INDEX
Acre: siege of
130
;
defence of by Templars
171
.
Alaric: served in Roman army 61.
Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon
324
.
Alexis: treats with crusaders
139
;
death of
143
.
Anastasius: wealth of
51
;
builds long wall
51
.
Anglicanism,
see
Church of England.
Antwerp: rise of
201
;
centre of exchanges
201
;
sack of
287
.
Architecture: Italian
88
;
Gothic
89
;
Byzantine
89
;
Saracenic
90
;
crusading
100
;
Greek and Roman
372
;
Byzantine
375
et seq.
;
Gothic
378
;
modern
382
;
see
Ogive.
Armada: defeated by yeomen
256
;
loss of
287
.
Army,
see
Police.
Art: decline of
380
,
381
;
see
Architecture.
Articles, ecclesiastical: Six
232
,
268
;
Forty-two
262
;
Lambeth
268
.
Attila: ransoms Constantinople
50
;
vision of
63
.
Aureus: depreciation of
27
;
passes by weight
31
.
Baldwin, Count of Edessa:
105
;
King of Jerusalem
105
.
Baldwin, Emperor of the East:
146
;
reproved by Innocent
147
.
Bank of England: incorporated
303
;
early issues of
319
;
suspends cash payments
327
;
policy of prior to 1810
327
;
resumes specie payments
330
;
hoards gold
331
–
333
;
paper in panic of 1825
335
;
Bank Act of 1844
336
;
suspension of Bank Act
344
.
Bank of Genoa:
168
.
Bank of Venice:
168
,
169
.
Bankers: mediæval
168
;
increase of English country after 1760
319
;
poor credit of
320
;
increase issues in 1823
333
;
rise of great modern houses
321
;
policy of
328
;
supremacy of
344
;
absolute government by
353
.
Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors
39
;
lack of in modern times
363
;
formed strength of Roman armies
363
;
want of weakness in modern civilization
364
;
see
Coloni.
Boadicea: revolt of
37
.
Boleyn, Anne:
212
;
sweating sickness
226
;
crowned
230
.
Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of
213
.
Boniface VIII.: character of
172
;
quarrel with Philip
173
;
bulls of
174
,
175
;
seized at Anagni
177
.
Bosra: retreat from
119
;
miracle at
119
,
120
.
Boulton, Matthew: rise of
314
;
partnership with Watt
316
;
debts of
316
.
Bullion Committee:
328
,
329
.
Burleigh, Lord: rise of
213
;
hostile to adventurers
256
;
family of typical landlords
267
.
Cæsar: army of
363
.
Capital: centres at Constantinople
28
;
Mill’s definition of
313
;
accelerates movement
314
;
accumulates at London
319
;
see
England and London.
Carthusians: martyrdom of
221
.
Cecil,
see
Burleigh.
Champagne: fairs of
158
;
centres of Eastern trade
158
;
decline of
201
.
Chantries: confiscation of
259
.
Child, Sir Josiah: rise of
294
;
estimates England’s wealth
295
.
Church, Catholic:
see
Early Christian;
becomes dominant in Italy
63
;
secular character of mediæval clergy of
71
;
secular clergy of
73
;
claims of under Hildebrand
75
;
makes papacy self-perpetuating
75
;
emancipates itself from civil power
76
,
77
;
schism of with Constantinople
78
;
character of clergy of at Reformation
264
,
265
;
miracles of,
see
Miracles, Cluny, Convents.
Church, Early Christian: socialistic
60
;
acquires wealth in third century
60
;
officially recognized
61
;
favours barbarians
62
;
subservient to Roman emperors
62
;
based on miracles
63
et seq.
;
imaginative
373
;
poverty of
373
;
art of
374
.
Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors
78
–
88
;
architecture of
89
;
plundered
145
;
art of
376
.
Church of England: an economic phenomenon
228
;
Henry supreme head of
228
;
robbed by landlords
230
;
orthodox under Henry VIII.
232
;
spoiled by Edward VI.
259
,
260
;
Calvinistic
262
;
docile to lay dictation
264
;
faith of regulated by statute
266
;
without fixed faith
268
;
ruled by Elizabeth
269
;
hated by Puritans and Catholics
270
;
divine right distinctive doctrine of
271
;
organized as police by landlords
272
;
mercenary
273
;
types of clergy of
275
;
great bishops of
276
et seq.
