2810 Sizepoli.

2811 Baltchik, near Kavarna.

2812 Varna.

2813 Cape Emineh—in the English charts Emona, but there is no fixed system of spelling for names of places in this part of the world. Emineh is probably a corruption of Hæmus.

2814 Missemvria.

2815 Or Meneburgh, we should say. The Thracian was a language cognate with that of the Getæ; see Strabo, book vii. chap. iii. § 10; and the Getæ were Gothic. We have the Liber Aureus in the Moeso Gothic language still.

2816 Ahiolou.

2817 Places no longer known. G.

2818 In the English charts Kyanees. They do not correspond to the description here given. The well-known poetical name is Symplegades.

2819 In Italian, Pelamide, or Palamide, well known in the Mediterranean. It is not to be compared in size to the Thunny, but is much larger than the Mackerel, of a dark blue and streaked. Like the Thunny, it is migratory. Aristotle erroneously conjectures the Pelamide to be the young of the Thunny.

2820 The ancient Byzantium, there are grounds for believing, was marked by the present walls of the Seraglio. The enlarged city was founded by the emperor Constantine, A. D. 328, who gave it his name, and made it the rival of Rome itself. It was taken from the Greeks in 1204, by the Venetians under Dandolo; retaken by the Greeks in 1261 under the emperor Michael Palæologus, and conquered by the Turks in 1453. The crescent found on some of the ancient Byzantine coins was adopted as a symbol by the Turks.

2821 B. C.1570. He was king of Argos.

2822 The Peloponnesus, which before the arrival of Pelops was called Apia.

2823 Eumolpus took possession of Eleusis B. C.1400. He is said to have there instituted the mysteries of Ceres.

2824 Cadmus, son of Agenor, king of Tyre, arrived in Bœotia B. C.1550. The citadel of Thebes was named after him.

2825 Sues, Σύας, swine, in allusion to their ignorance.

2826 There were two kings of Athens named Cecrops. The first of this name, first king of Attica and Bœotia, came from Egypt. Cecrops II. was the 7th, and Codrus the 17th and last king of Attica. Strabo informs us, b. x. c. i. § 3, that Œclus and Cothus were brothers of Ellops, who founded Ellopia in Eubœa, and gave the name to the whole island.

2827 B. v. c. ii. § 4.

2828 The capture of Troy by Hercules. See Grote i. 388.

2829 B. C.168.

2830 Ipsala.

2831 Maritza.

2832 D’Anville (Mesures Itineraires) conjectures the difference between Polybius and Strabo to arise from the Greek foot being less than the Roman foot in the ratio of 24 to 25; or 24 Roman stadia = 25 Greek stadia containing the same number of feet.

2833 Polina.

2834 Durazzo.

2835 Lago d’ Ochrida.

2836 Vodina.

2837 The ruins of Pella are at a little distance on the east of the lake Tenidscheh.

2838 Saloniki.

2839 Gulf of Arta.

2840 Iemboli.

2841 Balkan applies to the whole mountainous range of Hæmus; Emineh to the part bordering on the Black Sea.

2842 Sea of Marmora.

2843 Gulf of Saros.

2844 Cape Colonna.

2845 Karasu, or Mesta.

2846 The site of Dodona is unknown.

2847 Panormo.

2848 Santi Quaranta.

2849 Corfu.

2850 Cassiopo.

2851 Brindisi.

2852 Butrinto.

2853 Syvota.

2854 C. Bianco.

2855 The Thyamus, or Thyamis, is now called Glycys, and the Acheron, Calamas.

2856 Sopoto.

2857 Porto Fanari.

2858 The ruins of Nicopolis are to the north of Prevesa.

2859 Cæsar Augustus (then Cæsar Octavianus) obtained the celebrated victory of Actium over Marcus Antonius, B. C.31. The latter, after his defeat, fled into Egypt with Cleopatra. The battle would appear to have taken place at the entrance into the Gulf of Arta, and therefore probably off La Punta, opposite Prevesa, and not off the modern town of Azio.

