The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mesopotamian Archæology, by Percy S. P. Handcock.

36 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 34.

37 The Zend-Avesta is practically the equivalent of the Bible and prayer-book of the Zoroastrians. The Zoroastrian faith flourished as early as the sixth century B.C., and probably became the religion of the later Achaemenian kings.

38 The Pehlevi language and literature belongs to the middle Persian period, i.e. from the third to the ninth century or so A.D. The language is related to old Persian on the one hand, and to modern Persian on the other. The Zend as it were bridged over the gulf between modern and ancient Persian, and was of the greatest assistance in the decipherment of the old Persian language as found in the cuneiform inscriptions.

39 Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 8.

40 Squeezes are made by means of a series of layers of thick paper, which has been moistened, the impression being gained by applying the substance thus formed to the inscription and beating it in with a brush.

41 A partial duplicate of this inscription on the Behistun Rock is inscribed on a dolerite block discovered by the German excavators at Babylon; it contains many interesting additions.

42 The term “Assyrian” is used, as a large part of the earlier Babylonian literature comes down to us through Assyrian hands, being copied and as it were republished by Assyrian scribes. Assyrian and Babylonian were different dialects of the same language; similarly Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform exhibit great differences in style, Babylonian being more cursive and generally therefore more difficult to read.

43 Cf. A. J. Booth, Trilingual Inscriptions; Rogers, History, pp. 175 ff.; Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 1-35; Harper, Biblical World, XVI, pp. 294-7, 371-3 (a short and concise summary).

44 For references to texts in which these signs occur, cf. G. A. Barton in Harper’s Old Testament and Semitic Studies, Vol. II, pp. 241 ff.

45 Cf. Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania IV, Series D, for this Babylonian boundary-stone and for a full discussion of the subject generally.

46 An eponym was an official of high rank—sometimes the king himself—who held office for a year, and whose name was used to date all documents drawn up in that year. He corresponded to the Roman consul and the Athenian archon.

47 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 517.

48 A “plano-convex” brick is a brick which is flat on one side and convex or oval on the other, its general appearance resembling an oblong cake, or a small pillow.

49 Cf. De Sarzec et Heuzey, Une Villa Royale Chaldéenne, p. 47.

50 Cf. Loftus, Travels, p. 189.

51 Loftus, Travels, p. 187.

52 Cf. Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, p. 48.

53 Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, pp. 47, 48.

54 In the northern fortification wall, and according to Koldewey, there only on the Kasr, great building blocks of limestone were also discovered.

55 J. R. A. S., 1855, p. 266.

56 Ibidem, p. 407.

57 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 57.

58 Ibid., p. 87.

59 Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 88.

60 Cf. Taylor in J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 261 ff.

61 Cf. J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 405 ff.

62 Cf. however Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.

63 Cf. Pinches, Hastings Dict., Religion and Morals, “Architecture,” Perrot and Chipiez, II, p. 393; Layard, Discoveries, pp. 348 ff.

64 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 25, 26.

65 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 30.

66 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 22 bis, Figs. 2b, 3b.

67 Cf. Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.

68 Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 286.

69 Loftus, Chaldæa and Susiana, p. 133; J. R. A. S., XV, pp. 265, 266.

70 Loftus, pp. 187 ff.

71 Cf. p. 80.

72 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 372.

73 Ibidem, p. 402.

74 Cf. Taylor, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1853, p. 269.

75 Loftus, Travels, pp. 174 ff.

76 Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1855, p. 406.

77 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 43, p. 7.

78 Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 590; Dieulafoy, L’Art Antique, V, pp. 57 ff.; Perrot and Chipiez, p. 214.

79 Place discovered an eight-sided column at Karambs, but it apparently belonged to the Parthian period (Place, Nineveh, II, pp. 169 ff.).

80 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 25.

81 Cf. Ibid., No. 40, p. 24.

82 Cf. Ibid., No. 42, p. 40.

83 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 397 ff.

84 Cf. J.R.A.S., 1855, p. 266.

85 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 8, p. 4.

86 Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 231.

87 cf. Fig. 9.

88 Cf. Andrae, Mitteilungen, No. 27, pp. 29-32.

89 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 29.

90 Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XVI.

91 Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 474, 475.

92 Cf. also above, Fig. 28, A.

93 Cf. above, p. 33.

94 For a rough sketch, cf. Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, II, 79.

95 Cf. p. 45.

96 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, pp. 151-62.

97 Cf. E. J. Banks, Scientific American, Aug. 19, 1905, p. 137; American Journal of Semitic Languages, XXI, p. 59.

98 Comptes rendus, 1907, p. 399.

99 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 29.

100 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 24, Fig. 2.

101 Revue Archéologique, 1894, I, 108.

102 Cf. Heuzey, in Mon. Mem. Acad. Insc. Fondation Piot, XII, pp. 19-28, and C. R. Acad. Inser., 1905, p. 75.

103 Cf. Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. 1, Fig. 1, and Louvre Cat., p. 324.

104 Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, XV, p. 410.

105 Cf. Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 58.

106 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 28, Figs. 1 and 2.

107 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 539.

108 Cf. Louvre Cat., No. 173; and Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. I, Fig. 1.

109 Cf. Harper, American Journal of Semitic Languages, XX, pp. 266, 267.

110 Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 26; and Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 156.

111 Layard, Discoveries, p. 357.

112 Cf. Boscawen, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, 1876, p. 347.

113 Layard, Discoveries, p. 177.

114 Cf. the Taylor Cylinder of Sennacherib.

115 For an admirable reproduction of the best half of the Balâwât Gates, a good introduction, and translation of text, cf. Birch and Pinches, The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balâwât. Cf. also Delitzsch, Beiträge zur Assyriologie.