;
upheld by James I.
284
;
persecutes Puritans under Bancroft
285
.
Clairvaux: foundation of
109
;
appeals to pope against Philip the Fair
172
;
see
Saint Bernard.
Claudius, Appius: a usurer
7
;
enslaves Virginia
8
;
enforces usury laws
9
.
Clement V.: election of
178
;
bargain with Philip
178
;
entices Molay to Paris
180
;
persecutes Templars
181
;
tries Molay
184
;
death of
185
.
Clermont: council of
83
.
Clive, Lord: birth of
306
;
campaigns of
307
;
Plassey
308
;
wealth of
309
;
attacked by landlords
310
.
Cluny: founded
72
;
growth of
73
;
controls papacy
75
.
Cobden: attacks landlords
341
;
origin of
341
.
Cobham, Lord: trial of
193
;
attempts conventual confiscation
195
.
Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade
130
;
treats with Saladin
131
.
Coinage, Roman: copper
15
;
silver
20
;
debasement of
26
;
becomes gold monometallic
27
,
30
;
passes by weight
31
;
of Constantinople
55
;
debasement of coinage of Constantinople
56
;
becomes silver under Charlemagne
129
;
Venetian
129
;
gold of thirteenth century
129
;
debasement of French pound
170
;
debasement of English penny
195
;
base money of Henry VIII.
206
;
standard restored by Elizabeth
300
;
recoinage by William III.
302
;
depreciation in eighteenth century
303
;
English gold of nineteenth century
330
;
passes by weight
326
,
330
;
see
Gold standard.
Coloni: debtors
33
;
barbarians settled as
39
;
predecessors of mediæval serfs
244
.
Commerce:
see
Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving, West Indies.
Commons: rights of tenants in
244
;
enclosure of, in sixteenth century
245
;
cause of Kett’s rebellion
250
;
final absorption of
317
.
Communes: rise of
157
;
character of
160
;
hostile to clergy
162
;
not martial
164
;
insolvency of
169
.
Constantine: built Constantinople
28
;
vision of
60
;
victory of Milvian Bridge
61
.
Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world
28
;
prosperity of after fall of Western Empire
49
,
50
;
colonized by Roman capitalists
49
;
taxation of
49
;
poverty of under Theodosius II.
50
;
prosperity of under Justinian I.
51
;
population changes under Heraclius
52
;
becomes an Asiatic city
52
;
declines in eleventh century
53
;
civilization of economic
53
;
description of by Rabbi Benjamin
53
;
population of economic and cowardly
54
;
economic condition of in twelfth century
87
;
army of
88
;
sack of
144
;
see
Coinage and Architecture.
Convents: mediæval founders of
68
;
efficacy of intercession of
69
;
Benedictine
72
;
early discipline of
72
;
consolidation of
72
;
Cluny
73
;
control papacy
78
;
armies organized by
99
;
fortresses built by
99
;
patronized for miracles
109
;
wealth of
154
;
attacked by feudal nobles
155
;
hostile to communes
160
,
161
;
taxed by Philip the Fair
172
;
revenues seized by Edward I.
195
;
attacked by Lollards
196
;
bill to suppress
231
;
visitation of
235
;
visitors of
235
–
238
;
spoliation of
239
.
Corn: price of at Rome
17
;
distribution of at Rome
18
;
price of in 1849
345
;
Corn Laws
340
;
repeal of
340
.
Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council of 1076
75
;
of Clermont
83
;
of Troyes
98
;
of Étampes
110
;
Néelle
136
;
Vienne
184
.
Cranmer: rise of
278
;
character of
279
;
death of
280
.
Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century
167
;
rise of modern system of
303
;
extension of after Plassey
319
;
regulated by Bank Act of 1844
336
;
prices dependent on
337
;
weapon of the creditor class
349
.
Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides
252
;
attacks Spanish America
301
;
intercepts plate fleet
301
.
Cromwell, Thomas: rise of
208
;
arrest of
224
;
vicar general
231
;
proceeds against convents
233
:
prosecutes Abbot of Glaston
240
;
death of
242
.
Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra
119
;
see
Relics.
Crusade: first
84
;
takes Jerusalem
85
;
second, preached by Saint Bernard
112
;
suffers before Atalia
115
;
defeat of
118
;
crusading becomes commercial
124
;
third, led by Cœur-de-Lion
129
;
takes Acre
130
;
of Constantinople, preached
132
;
reaches Venice
134
;
diverted by Dandolo
139
;
attacks Zara
138
;
sacks Constantinople
145
;
of Damietta
150
;
defeated in Egypt
151
.
Currency: regulated by Charlemagne
129
;
mediæval
168
;
contraction of in thirteenth century
169
;
debasement of English
194
;
depreciation of in Middle Ages
204
;
under Henry VIII.
207
;
paper
303
;
management of by producers
326
;
by bankers
330
;
see
Coinage, Bank of England, Bankers.
Dalhousie, Lord: administration of
356
.
Damietta,
see
Crusade.
Dandolo, Henry: character of
132
;
treats with Franks
133
;
takes command of crusade
137
;
diverts crusade
139
;
excommunicated
139
;
assaults Constantinople
141
;
shriven
147
.
Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of
216
;
declines to betray Aske
217
;
execution of
219
;
dying speech to Cromwell
219
.
Denarius: depreciation of at Rome
26
;
repudiation of
26
;
of Charlemagne
128
;
of Venice
129
;
see
Penny.
Diocletian: a slave
27
;
established capital at Nicomedia
27
;
returns to silver coinage
30
.
Divine right: defined
272
;
see
Church of England.
Divorce:
see
Domestic relations.
Domestic relations: ancient and modern
365
et seq.
Dovercourt: rood of
200
.
Drake: rise of
255
;
death of
256
;
cruises of
288
.
Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of
251
;
suppresses Kett’s rebellion
252
;
supersedes Seymour
261
;
quarrel with Knox
262
.
East India Companies: organized
292
;
English company commercial up to 1757
306
;
administration of
309
.
Eastern Empire,
see
Constantinople.
Eastern trade: in Rome
23
,
24
;
centres at Constantinople
28
;
migrates to Italy
126
;
early routes of
128
;
character of in twelfth century
128
;
brings bullion to Europe
129
;
centres in Champagne
159
;
centres at Antwerp
201
;
at Amsterdam
287
;
at London
291
;
drains silver from Europe
299
;
effect of Plassey on
310
.
Edessa: position of
86
;
capture of
103
;
occupied by Baldwin
105
.
Egypt: cheap labour of
19
;
grain ships of
19
;
architecture of
90
;
conquered by Saladin
103
;
slave trade with Venice of
126
;
crusaders defeated in
151
.
Elizabeth: greed of
257
;
severe to clergy
269
;
letter about Ely House
270
.
England: Lollardy in
186
;
Reformation in, an economic phenomenon
190
;
debasement of currency in
194
;
martyrdoms in
199
;
condition of in Middle Ages
202
;
new nobility of
212
et seq.
;
convents suppressed in
233
et seq.
;
population of in Middle Ages
243
;
social revolution in, in sixteenth century
245
,
246
;
not originally maritime
254
;
seamen of
255
;
prosperity of in seventeenth century
292
;
industrial revolution in
315
;
distress in after 1815
332
;
ruin of aristocracy of
341
,
348
;
money-lenders autocratic in
344
;
see
Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.
Exchanges:
see
Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Venice.
Fairs,
see
Champagne.
Fetish,
see
Relics.
Fisher: temperament of
277
.
Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair
165
.
France: convents of in tenth century
72
;
Cluny
73
;
decentralization of in eleventh century
80
;
money of
80
;
barbarian invasions of
80
;
seat of Gothic architecture
89
;
ogive introduced into
95
;
emotional in eleventh century
107
;
disintegration of in tenth century
152
;
kings of enjoy supernatural powers
153
;
alliance of crown with clergy
154
;
consolidation of under Philip Augustus
158
;
centralization of under Saint Louis
165
;
depreciation of coinage of
170
;
estates of sustain Philip the Fair
174
;
castles of
202
.
Frumentariæ Leges,
see
Corn.
