The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Geography of Strabo Vol. II., translated By H. C. Hamilton.

338 διῳκοδόμηται δ’ εἰς αὐτοὺς σῦριγξ The passage does not give a clear explanation of the fact. Livy, b. xxviii. c. 6.

339 Thucydides, b. ii. ch. 23, says that Graia is on the road leading from Oropus to Athens.

340 In modern maps a modern town, Skoimandri, is laid down near the ruins of Tanagra. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 20, informs us why Tanagra was called both Poimandria and Graia. Tanagra was the daughter of Æolus and wife of Poimandrus; she arrived at such an extreme old age, as to receive the title of Graia, the Old.

342 The exact site of Harma is uncertain. Leake supposes it to have occupied the important pass on the road from Thebes to Chalcis, leading to the maritime plain. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, says that it obtained its name from the chariot of Amphiaraus having disappeared there.

343 We should perhaps read Harma, says Kramer; but in that case Tanagra of Bœotia would be upon the right hand. The reading Argos is a manifest error, and the whole passage is corrupt.

345 Leake supposes Ægæ to have stood near Limni. Strabo, below, ch. vii. § 4, says that probably the Ægæan Sea had its name from this place.

346 Of this place, although mentioned by Thucydides, b. iii. ch. 89, very little is known, in consequence no doubt of its having almost entirely disappeared by an earthquake, which took place about 426 or 425 years B. C.

348 Near Anthedon was a place called the Leap of Glaucus, where he threw himself into the sea. Pausanias, ix. 22. The ruins of Anthedon are situated 1-1/2 mile from Lukisi. Smith.

349 This passage is very corrupt.

350 The sites of these places are unknown.

352 Lake of Livadhia.

353 Κώπη, an oar.

354 That is, by natural or artificial subterraneous channels.

356 Pliny, b. xvi. c. 36.

358 There were several rivers of this name. See below, c. iii. § 16.

360 See below, ch. iii. § 15. Elateia is represented by the modern village of Elefta.

361 See ch. ii. § 26.

362 It is impossible to make any exact statement respecting its extent, since it varied so much at different times of the year and in different seasons. On the northern and eastern sides its extent is limited by a range of heights, but on the opposite quarter there is no such natural boundary to its size. Smith, v. Bœotia, which contains also a useful map from Forschamer’s Hellenica of the Basin of the Copais.

363 There appears to be no modern lake in the position assigned to Trephea by Kiepert. Kramer suggests the omission here of the word Trephea.

370 The text is in a very imperfect state. The section is translated as proposed to be emended by Kramer.

374 There is some doubt respecting the modern name of Thespiæ; the Austrian map places the ruins near Erimokastro.

375 Placing Ascra at Pyrgaki, there is little doubt that Aganippe, whence the Muses were called Aganippides, is the fountain which issues from the left bank of the torrent flowing midway between Paleopanaghea and Pyrgaki. Around this fountain Leake observed numerous square blocks, and in the neighbouring fields stones and remains of habitations. The position of the Grove of the Muses is fixed at St. Nicholas, by an inscription which Leake discovered there relating to the Museia, or the games of the Muses, which were celebrated there under the presidency of the Thespians. Paus. b. ix. c. 31. In the time of Pausanias the Grove of the Muses contained a larger number of statues than any other place in Bœotia, and this writer has given an account of many of them. The statues of the Muses were removed by Constantine from this place to his new capital, where they were destroyed by fire, in A. D. 404. Smith.

376 Works and Days, 639.

377 This is a mistake, since the loftiest summit of Helicon is barely 5000 feet high, whilst that of Parnassus is upwards of 8000 feet. Smith. Helicon is a range of mountains with several summits, of which the loftiest is a round mountain now called Paleovuni. Smith. The Austrian map gives the modern name Zagora to Helicon.

378 Twenty stadia from the Grove of the Muses was the fountain Hippocrene, which was said to have been produced by the horse Pegasus striking the ground with his foot. Paus. b. ix. ch. 31. Hippocrene was probably at Makariotissa, which is noted for a fine spring of water. Smith. The Austrian map places it at Kukuva. Leibethrum, or Leibethreium, is described by Pausanias as distant 40 stadia from Coroneia, and is therefore probably the mount Zagora. Smith.