116 For translation, cf. Ungnad, Or. Lit., IX (1906), 534-8.

117 Cf. Delitzsch, Records of the Past, 1903, pp. 323 ff.

118 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 129.

119 Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 14.

120 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 54, 99.

121 Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 277.

122 Layard, Nineveh I, p. 64; II, pp. 306, 307.

123 Layard, Nineveh, II, p. 15.

124 Ibid., I, p. 130.

125 Cf. Delitzsch, Mitteilungen, No. 6, pp. 13-17; and Diodorus II, 8.

126 Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 3, pp. 5, 10, 11.

127 Layard, Monuments, Series II, Pl. 55, 6; and Layard, Discoveries, p. 167.

128 Discoveries, p. 166.

129 A considerable number of the seal-impressions here reproduced are taken from Dr. W. Hayes Ward’s monumental work on cylinder-seals in Western Asia, by the author’s generous permission.

130 Scarabs, p. 5.

131 Ward, The Seal-Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 1.

132 Cf. Ward, Seal-Cylinders, p. 69.

133 Cf. Seal-Cylinders, p. 48, Fig. 127.

134 Cf. Ward, p. 128.

135 Cf. Mitteilung., No. 9, p. 6.

136 Cf. Menant, Pierres Gravées, II, p. 132; Ward, p. 193.

137 Cf. Ward, p. 197.

138 Cf. Heuzey, Cat., pp. 387 ff.

139 For the early history of inlaid jewellery cf. Dalton, Archæologia, LVIII, pp. 237-74.

140 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 24.

141 Cf. also the Assyrian seal reproduced in Fig. 76.

142 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 208.

143 Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Figurines de terre cuite du Musée du Louvre, Pl. I, Fig. 2.

144 For the other two, cf. Ibidem, Pl. I, Figs. 1 and 3.

145 Cf. Heuzey, Les Figurines Antiques de terre cuite, Pl. II, Fig. 3.

146 Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 5, pp. 19, 20.

147 Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 35 ff.

148 Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 37.

149 Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XX.

150 Cf. Découvertes, Description, p. 118; Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 170.

151 Cf. p. 243.

152 Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 197.

153 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 407.

154 Hilprecht, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. 27.

155 Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 139.

156 Ibidem, p. 140.

157 Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 140.

158 Cf. Comptes Rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres 1904, p. 115.

159 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 8.

160 Cf. Ibid., No. 26, p. 19.

161 Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Antiquités Chaldéennes, p. 249.

162 Prince, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XXVI, p. 93.

163 Cf. American Journal of Semitic Languages, April, 1905, p. 173.

164 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 139 c.

165 Cf. Heuzey, Comptes Rendus, 1908, pp. 415-22.

166 Cf. Comptes Rendus, p. 418, Fig. C.

167 Cf. Sayce, Archæology of Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 65, 66.

168 Cf. Botta, II, Pl. 155.

169 An interesting bead of black marble, measuring 1-1/2 × 5/8 inches was discovered at Ashur; it bears an inscription of Shalmaneser, the purport of which is that that king brought the bead from a temple in Syria.

170 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 7, p. 18.

171 Cf. Botta, Monument, II, Pls. 90, 93.

172 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 49.

173 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 43.

174 Cf. p. 17.

175 Cf. p. 10.

176 Cf. Johns, An Assyrian Doomsday Book, p. 19.

177 Cf. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 426; and Wilkinson, I, p. 281.

178 Cf. Genouillac, p. xlix.

179 Cf. p. 346.

180 Cf. Genouillac, p. lii.

181 This work comprises an autographed text, transliteration, translation, glossary, index of subjects, list of proper names, signs and numerals, together with a map, frontispiece, and photograph of text.

182 Cf. Jastrow, Religion, pp. 116 ff.

183 Cf. Johns, Doomsday Book, p. 26.

184 Ibid., p. 20.

185 Cf. Jastrow, pp. 191 ff.

186 Jastrow, Religion, p. 226.

187 Ibid., p. 83.

188 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391, 392.

189 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391 ff.

190 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, p. 398.

191 Ibid., p. 407.

192 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 21, p. 49.