Gardiner, Stephen: on
True Obedience
265
;
rise of
276
;
death of
277
.
Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves
39
;
used as recruits
40
;
invade the Empire
46
;
character of in fourth century
48
;
adopt the gold standard
347
.
Glastonbury: suppression of
240
.
Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem
85
;
his kingdom
86
;
his alliance with Venice
127
.
Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire
30
;
fall of value of in sixth century
48
;
ratio of to silver in thirteenth century
169
.
Gold standard: in Rome
31
;
under the Merovingians
80
;
in England
330
;
Overstone’s views on
337
;
in Germany
347
;
elsewhere
348
;
effect of
347
.
Gunther: chronicle of
137
;
sails with Dandolo
138
.
Hanse of London: organization of
158
;
trades at fairs of Champagne
159
;
Italian merchants frequent
159
.
Hastings: Governor-General
310
;
policy of
311
.
Hattin: battle of
123
.
Hawkins, John: a slaver
289
.
Héloïse, hymn of
368
.
Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand
75
;
penance at Canossa
77
;
death of
77
.
Henry VIII.: court of
212
;
character of
220
;
Lambert’s trial
226
;
supreme head
228
;
orthodox
229
;
suppresses convents
233
;
revises Formularies of Faith
266
;
helpless without landlords
267
.
Heraclius: disasters under
52
.
Hildebrand: prior of Cluny
74
;
propositions presented by in council of Rome
75
;
excommunicates Henry IV.
76
;
Canossa
77
.
Holland: decay of
318
.
Hospital,
see
Knights of.
Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of
214
;
character of
215
;
commands against Pilgrims of Grace
215
;
tries to corrupt Darcy
217
;
arrests Cromwell
224
.
Hugh Capet: elected by clergy
153
.
Hugh du Puiset,
see
Louis the Fat.
Hun, Richard: death of
198
.
Imagination: basis of mediæval Church
60
;
gives power to priesthood
63
;
cause of relic worship
64
;
vivid in age of decentralization
69
;
most intense in tenth century
72
;
evolves Cluny
73
;
cause of Hildebrand’s power
78
;
cause of crusades
82
;
inspires Gothic architecture
89
;
strong in Saint Bernard
108
;
weakness of Louis VII.
117
:
lacking in Venetians
126
;
its power in France in thirteenth century
136
;
strength of in Church up to 1200
148
;
a weakness in war
151
;
economic mind lacks
162
;
cause of Templars’ martyrdom
183
;
lacking in English reformers
191
;
Anglican clergy without
259
;
Tudor aristocracy without
268
;
strong in early Christians
373
;
in contempt in nineteenth century
380
,
381
.
India: failure of Romans to conquer
12
;
hoards in
305
;
conquered by England
307
et seq.
;
spoliation of
309
–
311
;
influx of treasure from
313
;
flow of silver to
320
;
value of bullion exported to in 1810
321
;
in 1840
339
;
centralization of
356
;
mutiny in
356
;
money-lenders of
357
;
fate of warlike tribes in
358
;
see
Eastern trade.
Industrial revolution: begins
313
;
caused by Indian treasure
314
.
Innocent III.: incites crusade
132
;
excommunicates Philip Augustus
135
;
Dandolo
138
;
absolves Dan dolo
147
;
reproves Baldwin
147
.
Inquisition: organized
191
.
Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie
163
.
Jerusalem: capture of
85
;
kingdom of
86
;
conquest of kingdom by Saracens
123
.
Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa:
105
;
death of
106
;
son’s death
118
.
Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism
187
;
economic device
188
;
taught by Cranmer
231
;
included in Forty-two Articles
262
.
Justinian I.: prosperity of
51
;
army of
51
;
taxation by
52
;
architecture under
53
.
Karak: castle of
86
,
121
.
Kett,
see
Rebellion.
Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of
97
,
98
;
manors owned by in Europe
98
;
castles of
99
;
Knights of the Temple: possessions of
170
;
faith of
171
;
arrested
180
;
tortured
181
;
defence of
181
;
burned
183
;
disposition of property of
185
.
Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain
262
;
offered bishopric
262
;
breach with Dudley
263
.
Krak des Chevaliers:
100
.