380 The remains of Haliartus are situated upon a hill about a mile from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadeia, and at the distance of about 15 miles from either place. Although the walls of the town are scarcely anywhere traceable, its extent is marked on the east and west by two small rivers, of which that to the west issues from the foot of the hill of Mazi, the eastern, called the Kafalari, has its origin in Mount Helicon. The stream on the western side of the city is the one called Hoplites by Plutarch, where Lysander fell in battle with the Thebans, B. C. 395, and is apparently the same as the Lophis of Pausanias. The stream on the eastern side, the Kafalari, is formed by the union of two rivulets, which appear to be the Permessus and Olmeius, which are described by Strabo as flowing from Helicon, and after their union entering the Lake Copais, near Haliartus. Smith.

381 It was celebrated for the worship of Athena, who is hence called Alalcomeneis in Homer. The temple of the goddess stood at a little distance from the town, on the Triton, a small stream flowing into the Lake Copais. The modern village Sulinari is the site of Alalcomenæ. Smith.

382 Phœnicium, or Sphingium, now called Faga, the mountain between the Lakes Copais and Hylica, connecting Mount Ptoum with the range of Helicon. Forchamer supposes that Phœnicium and Sphingium are the names of two different mountains, separated from one another by the small plain of the stream Daulos; but the name of Pœnicium rests only on the authority of Strabo, and it is probably a corruption of Phicium. Φίξ is the Æolic form of Σπ/ἱγξ, (Hes. Theog. 326,) and therefore there can be no doubt that Phicium and Sphingium are two different forms of the same name. Smith.

384 It was still in existence in the time of Pausanias; the modern village Topolia occupies the site.

385 Leake conjectures that there is an error in the text, and that for Θεσπιῶν we ought to read Θισβῶν, since there is only one spot in the ten miles between Platæa and Thespiæ where any town is likely to have stood, and that was occupied by Leuctra. See Smith.

386 It was here that the Athenians under Tolmides were defeated by the Bœotians in B. C. 447; in consequence of which defeat the Athenians lost the sovereignty which they had for some years exercised over Bœotia. The plain of Coroneia was also the scene of the victory gained by Agesilaus over the Thebans and their allies in B. C. 394.

387 Pausanias, b. ix. 33, mentions the Heroum of Lysander in Haliartus, and some ruined temples, which had been burnt by the Persians, and had been purposely left in that state. Smith.

388 Leake identifies Glisas with the ruins on the bank of the torrent Platanaki, above which rises the mountain Siamata, the ancient Hypatus.

389 The following is the original of this corrupt passage. Kramer suggests that the words γ. δ. have been introduced from the margin into the text.

γεώλοφα καλεῖται δρί[* * * ᾧ ὑποπ]ίπται τὸ
Ἀόνιον καλούμενον πεδίον ὃ διατείνει * *
* * * * ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑπάτου ὄρους.

Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, makes mention of a tumulus covered with trees, near the ruins of Glisas or Glissas, which was the burial-place of Ægialus and his companions, and also of other tumuli. These were probably the γεώλοφα δρία, woody hillocks. The obscurity, however, still remains.

391 The three summits of Ptoum bear the names of Palea, Stranitza, and Skroponeri.

392 The ruins are situated at a short distance south of Kardhitza. The site of Cierium, the modern village Mataranga, was first discovered by Leake, who identifies it with Arne, and supposes, with much probability, that the name Arne may have been disused by the Thessalian conquerors, because it was of Bœotian origin, and that the new appellation may have been taken from the neighbouring river Curalius or Cuarius.

400 On the 7th of August, B. C. 338. Of the details of this battle we have no account. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile or a little more from the Khan of Kapurna, on the right side of the road towards Orchomenus. A few years ago (according to Mure) the mound of earth was excavated and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. See Smith.

403 See below, ch. v. § 15.

405 Euripides, Phœn. 422.

406 Probably an interpolation.

407 Leake places it at Tzamali, but Forchammer with more probability at Avro-Kastro.

408 Εὐδείελος.