INDEX

Abêshu’, k. of Babylon, 33
Abû Adham, 163
Abû Habba, 3, 60, 68;
- cf. also Sippar
Abû Hatab, 77
Abû Shahrein, 121, 134, 156, 157, 163, 242, 263
Acacia, 12
Accounts, lists of, 109
Achaemenian inscriptions, 86
Adab. Cf. Bismâya
Adad. 263, 388, 391, 397
Adad-nirari I, 78, 81, 254
Adad-nirari II, 81
Adad-nirari III, 43, 81, 233, 268
Adar, 232, 323
Agade, 7, 29
Agate, 76, 287, 340
Agents, 381
Agglutinative languages, 105
Agriculture, 13, 14, 367, 368, 377, 389
Ahab, 36, 316
Ahaz, k. of Judah, 36, 111
Akkad. Cf. Agade
Alabaster, 14, 75, 76, 83, 146, 225, 226, 326
Alashiya, 109
Alcohol, 370
Alexander the Great, 3, 39
Altaku, battle of, 37
Altars, 135, 141, 184, 206, 301
Amen, 365
Amenḥetep III, 21, 108
Amenḥetep IV, 108; cf. Khuenaten
Amethyst, 287, 340
Amphora, 298
Amran, 71, 72
Amulets, 116, 321
Amurru, land of, 130
Andrae, excavations and discoveries by, 69, 77, 140, 142, 149-51, 176, 254, 355 et passim
Animals, 14-24, 244, 270, 271
“Ankh” sign, 314
Antelope, 16, 19, 184, 291
Antiochus Soter, 59
Anu, the god, 102, 388, 391;
- Temple of, 397
Anu-Adad Temple, 141-4, 323
Apil-Sin, 110
Appeal, Court of, 384
Arabia, 114
Arad-Sin, 32
Arakhtu canal, 74
Aralu, 400
Aramaic brick-inscriptions, 70
Archers, 195, 261, 350-6
Arches and arched structures, 156, 168-80, 210
Architecture, 119-80
Armenia, 10
Arrow, copper heads, 242;
- emblem, 398
Artaxerxes I, 66
Ashdod, 53, 112, 113
Ashur, 141-4, 178, 180, 200, 229, 232, 254, 261, 263, 335
Ashur, the god, 25, 79, 146, 306, 307, 391, 392, 397
Ashur-bani-pal, 2, 38, 39, 56, 64, 71, 73, 114, 150, 218-22, 268
Ashur-bêl-kala, 35, 48, 229
Ashur-etil-ilâni, 43
Ashur-naṣir-pal, 20, 24, 35, 48, 78, 80, 81, 140, 141, 145, 199, 201, 202, 205, 230, 239, 240
Ashur-rêsh-ishi, 81, 142
Askelon, 37
Ass, 14, 18, 220, 366
Assyrian army, 350;
- buildings, 140-48, 151-58;
- civilization of, 3, 34;
- cylinder-seals, 304;
- laws, customs, etc., 344, 389-95;
- sculpture, 200, 229
Astrolabæ, 116
Astrology, 104, 109
Aten, disc of, 306
Axe, 254, 340
Babil, 59
Babylon, 29, 59, 69, 114, 116, 241, 268 et passim;
- cf. also Ḳàsr
Babylonia, 3, 4, 10, 156, 181, 222, 375, 386
Balâwât, 15, 55, 258
Bandlets, 216
Bank, artificial, 208
Banks, E. J., excavations and discoveries by, 6, 82, 172, 223, 326, 333, 334
Barbaro, Josafat, 85
Barbel, 27
Barley, 11
Barton, G. A., 96, 98
Basalt, 14, 81, 167, 198, 232, 240, 326
Baskets, 190
Basket-carriers, 247
Bas-reliefs, 181-200, 201-22, 271, 272, 273, 274
Battering-rams, 203, 208, 261, 359 f.
Battle-axes, 188, 193
Bau, the goddess, 326, 365, 367, 373, 397
Baumgarten, 74
Bavian relief of Sennacherib, 81, 397
Bazu, land of, 23
Beans, 370
Bearded and beardless Assyrians, 239
Beef, 366
Beer, 383
Behistun inscription, 90
Bêl, 17, 71, 391, 397
Bêlit, 71, 393
Bells, bronze, 255
Bel-Merodach, 305
Belshazzar, 39, 51
Belus, temple of, 138
Berosus, 150
Bey, Bedri, excavations by, 68
Bilingual tablets, 104
Bingani-shar-ali, 294
Bint-el-Amir, 64
Birch, 261
Birds, in Mesopotamian art, etc., 24, 115, 184, 367
Birs-Nimrûd, 18, 29, 51;
- cf. also Borsippa
Bismâya, 6, 82, 83, 121, 123, 159, 223, 251, 326, 327, 333
Bisons, 2, 3, 23, 292
Bitumen, 124 f., 226, 243, etc.
Black Obelisk, 15, 267; 93
Blow-pipe, 331
Boars, 19, 24
Boats, 14, 259, 334, 361 f.
Bone, implements of, 74, 178
Boomerang, weapons shaped like, 183, 188, 298, 340, 341 ff.
Booth, A. J., 94
Borsippa, 29, 59; cf. Birs-Nimrûd
Boscawen, 254
Botta, discoveries and excavations by, 41, 279, 321, 335, 345 etc.
Boundary-stones, 16, 101, 111, 395
Bows and arrows, 193, 203, 204, 205, 208, 216, 219, 341
Bracelets, 202, 212, 230, 233, 261, 268, 347, 348
Branding, 385
Bread, 11, 370
Breccia, 70, 71
Bricks, 120-3
Bridge of boats, 259
Bronze, 13, 54, 55, 103, 150, 242, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 262, 267