Lambert: martyrdom of
281
.
Landlords: Roman
21
;
enslave their tenants
33
;
form aristocracy of Empire
41
;
not martial
42
;
English mercenary
212
;
rise of
227
;
confiscate Church property
230
;
evict yeomen
245
;
despoil chantries
259
,
200
;
control Crown
267
;
without faith
268
;
organize Church
272
;
fear army
273
;
not martial
227
,
245
,
254
,
255
,
256
,
267
,
268
,
283
;
persecute Nonconformists
295
;
persecute adventurers
295
;
conquered in 1688
297
;
jealous of Clive and Hastings
309
;
suffer after 1815
332
;
distressed in 1841
340
;
attacked by Cobden
341
;
ruined
348
;
of Oude
356
.
Latimer: describes his father’s farm
247
;
martyrdom of
282
.
Leo the Great: visits Attila
63
.
Leo IX.: election of
75
.
Licinian Laws
10
;
effect of
11
.
Lollards: description of
187
;
Book of Conclusions
of
193
;
policy of toward monks
195
.
London: hot-bed of Lollardism
197
;
population of in 1500
203
;
power of
293
;
population of in 1685
295
;
economic centre of the world
322
;
art of
381
–
383
;
see
Eastern trade and Hanse of London.
Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset
155
;
obtains Montlhéri
157
.
Louis VII.: character of
112
;
leads second crusade
114
;
quarrels at Antioch
117
;
superstition of
117
;
repulsed at Damascus
117
;
see
Crusade.
Madre-de-Dios: capture of
257
.
Mahrattas: conquest of
358
;
disappearance of
350
.
Margat: castle of
101
.
Marriage:
see
Domestic relations.
Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo
138
;
steals relics
148
.
Marwaris:
357
;
destroy Mahrattas
359
.
Milo, Archbishop of Rheims:
71
.
Miracles: early Christian
63
;
mediæval
64
et seq.
;
see
Bosra, Relics.
Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris
180
;
burned
184
.
Monasticism:
see
Convents.
Money: Rome depleted of
23
;
centres at Constantinople
28
;
rises in value under Empire
35
;
falls in value under Charlemagne
129
;
rises in value in thirteenth century
169
;
rises in fifteenth century
194
;
rises under Henry VIII.
206
;
falls after opening of Potosi
207
;
abundant stimulates movement
299
;
a form of energy
304
;
hoarded in India
304
;
falls at close of eighteenth century
320
;
rises in nineteenth century
337
,
360
;
see
Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.
Mons Sacer: secession to
9
.
Monte Casino: founded
72
.
Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade
132
;
leaves Dandolo
138
.
Montlhéri: lords of
156
;
castle
157
.
Nantes: revocation of Edict of
318
.
Napoleon: decline of
324
;
lacking soldiers
364
;
column erected to
381
.
Nobility: feudal French
154
;
English
216
,
243
;
Tudor,
see
Landlords.
Nogaret: captures Boniface
176
,
177
.
Northumberland:
see
Dudley.
Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo
103
;
occupies Cairo
103
;
repulses Louis VII.
117
;
kills Raymond de Poitiers
118
.
Ogive: of Eastern origin
95
;
appears in transition architecture
96
.
Overstone, Lord: rise of
336
;
conceives Bank Act
336
;
financial policy of
337
et seq.
Panic: under Tiberius
25
;
of thirteenth century
169
,
170
;
of 1810
325
;
of 1825
334
;
allayed by paper money
335
;
of 1847
342
.
Passive obedience:
see
Divine right.
Patricians: usurers
7
;
not martial
7
;
sanction Licinian Laws
10
;
see
Usury.
Pauperism: under Henry VII I.
249
;
in 1848
345
.
Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street
330
;
separates from his father on money issue
330
;
his Resumption Act
331
;
effect of
331
;
repeals Corn Laws
340
;
parentage
342
.
Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade
150
.
Penny: the Roman,
see
Denarius;
of Charlemagne
129
;
depreciation of Venetian
129
;
depreciation of English in fourteenth century
195
;
under Henry VIII.
206
,
207
.
Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of
65
;
belief in intercession
69
;
commands crusade
129
;
returns to Fiance
130
;
divorced from Ingeburga
135
;
excommunicated
135
.