2860 In the Austrian map a ground-plan of the ruins of Nicopolis are given, at about one mile to the north of Prevesa.

2861 The Gulf of Ambracia, and the rivers which flow into it, are much distorted in D’Anville. According to more modern maps, the Arathus is the most western of the streams which flow into the gulf, and the ancient city was situated at about 15 miles from the mouth. The Lorn (the Arathus); the Mauro Potamo or Glykys (the Acheron); the Zagura (the Selleis?) which falls into it; and the Tercino, which falls into the Kalamas, (the Thyamis or Thyamus,) all rise in the mountain ridge Olytkiza, about 10 miles to the west of Ianina.

2862 Livy xxxviii. c. 3.

2863 Virg. Æn. iii. 280.

2864 Descendants of the seven chiefs who fought and perished before Thebes.

2865 These nations are mentioned by other authors; they were probably separated by the numerous mountain ridges to the west of Pindus. See below, § 9. But compare D’Anville and the Austrian military map.

2866 Alcomenæ.

2867 Styberra, Polyb.; Stubera, Liv.; Stobera, Suid.

2868 Iliad, book xvi. 233.

2869 ὑποφῆται.

2870 τομοῦροι.

2871 Odys. xvi. 403.

2872 τομούρους.

2873 θέμιστας.

2874 βουλαί.

2875 τομούρους.

2876 τομαρούρους.

2877 βουλὴν.

2878 ὑποφῆται.

2879 προφῆται.

2880 The Fragments are collected from the Palatine (Epit.) and Vatican (E.) Epitomes; and, in the opinion of Kramer, much is not lost. By the diligence and research of Kramer, the former length of these Fragments is more than doubled; but for a more particular account of his labours, the reader is referred to his preface and notes.

2881 This proverb is quoted in Plutarch’s Life of Lycurgus.

2882 Indesche Karasu.

2883 Oxas.

2884 Ipsala.

2885 The Maritza.

2886 Schar-dagh.

2887 Egrisou-dagh.

2888 Despoto-dagh.

2889 Veliki-dagh.

2890 Above Agios-Mamas, in the Bay of Cassandra.

2891 The Gallico.

2892 Kramer quotes the following passage from Eustathius: “In the passage ἐπικίδναται αἴῃ, or αἶαν, (for there are two readings,) some have understood αἶαv not to mean the earth, but a spring, as is evident from the words of the geographer, where he says that the Amydon of Homer was afterwards called Abydos, but was razed. For there is a spring of clearest water near Amydon, called Æa, running into the Axius, which is itself turbid, in consequence of the numerous rivers which flow into it. There is, therefore, he says, an error in the quotation, Ἀξίου κάλλιστον ὕδωρ ἐπικίδναται αἴῃ, as it is clearly not the Axius which diffuses its water over the spring, but the contrary. The geographer rather intemperately finds fault with the supposition of αἶαν meaning the earth, and seems anxious to reject altogether this reading in the Homeric poem.”

2893 Buræus.

2894 Gulf of Salonica.

2895 Cape Pailuri.

2896 The ruins of Potidæa, or Cassandria, are near Pinako.

2897 Karafaja.

2898 Monte Santo.

2899 Gulf of Zeitun.

2900 G. of Volo.

2901 G. of Salonica.

2902 G. of Cassandra.

2903 G. of Monte Santo.

2904 G. of Orfano.

2905 Cape Stauros.

2906 C. Demitri.

2907 C. Pailuri.

2908 C. Drepano.

2909 C. St. George.

2910 C. Monte Santo.

2911 Kavala.

2912 Δάτον ἀγαθῶν. Ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθίδες.

2913 This extract should be numbered 42, and not 43. As the error in Kramer continues to the end of the book, it has not been corrected.

2914 Gulf of Saros.

2915 Kavaktshai.