Budge, E. A. Wallis, excavations by, 68
Buffalo, 2, 3, 23, 45, 293
Bull, 15, 17, 24, 213, 214, 236, 237-9, 257, 272, 275, 276, 280, 289, 298, 305, 310, 398
Burials, 62, 69, 74, 75, 77, 80, 176-8, 190, 365
Burnouf, Emile, 90
Bur-Sin, 77, 104, 253, 301, 324
Business-contracts, 371
Bustard, 26
Cabbage, 390
Calah, 35;
- cf. also Nimrûd
Calf, 192, 398
Camels, 15, 390
Camp-stools, 291, 297
Capital offences, 384
Capsules, 158, 323
Carchemish, 39
Carnelian, 287
Carpenters, 227, 366
Carts, 214
Case-tablets, 106
Cavalry, Assyrian, 281, 353 f.
Caylus, Count, 86
Cedar-wood, 2, 73, 130, 131, 150, 161, 258
Chalcedony, cylinder-seals of, 287
Champollion, 89
Chardin, 85
Chariots, 15, 188, 203, 204, 219, 220, 259, 281, 295, 304, 354 f.
Chickens, as offerings, 367
Chinese art and language, 10
Chosroes, 41
Cilicia, 38
Clark, C. H., 63
Clay, 75, 77, 95, 103-18, 252, 273, 274 ff., 324
Clay, A. T., discoveries by, 65, 303, 331
Clay, E. W., 63
Cloth, coverings of clay urns, 334
Club, emblem, 398
Cock, 26
Coffins, 49
Colour boxes, 77
Colours, 270, 283
Columns, 160-8, 396, 397
Combs, 349
Commagene, 34
Commercial tablets, 110
Cones, 111, 112, 123, 148, 202, 249
Copper, 75, 77, 180, 242-7, 249, 252, 286
Coral, 340
Coriander, 390
Corundum, 287
Cosmologies, Babylonian, Egyptian, Hebrew, 4
Cotton, 347
Couch, royal, 221
“Country of the Sea,” 33, 34
Cow, 366
Crane, 26
Creation legends, 53
Cremation, 62
Crenelated walls, 152, 203, 211, 227, 261
Crescent, 296, 302, 305, 306, 308, 395
Crews for transport-barges, 107
Cros, Gaston, excavations and discoveries by, 84, 235, 334, 344
Crown-lands, 391
“Crux ansata,” 314
Crystal, 287
Ctesias, 141
Cucumbers, 370
Cuneiform inscriptions and literature, 85-116, 203
Cups, 184, 205, 221, 326, 327
Cutha, 29
Cyaxares, 39
Cylinder-seals, 284-308
Cypress, 2, 73
Cyprus, 294
Cyrus, 39, 74
Dabigu, 260
Daggers, 202, 219, 281, 298, 311
Dagan, 307, 319, 320
Damascus, 114
Darius II, 66
Date, 12, 13, 370
Dating, Babylonian method of, 110
Dead, future state and offerings for, 374, 399 f.
De Bruin, 85
Deer, 3, 24, 220, 265
Deification of kings, 375
Deities on seals, 291 f.
Deity seated, 198;
- cf. also Gods
De la Becke, Sir H., 283
Delitzsch, Friedrich, 61, 71, 74, 261, 264, 273
Deluge story, 53
Demons, 140, 262, 321
De Morgan, J., 226
Dêr, 68
De Sacy, 86
De Sarzec, excavations and discoveries by, 13, 56-8, 161, 171, 187, 195, 227, 234, 243, 244, 248, 253, 329
De Saulcy, 93
Diarbekr, 195, 200
Diodorus, 59, 90, 127, 273
Diorite, 14, 81, 146, 227, 228, 229
Disc, of sun, 206
Disc, winged, 395
Distraint, 382
Divorce, 365
Dogs, 14, 18, 19, 220, 235, 297, 398
Dolerite, 14, 57, 69, 91, 241
Domes, 155
Dove, 26, 323, 398
Dowries, 376
Dragons, 275, 295, 305, 336
Drains, 158-60
Dress, 181, 198, 216, 221, 223, 226, 230, 232, 233, 281, 337-56
Ducks, 367
Duck weights, 26
Dudu, 192, 266, 289
Dungi, 6, 32, 50, 82, 101, 110, 247, 298, 301
Dûr Sharrukîn, 41, 279;
- cf. also Khorsabad
“Dûru,” the, 81
Ea, the god, 27, 73, 299, 388, 391, 392, 396, 397
Ea-bani, 2, 292, 293, 330, 403
Eagle, 24, 25, 280, 291, 306, 310, 398
Eagle, Etana and, 297
Eannatum, 27, 57, 187, 188, 326
Earrings, 252, 264, 347, 348
East India House Inscription, 140, 150
Ebony, 349
Eggs, stone, 340
Egypt, 3, 4, 38, 256, 258, 268, 269, 286, 312, 313
Egyptian hieroglyphics, 5, 331
“Ekimmu,” 403
Ekron, 37
Ekua, 73
E-kur, 399
Elamites, 2, 31, 32, 37, 38, 114, 199, 247
El-Hibba, 61, 148
En-lil, the god, 17, 62, 133-6, 325, 326, 373
Enlitarzi, 373
Entemena, 12, 30, 137, 191, 265, 326
Enubi-Marduk, 108
Envelopes, 105, 106
E-pa, 133, 136
Eponyms, 114
Erech, 9, 29, 30;
- cf. also Warka
Eridu, 27, 29;
- cf. also Abû Shahrein
Erman, 369
E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 71-3, 115, 199
Esar, k. of Adab, 223
Esarhaddon, 13, 23, 38, 43, 73, 78, 114