Philip the Fair: character of
171
;
quarrel with Boniface
172
;
defeated at Courtray
175
;
seizes Boniface
177
;
makes Clement V. pope
178
;
arrests Templars
180
;
tortures Templars
182
;
death of
185
.
Pilgrimage of Grace:
see
Rebellion.
Plassey: battle of
308
;
effect of
313
.
Plebeians: farmers
6
;
form infantry
6
;
sold for debt
7
;
secede to Mons Sacer
9
;
favoured by Licinian Laws
10
;
overthrow patricians
10
;
suffer from Asiatic competition
11
;
suffer from slave labour
12
;
insolvent
22
;
become
coloni
33
;
disappear
44
,
45
.
Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians
39
;
an effect of money
45
;
organized by Augustus
45
;
makes capital autocratic at Rome
46
;
impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack
79
;
lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
99
,
121
,
122
;
the weapon of an economic community
164
;
an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization
165
;
in England under Henry VIII.
245
;
destroys martial type
245
;
drives adventurers from England
254
;
resistless in nineteenth century
353
.
Pompey: defeat of
364
.
Potosi: discovery
207
.
Prices: fall of, under Trajan
33
;
rise of in thirteenth century
167
;
fall of in fifteenth century
203
;
rise of in sixteenth century
207
,
283
;
rise of after Plassey
319
;
culminate in 1809
324
;
fall of in England after 1815
330
;
depressed by gold standard
337
;
fall of after Bank Act
339
;
rise of after 1849
345
;
fall of since 1873
349
.
Producers: predominance of
321
;
currency system of
328
,
329
;
weakness of modern
349
;
Indian
360
.
Puritans: reject royal supremacy
264
;
resist ecclesiastical confiscation
270
;
eviction of clergy
285
;
emigration of
285
;
foes of Spaniards
289
.
Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry
11
;
defeat of
11
.
Raleigh: family of
255
;
captures Madre-de-Dios
257
;
death of
257
.
Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney
107
;
breach with Louis VII.
117
;
death of
118
.
Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace
216
;
suppression of
222
;
Kett’s
250
;
in West of England
250
,
252
.
Reformation: an economic movement
188
;
in England
230
;
under Edward VI.
259
,
260
;
see
Church of England, Convents, Lollards.
Reginald de Chatillon
121
.
Regulus: poverty of
15
.
Relics: magical
64
;
gifts to
65
;
list of English
66
;
worship of cause of crusades
81
;
true cross
119
;
plunder of at Constantinople
148
;
despised
151
;
relic worship costly
192
–
196
;
desecrated in England
200
.
Rent: rise of money value of in Rome
32
;
effect of
33
,
34
;
substitution of for military service
245
;
rises in sixteenth century
247
;
effect of rise
248
;
rise of in seventeenth century
283
;
fall of after 1815 causes insolvency of landlords
332
;
dependent on Corn Laws
340
;
fall of after 1873 ruins gentry
348
.
Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament
261
;
burned
282
.
Robinson, John: congregation of
285
.
Rome: early society of
1
;
classes in
2
;
law of debt in
2
–
4
;
early army of
9
;
not maritime
12
;
slavery in
13
;
economic revolution in
14
;
a plutocracy
15
;
annexes Egypt
17
;
senators land-owners
21
;
great domains of
21
;
conquests of
23
;
unable to compete with Asia
23
;
foreign exchanges unfavourable to
23
;
insolvent
28
;
decline of
37
;
ceases breeding soldiers
40
;
later emperors of foreign adventurers
40
;
governed by a monied oligarchy
41
;
economic type autocratic in
42
;
women of emancipated
43
;
paid police of
45
;
barbarian invasions
46
,
47
;
domestic relations in
369
;
art of
372
;
architecture of
381
;
see
Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.
Rothschilds: rise of
322
;
establish house in London
323
.
Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of Abbot of Glaston
241
.
Saint Bernard: birth of
108
;
enters Citeaux
108
;
founds Clairvaux
109
;
recognizes Innocent II.
110
;
preaches second crusade
112
;
miracles of
113
;
declines to lead crusade
114
;
remarks on defeat of crusade
118
.
Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of
239
.
Saint Denis: Abbey of
154
.
Saint Riquier: sacrilege at
162
.
Saint Sophia: architecture of
89
,
377
;
desecration of
145
.
Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of
65
.
Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist
67
.
Saladin: sends physician to Richard
94
;
crowned Sultan
104
;
kills Reginald de Chatillon
121
;
Hattin
122
;
campaign against Richard
130
;
treats with Richard
131
.
Saracens: architecture of
89
,
90
;
household decorations of
90
;
philosophy of
93
;
sciences of
94
;
see
Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi.
Schism: Greek
78
.
Seymour, Protector: confiscations under
261
;
executed
261
.
Sicily: cheap labour in
16
;
servile war in
16
;
cheap grain of
17
.
Silver: Roman standard
26
;
discarded in Rome
31
;
restored by Charlemagne
128
;
ratio of to gold in Rome
30
;
to gold in thirteenth century
169
;
Potosi
204
;
Spaniards plundered of
288
;
brought to England by piracy
291
;
ratio to gold in seventeenth century
300
;
standard in England
300
;
exported to India in eighteenth century
299
–
302
;
in 1810
320
;
discarded by England
330
;
by Germany
347
;
relation to Asiatic competition
360
;
see
Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.
Slavery: for debt in Rome
5
;
plebeians sink into
33
;
Roman population exhausted by
36
;
in West Indies
289
,
290
.
Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system
34
;
by Roman emperors
39
;
Venetian
126
;
English
291
;
see
Hawkins.
Smith, Captain John: career of
295
.
Solidus:
see
Aureus.
Somerset: Duke of,
see
Seymour.
Spain: empire of
286
;
war with Flanders
287
;
plundered by Drake
288
;
attacked by Cromwell
301
;
see
Armada, West Indies.
Spanish America: revolution of
324
.
Suez Canal: effect of
355
.
Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer
81
;
proposes a crusade
83
.
Syria: industrial
25
;
see
Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.
Temple,
see
Knights of the.
Tenures: primitive Roman
1
;
servile Roman
33
;
English military
244
;
the manor
244
;
modern economic
245
;
Indian peasant
356
.
Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of
332
.
Tiberias: battle of,
see
Hattin.
Tortosa: fortress of
101
;
surrender of
171
.
Trade,
see
Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.
Urban II.: preaches at Clermont
83
.
Usurers: form Roman aristocracy
2
;
checked by Licinian Laws
10
;
absolute in Rome
46
;
rise of in England
321
;
absolute in Europe
353
;
Indian
357
;
see
Bankers.
Usury: a patrician privilege
2
;
stronghold of in Roman fiscal system
5
;
ruins Roman provinces
35
;
basis of Roman slaving
36
;
see
Usurers.
Vagrant Acts: English
248
.
Venice: rise of
125
;
slave trade of
126
;
illicit trade of with Saracens
126
;
population unimaginative
126
;
navy of
127
;
co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon
127
;
holds Syrian ports
127
;
coinage of
129
;
participates in crusade of Constantinople
137
;
see
Crusade;
packet service to Flanders
201
;
decline of
298
.
Vézelay: second crusade preached at
112
;
feud with Counts of Nevers
161
.
Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of
132
.
Virginia: story of
8
.
War:
see
Police.
Watt, James: invents engine
314
;
partnership with Boulton
316
.
West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from
287
;
trade of lucrative
291
;
Cromwell attacks
301
.
Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of
241
.
Wickliffe: begins his agitation
192
.
William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple
97
;
defeat of Louis VII. in Cadmus Mountains
115
;
breach between Louis and Prince Raymond
117
;
the collapse of Kingdom of Jerusalem
118
.
Wiltshire: Earl of,
see
Boleyn.
Yeomen: form British infantry
243
;
small farmers
244
;
decline of under Henry VIII.
245
;
form Ironsides
252
;
weaker become agricultural labourers
253
;
become merchants
254
;
become adventurers
254
;
form English martial type
255
;
extinction of
317
;
migration to towns of
317
;
descendants of become manufacturers and usurers
341
,
342
.
Zara: attack on
134
;
stormed
138
.
Zenghi: rise of
103
;
captures Edessa
103
.