rocky Mountains; entirely wild and predatory in their habits; the most expert and effective lancers and horsemen on the continent. Numbering some 25,000 or 30,000; living in skin lodges or wigwams; well mounted on wild horses; continually at war with the Mexicans, Texians, and Indian tribes of the north-west.

46. Eé-shah-kó-nee, the Bow and Quiver; first Chief of the tribe. Boar’s tusk on his breast, and rich shells in his ears.

47. Ta-wáh-que-nah, the Mountain of Rocks; second Chief of the tribe, and largest man in the nation.

This man received the United States Regiment of Dragoons with great kindness at his village, which was beautifully situated at the base of a huge spur of the Rocky Mountains: he has decidedly African features, and a beard of two inches in length on his chin.

48. Ish-a-ró-yeh, He who carries a Wolf; a distinguished brave; so called from the circumstance of his carrying a medicine-bag made of the skin of a wolf: he holds a whip in his hand.

This man piloted the dragoons to the Camanchee village, and received a handsome rifle from Colonel Dodge for so doing.

49. Kots-o-kó-ro-kó, the Hair of the Bull’s Neck; third grade Chief; shield on his arm and gun in his hand.

50. Is-sa-wáh-tám-ah, the Wolf tied with Hair; a Chief, third rate: pipe in his hand.

51. His-oo-sán-chees, the Little Spaniard; a brave of the highest order in his tribe; armed as a warrior, with shield, bow and quiver, lance fourteen feet long, and war-knife.

This was the first of the Camanchees who daringly left his own war-party and came to the regiment of dragoons, and spoke with our interpreter, inviting us to go to their village. A man of low stature, but of the most remarkable strength and daring courage.—See him approaching the dragoons on horseback, No. 489.

52. Háh-nee, the Beaver; a warrior of terrible aspect.

53-54. Two Camanchee Girls (sisters), showing the wigwam of the Chief, his dogs, and his five children.

PAW-NEE PÍCTS (T́OW-EE-AHGE).

A wild and hostile tribe, numbering about 6000, adjoining the Camanchees on the north. This tribe and the Camanchees are in league with each other, joining in war and in the chase.