Eschatology, 399-405
Esneh, 4
Etana, 297
E-temen-an-ki, 73, 138
Eulmash-shakin-shûm, 205
Euphrates, 10, 11
Euting, Prof., 122
Exchange, mediums of, 367
Eyes, 181, 191, 202, 308
E-zida, 51, 59, 115
Face-masks, 264
Fâra, 74, 121, 157, 172, 242, 250
Feathers, 181, 403
Feudalism, 390, 391
Field, Mr., 63
Figs, 13, 217, 370
Fish, 26, 27, 115, 281, 334, 370
Fisher, C. S., 10, 63, 136
Fish-god, 307, 319;
- cf. also Dagon
Fishing-hooks, 76
Flandin, 272
Flint, 75, 242, 287
Flowers, 13, 277, 278, 301
Fly-flaps, 205, 216, 221
Foot-wear, 202, 271, 280, 349
Fortress, assault of, 210
Foundation-cylinders, 50, 51
Fox, 20
Frazier, W. W., 63
Freestone, blue, 326
Fresnel, expedition of, 47, 273, 328
Frog, 20
Fruits, 370
Funerals, 374
Furniture-makers, 366
“Future Life,” 76, 399 f.
Gardeners, 366
Garlic, 390
Garnet, 267
Gates, double-leaved, 210
Gates, on seals, 297;
- cf. also Balâwât
Gate-sockets, 57, 65, 83, 102, 259, 267
Gatumdug, the goddess, 228, 235, 373
Gaza, 37
Gazelle, 16, 19, 184, 256, 257
Geere, H. V., 63
Genouillac, 364, 370
Gezer, 254
Gilgamesh, 3, 53, 191, 289, 292, 293, 311, 330, 338, 372, 393, 403
Gimil-Sin, 302
Gishgibilgemesh, 372
Glass, 42, 76, 180, 286, 331
Goats, 14, 17, 18, 184, 250, 265, 290, 297, 366
Goddess, nude, 295, 321 f.
Gods, 102, 104, 111, 197, 318, 321, 324, 372-5, 386-9, 391-5
Gold, 6, 72, 73, 74, 79, 83, 139, 150, 263, 264, 286, 323
Goose, 367, 398
Grammatical tablets, 104
Granite, 59, 83
Griffins, 256, 257
Grotefend, G. Friedrich, 87
Gudea, 6, 13, 22, 31, 57, 61, 62, 84, 133, 136, 149, 227, 228, 235, 243, 298, 299, 318, 329
Guilds, trade, 376
Gula, the goddess, 397, 398
Gum, 370
Gungunu, 32
Hadadnadinakhe, 149
Hades, 400
Hair, arrangement of, 183, 188, 190, 216, 224, 225, 226, 230, 233, 244, 338
Halévy, Joseph, 105
Halicarnassus, 331
Handles, lateral, 243
Hanging gardens, 127
Hannon, 37
Hare, 20
Harper, R. F., excavations and discoveries by, 63, 82, 94, 97, 123, 131, 142, 264, 267, 377
Harrison, Provost, 63
Hatchets, 75, 76, 242, 296
Hawaiians, war-gods of, 263
Haynes, excavations and discoveries by, 125, 133, 135, 157, 171, 334
Head-dresses, 198, 202, 203, 206, 216, 228, 233, 249, 271, 321, 338, 339, 345, 356, 396
Hebrews, 404 f.
Heifers, 266
Helmets, 187, 188, 193, 195, 212, 281, 350 f.
Henna, 327
Hereditary principle, 390
Herodotus, 10, 13, 127, 131, 138, 157, 284
Heroes, 289, 290
Heuzey, Léon, discoveries, etc., by, 25, 169, 184, 186, 187, 191, 192, 251, 246, 310, 321
Hezekiah, k. of Judah, 37, 38, 208
Hillah, 285, 322
Hilprecht, H. V., excavations and discoveries by, 16, 57, 59, 60, 63, 66, 117, 136, 148, 169, 184, 252, 328, etc.
Hincks, 91, 92
Hindiyah Canal, 11, 12
Historical documents, 104, 110, 111
Hit, 124
Hittites, 33, 35, 69
Holtzman, 91
Hommel, F., 98, 139
Honey, 11
Honeysuckle, paintings of, 282
Horns, symbolic (?), 211
Horse, 14, 15, 16, 28, 281, 397
Hoshea, k. of Israel, 36
House-building, 383
Houses, 156-8
Hunting-scenes, 204-5, 218-21
Huts, 169
Hyenas, 24
Hyksos kings, 16
Hymns, 104
Hyssop, 390
Ibex, 3, 19, 257, 290, 308
Ibi-Sin, 302
Igigi, 397
Ili-Ippalzam, 108
Ilu-Ittia, 114
Iluma-ilu, 33
Imgur-Bêl, 139
Imgur-Marduk, 67
Impalement, 208
Implements, 252
Inlay work, 236, 249, 250, 251, 254
Inundation, 4
Irak, 344
Irishum, 3, 79
Iron, 255, 268, 269, 286
Irrigation, 368, 390
Ishme-Dagan, 143
Ishme-Dagan, k. of Isin, 321
Ishtar, the goddess, 70, 306, 388, 391, 393, 395, 396, 397
Ishtar’s Gate, 271, 274, 275
Isin, dynasty of, 32
Israel, 36
Ivory, 13, 83, 223, 254, 312
Ivy, 14
Jackals, 24
Jackson, Sir John (Ltd.), 11
Jade, 287
Jasper, 287
Jastrow, Morris, 65, 321, 388, 392, 393
Jehoiakim, 39
Jehu, 15
Jerusalem, 37, 39
Jewellery, 76, 252, 261, 267, 323, 340, 346, 348
Job, 404
Johns, C., 369, 377, 389
Jonah, 14
Josephus, 151
Judah, 36, 38, 39, 112