414 It is a continuation of the ridge of Œta.

418 At the mouth of the Spercheius.

419 The ruins are near Chryso.

420 Apparently an interpolation. Groskurd.

423 A conjecture by Kramer.

424 Pausanias, b. x. c. 5, speaks of a temple of Apollo at Delphi, which was supposed to have been constructed by bees, with their combs and wings.

425 Of which Spintharus the Corinthian was the architect. Pausanias, b. x. c. 5.

426 Κιθαρῳδοὶ, played on the cithara, accompanying it with words.

427 Κιθαρισταὶ, played on the cithara alone.

431 Groskurd and Meineke propose emendations of the text of this passage. The translation is rather a paraphrase.

432 Probably, says Palmer, the expression is derived from ἵε παίε, O strike, or ἵε παῖ, O youth.

434 ὄπισθεν, “behind it,” but Marathus is on the opposite side of the bay. The ruins are indicated in modern maps.

435 The bay of Metochi d’Hagia.

437 This place is represented in the Austrian map by ruins near Exarcho. But how does Strabo place “not far from” the Crisæan Gulf, Abæ, which was certainly near Hyampolis, on the borders of the Locri Epicnemidii? It is on the authority of this passage only that geographers have placed a second Abæ behind Ambrysus, at the foot of Parnassus.

442 ἄνεμος, the wind.

445 This place was destroyed in the Persian war; no remains existed in the time of Pausanias.

446 The ruins are situated on the east of Turkochorio, made a free state by the Romans. Pausanias, b. x. ch. 34.

447 Demos. pro Coronâ, B. C. 338.

449 The quotation is from a lost poem.

450 Conjectures of Groskurd, and approved by Kramer.

451 Meineke supposes these words to be an interpolation, because no mention is made by other writers, nor by Strabo himself, in his enumeration of the rivers in Argolis, of the existence of a river called Cephissus at Argos.

453 Dyrrachium, now Durazzo.

454 The site appears to have been to the south-east of the modern town Neochorio.

455 From hence to the close of the paragraph the text is very corrupt; the restorations are due to the conjectures of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer.

456 Schedius, according to Homer, Il. ii. 517, and Il. xvii. 306, was one of the chiefs of the Phocians.

457 The ruins of Opus are indicated as existing between Talanti and the sea.

458 A portion of the ridge of Œta, on the north-west of Talanti, now Chlomos.

459 A monument, or cenotaph, common to many persons.

460 The site is marked by a tower called Paleopyrgo, near the modern Lebanitis.

461 Mentioned by Athenæus, b. iii. Hot springs were generally sacred to Hercules.

462 Diodorus Siculus asserts that it was separated from the continent by an earthquake; but statements of this kind were commonly and hastily made, where the natural appearances were favourable to them.

465 The ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill, near the sea-shore.

466 Paleocastro, in Marmara, near Romani.

467 A conjecture by Groskurd.

468 βῆσσαι and νάπη, wooded hollows.

469 In the island of Lesbos.

471 Salona, or Lampeni.

473 Castel de Roumeli.

475 From ὀζεῖν, to smell.

477 The site is unknown.

478 Near Dervend-Elapha.

480 B. vii. c. 198, and c. 200.

481 Translated according to Kramer’s proposed emendation. Demetrias, according to Leake, occupies the southern or maritime face of a height called Goritza, which projects from the coast of Magnesia between 2 and 3 miles to the southward of the middle of Volo. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 7, says that Philip called Chalcis, Corinth, and Magnesia in Thessaly, the “Keys of Greece.” Livy, b. xxxii. c. 37.

484 This paragraph is translated as proposed by Meineke, who has followed the suggestions of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer, in correcting the text.

486 The ten states or dynasties mentioned by Homer were those of, 1. Achilles. 2. Protesilaüs. 3. Eumelus. 4. Philoctetes. 5. Podalirius and Machaon. 6. Eurypylus. 7. Polypœtes. 8. Guneus. 9. Prothoüs. These are named in the Catalogue in the 2nd Book of the Iliad; the 10th, Dolopia, of which Phœnix was chief, in Il. xvi. 196.