Ḳalat Sherḳat, 48, 59, 69, 77, 78, 94, 158, etc.;
- cf. Ashur
Kallima-Sin, 16
Kampfer, 85
“Kanephores,” 246
“Karduniash,” 34
Karûn, river, 22
Ḳasr, 149-51; cf. Babylon
Kassites, 33, 303, 335
“Kaunakes” garments, 310
Khabour, 129
Khammurabi, 32, 50, 107, 108, 110, 141, 198, 376
Khipa, 116
Khorsabad, 41, 131, 160, 174, 239, 272
Khuenaten, 306
Khukhnuri, land of, 110
“Ki-gallu,” 402
King, L. W., excavations and discoveries by, 84, 252, 311, 408
Kinneir, 90
Kish, 5, 29, 30, 310
Knife, 75, 242, 311, 398
Kohl, 327
Koldewey, R., excavations and discoveries by, 61, 68 f, 125, 127, 130, 144, 146, 149-51, 164, 276, 322, 335, 349
Kouyunjik collection, 104
Kudur-Mabuk, 32, 112, 247, 248
“Kudurrus,” 396; cf. Boundary-stones
Kurdistan, 16
Kurigalzu, 303
Labour, 377
Lachish, 38, 215-17
Lacouperie, 10
Lagash, 6, 9, 29, 191, 192, 265, 289, 290;
- cf. also Tellô
Lamassi, 238
Lamps, 177, 334, 398
Lance, 243
Landlord and tenant, 108, 377 f.
Lapis lazuli, 76, 102, 225, 250, 288, 315, 340
Larsa, 17, 29, 30; temples, 139
Lassen, 90
Layard, Sir Henry, excavations and discoveries by, 18, 22, 23, 42-7, 54, 129, 140, 166, 167, 175, 253, 255, 262, 271, 280, 335
Laws, 198, 384, 398
Lead, 253, 255, 267, 268
Leases, 398
Lebanon, 130
Leek, 390
Legal contracts, 105, 106 ff.
Leopard, 24, 257, 292
Letters, 107, 108
Lettuce, 390
Lever, 214
Lexicography, 104
Libations, 205
Libyan languages, 5
Limestone, 14, 70, 145, 153, 182, 183, 224, 230, 287, 326, 327
Linen, 346
Lions, 20, 21, 22, 24, 185, 218, 219, 234-43, 251, 255, 257, 265, 270, 275-6, 280-9, 290-1, 293, 309, 324, 330
Liver, omens derived from, 116
Locusts, 26
Loftus, W. K., excavations and discoveries by, 49, 51, 123, 156, 158, 163, 331
Longperier, 94
Lotus-plants, 13, 312
Löwenstern, 94
Lu-enna, 267
Lugal-anda, 288
Lugal-banda, 111
Lugal-Kigub-nidudu, 30, 102
Lugal-Kisali, 30
Lugal-shar-engur, 29
Lugal-Tarsi, 102
Lugal-zaggisi, 30, 326
Lydia, 39
Lynxes, 24
Maat, 314
Macalister, 254
Maces, 191, 200, 230, 287
Magan, 328, 335
Magic, 104, 109, 374
Mail, coats of, 350 f.
Manasseh, 38
Man-fish, 398
Manishtusu, 31, 226, 371
Marble, 42, 55, 83, 223, 287, 326, 328, 347
Marduk, 33, 48, 71, 73, 199, 273, 306, 386, 391, 392, 397
Marriage, 364, 376, 389
Maspero, 269, 408
Mathematics, 104
Measures, 372
Mechanics, 214, 215
Medes, 39
Medicine, 104, 109
Meissner, 69, 390
Memphis, 38
Mesilim, k. of Kish, 29, 30, 185, 310
Mesniu, the, 4
Messerschmidt, 62
Metals, Babylonian work, 242-53;
- Assyrian work, 253-69;
- cf. also pp. 83, 103, 131, 132
Meyer, M. L., excavations by, 61, 69
Military arrangements, 188, 195
Milk, 366, 370, 390
Millet, 11, 13
Mitani, 109
Mohammerah, 3, 22
Mohl, 41
Money-lenders, 379, 388
Monkey, 20, 282
Monotheism, 372, 386
Moritz, B., 61
Mortar, 124-6
Mortgage, 108
Moschians, 34
Mother of emerald, 287
Mother-of-pearl, 83, 249, 250, 309, 311, 340
Moulds, 252
Mounds, 6
Mountain-sheep, 20
Muḳeyyer, 50, 120, 156, 159, 242
Mule, 17
Münter, 86, 87
Murashû Tablets, 66
“Mushlala,” 78
Musical instruments, 197, 204, 205, 221, 222
Mutilation, 385
Mutton, 366
Mythology, 104
Nabonassar, 110
Nabonidus, 5, 6, 50, 60
Nabopolassar, 34, 39, 73, 112, 150, 207
Nabû. Cf. Nebo
Nabû-aplu-iddina, 118, 205, 207
Nails, 243-4, 245, 253, 258
Nairi, 35
Names, divinely-compounded, 374
Nanâ, 391
Napir-asu, 262
Narâm-Sin, 5, 7, 8, 30, 31, 57, 64, 67, 83, 84, 117, 135, 193-4-5, 293, 328
Nash, W. L., 331
Nebi Yûnus, 14, 56
Nebo, 48, 51, 77, 78, 84, 139, 232
Nebuchadnezzar I, 16, 397
Nebuchadnezzar II, 39, 50, 51, 73, 115, 138, 140, 149, 150, 243, 331
Necho, 39
Necklaces, 197, 264
Neo-Babylonian Empire, 304
Nergal, 73, 391
Neriglissar, 74
Nets, 310
Newberry, 284
Newton, 331
Niebuhr, Carsten, 86
Nile, 4
Nîmit-Marduk, 67
Nimitti-Bêl, 139
Nimrûd, 13, 42, 55, 56, 140, 175, 232, 235, 239, 268, 280, 281, 307, 312, 313, 319
Ninâ, 13
Nineveh, 14, 34, 84, 239, 335
Ningal, 197
Nin-girsu, 29, 133, 183, 186, 191, 266, 299, 372
Nin-gish-zi-da, 22, 299, 329, 372
Ninkharsag, 227, 398
Ninib (Adar), 42, 388, 397
Nin-lil, 325
Nin-makh, 71, 136, 137, 278, 322
Ninsun, 111
Ninus, 273
Nippur, 6, 29, 99, 30, 62-8, 116, 121, 132-6, 161-3, 184, 304, 322, 333
Norris, Edwin, 91
Nusku, 398
Oaks, 13
Oannes, 27;
- cf. Ea.
Oars, 363
Obsidian, 75, 287
Olive, 11, 13
Oliver, 90
Omens, 104;
- Cf. Pigs, Dogs, etc.
Onions, 370, 390
Onyx, 83, 287, 326
Opis, 29
Oppert, 47, 94, 273, 328
Oryx, 3, 20
Ostrich, 25, 307
Ovid, 141
Oxen, 14, 16, 253, 273, 366
Ox-hoof, 115, 254
Oyster shells, 309
Padî, k. of Ekron, 113
Painting, 270-83
Palaces, Assyrian, 151-6;
- Babylonian, 148-51
Palm-trees, 129, 158, 221
Panther, 273
Partnerships, 382
Pehlevi, language and inscriptions, 16, 86, 87
Pepper, Wm., 63
Percy, Dr., 283
Perfumery, 366
Perrot and Chipiez, 140, 238, 271, 408, etc.
Persepolis, 86, 87, ff.
Persian cuneiform, 86, 87, ff.
Persians, 39
Peters, J. P., excavations and discoveries by, 63, 161, 162, 334, etc.
Petrie, W. Flinders, 269, 332
Phœnician characters, 21, 255, 312
Picture-writing, 96-100
Pigs, 14, 20
Pinches, T., 139, 140, 261
Pir-Hussein, 339
Place, Victor, excavations and discoveries by, 41, 42, 153, 160, 173, 279
Planetary colours, 138
“Plano-convex” bricks, 120
Plans, 116
Plants, 115
Pliny, 59
Plough, 16, 184, 280, 303, 304
Polyandry, 364
Polygamy, 364, 365
Polytheism, 372
Pomegranates, 12, 370
Poplar, 12, 129
Porcupines, 20, 24
Pork, 19
Porphyry, 326
Porter, 90
Potter’s wheel, 334
Pottery, 84, 282, 333-6
Prayers, 104
Prestwich, 10
Priests, 373, 388
Prisms, 112, 113
Pul. Cf. Tiglath-Pileser III
Pyramids, 141
Quartz, 287
Quivers, 188, 195, 358
Rabbit, 20
Radau, 187, 408
Radishes, 370, 390
Rafts, 363
Ram, 178, 396, 397
Raphia, battle of, 37
Rassam, H. H., excavations and discoveries by, 46-9, 54-6, 59, 61, 258
Raven, 26
Rawlinson, G., 200, 222, 352, 353
Rawlinson, Sir H., discoveries by, 18, 51, 90 f., 324
Reeds, 13, 14
Religion (early), 372-5;
- (Khammurabi period), 386-9;
- (Assyrian), 391-5
Rent, 378
Repoussé-work, 258, 259 ff.
Rezin, k. of Damascus, 36
Rich, C. J., discoveries by, 40, 59
Rim-Sin, 32, 101, 247, 248
Ring and staff, 103, 198, 206
Riparian obligations, 379
Rivets, 252
Rogers, R. W., 94, 408
Roofs, Assyrian, 153, 154
Ropes, 206, 214, 281
Rosettes, 14, 78, 202, 233, 260, 274, 279, 315, 357
Sacrifices, 244, 373
Saddles, 353
Sagittarius, 398
Sammuramat, 233
Samsu-iluna, 50, 68, 108, 110
Sandals. Cf. Foot-wear
Sandstone, 69, 70, 163, 325, 327
Sanskrit, 90
Sarcophagi, 74, 75, 180
Sargon, 37, 53, 79, 112, 144, 151-4, 209, 212, 330
Saws, 75, 242
Sayce, A. H., 89, 94, 407, 408 et passim
Sceptre, 197, 230
Scheil, Père, 68, 364
Scimitar, 254
Schist, 287
Schrader, 61
Scorpion, 26
Scorpion-man, 398
Scourging, 385
Scroll-design, 192, 315
Sculpture, bas-reliefs (Assyrian), 201-22
- (Babylonian), 181-200
Sculpture, in the round, 222-41
Seals, 285, 286, 324
Semiramis, 233, 273
Semites, 5, 30
Senkereh, 49; cf. also Larsa
Sennacherib, 37, 38, 46, 47, 56, 78, 113, 213-17, 330, 397
Serpents, 22, 23, 273, 296, 299, 329, 398
Sesame, 11
“Shadûf,” 369
Shagshag, 373
Shalmaneser I, 35, 78
Shalmaneser II, 15, 36, 55, 81, 143, 207, 232, 259, 268
Shalmaneser IV, 36, 37
Shamash, 1, 60, 139, 205, 296, 396-7
Shamash-Killâni, 116
Shamash-shum-ukîn, 38, 73, 110
Shamshi-Adad, 79, 143, 167
Share-profit system, 378
Shar-Gâni-Sharri, 5, 7, 8, 23, 67, 102, 117, 293
Sharru-Gi, 30, 31
Shatt el-Hai Canal, 224
Shatt en-Nîl Canal, 133
Sheaf, 398
Shêdi, 238
Sheep, 14, 17, 18, 115, 297, 366
Shell, 72, 75, 76, 236, 250, 287, 341
Sheol, 401
Shields, 208, 211, 281, 360
Shipping, 381
Shualu, 401 f.
Shutruk-Nakhunte, 194
Sidon, 114
Silver, 72, 73, 76, 150, 251, 264, 265, 267, 286
Simmash-shipak, 205
Simon, L., 61
Sin, the Moon-god, 50, 306, 388, 391, 395, 396, 397
Sin-eribam, 106
Sin-Gamil, 101
Sin-gashid, k. of Erech, 111
Sin-idinnam, k. of Larsa, 107, 111
Sin-ikisham, 106
Sin-muballit, 101
Sin-shar-ishkun, 81, 144, 145 ff.
Sippar, 3, 29, 139;
- cf. also Abû Habba
Ṣit-napishtim, 26, 404
Skins, 203, 211, 363
Slaves, 376
Slings, 341
Smith, George, excavations and discoveries by, 52-4, 128, 138
Solomon, 316
South-west wind, 262
Spain, 334
Sparrow and plough, 398
Spasinus Chorax, 3
Spearmen, Assyrian, 350-6
Spears, 76, 193, 211, 219, 242
Sphinxes, 312
Squeezes, 90, 117
Stag, 20
Stage-tower. Cf. Ziggurat
Stalagmite, 325, 326
Standards, 193, 204, 244
Star, 296, 302, 305, 395
Statues, offerings to, 373
Steatite, 197, 235, 252, 329
Stone, uses of, 74, 75, 100, 101, 115, 126-9, 224, 245, 246, 325-31
Stork, 26
Storm-god, the. Cf. Adad
Strabo, 127, 157, 158, 168
Stucco, 278
Stylus, 227
Sumerians, 1, 2, 10, 29, 290, 291, 364, 372
Sumu-abu, 32, 110
Sumu-ilu, k. of Ur, 235
Sumu-la-ilu, k. of Babylon, 110
Sun-god, 111;
- cf. also Shamash
“Sun-Tablet,” 164, 205
Surgeons, 385
Surghul, 61, 157
Susa, 1, 2, 32, 38, 193, 199, 226, 262, 331, 334
Swallow, 26
Swan, 26
Swimming, 203
Swords, 212, 254, 350 f.
Syenite, 287
Syllabaries, 109
Symbolism, 395
“Synchronous History,” 111
Syria (northern), 35, 36
Table, 307
Tablets, 103, 105, 286
Talbot, 94
Tamarisk, 130, 370
Tarsus, 38
Taylor, J. E., excavations and discoveries by, 50, 51, 120, 123, 124, 133, 134, 156, 159, 163, 176, 200, 242, 263
Tell el-Amarna letters, 108
Tell el-Hesy. Cf. Lachish
Tellô (Lagash), 13, 56-8, 61, 84, 161, 187, 195, 224, 234, 248, 301, 310
Tell Sifr, 50
Temples, Assyrian, 140-8;
- Babylonian, 132-40
Temple-towers, 1;
- cf. also Ziggurats
Terebinth, 13
Terra-cotta, 321, 322, 324
Te-Umman, k. of Elam, 114, 222
Thebes, 38, 114
Thistle, 14
Thompson, R. C., excavations by, 84
Thrones, 197, 216, 217, 235, 264
Thunderbolt, 79, 395
Thureau-Dangin, 364
Tiâmat, 306
Tibet, 18
Tiglath-Pileser 1, 34, 35, 112, 142, 200, 267, 268
Tiglath-Pileser II, 79
Tiglath-Pileser III, 36, 43, 81, 111, 208, 268
Tigris, 10
Til-Garimum, 113
Tin, 253, 255
Tirhakah, k. of Egypt, 38, 114
Toilet, 327, 347
Tortoise, 20
Trades, 366, 380
Trees, 12, 280, 291, 306
Trilingual inscriptions, 86
Tubal, 113
Tukulti-Ninib I, 21, 34, 72, 78, 79, 81, 179
Tukulti-Ninib II, 35
Tulips, 282
Turbans, 228, 300, 302
Turks, 12, 68
Turnips, 390
Turtle-doves, 367
Tychsen, 86
Tyre and Sidon, 363
Umbrellas, 205
Umma, 29, 30
Ungnad, 19
Untash-gal, k. of Elam, 262
Ur, 6, 29, 30, 31, 133;
- cf. also Muḳeyyer
Ur-Bau, 149, 227, 249
Ur-Engur, 6, 31, 32, 50, 64, 67, 82, 133 f., 299
Ur-Ninâ, 9, 30, 120, 130, 149, 186, 235, 244, 310
Urukagina, 13, 27, 30, 326, 374
Urumush, 30, 31, 328
Urzage, 325
Ushpia, 78
Utug, 325
Valle, Pietro della, 85
Vases, 226, 229, 302, 398
Vegetables, 373
Vestments, 206
Vetches, 14
Vines, 13, 112, 217, 218, 221
Votive figures, 244
Vultures, 24, 25, 57, 187, 188 ff., 204, 290
Wages, 380
Ward, W. Hayes, 2, 15, 16, 63, 284, 285, 287, 292, 295, 298, 304, 305, 341, 396-8
Warka, excavations and discoveries at, 9, 49, 156, 163, 312
Water-fowl, 334
Weapons, 188, 202, 221, 252, 259, 340-4, 350-9
Weavers, 365
Westergaard, 91
Wheat, 11
Wilkinson, 369
Windows, 160, 211
“Window Inscription,” 85
Wine. Cf. also Alcohol, 11
Winged Being, 202, 286
Winged Disc, 306
Winged monsters, excavation and transport of, 43-5
Witnesses, 384
Wolves, 24
Woman, 224, 225, 226, 229, 244, 245, 338, 340, 365, 366, 389
Wood, 129-31
Wood-carving, 236
Wool, 337, 366 f., 390
World, map of, Babylonian conception of, 116
Wuswas façade, 157
Xerxes, 86, 331
Yôkha, 121
Zabum, 72, 110
Zamama, 398
Zaquriu, 268
Zarpanit, 73
Zedekiah, 39
Zend-Avesta, 86
Ziggurats, 42, 142, 143, 148
Zoroastrian faith, 86