[224] See Illustrations at the end of this Oration.

[225] Lucan, Pharsalia, Lib. I. 12.

[226] Pantagruel, Book II. ch. 30.

[227] "L'art militaire, c'est à dire, l'art funeste d'apprendre aux hommes à s'exterminer les uns les autres."—Massillon, Oraison Funèbre de Louis le Grand.

[228] Waller, Of Queen Catharine, on New Year's Day, 1683.

[229] Schiller, Columbus.

[230] Exodus, xxxiii. 18, 19.—It was a saying of Heathen Antiquity, that to help a mortal was to be a God to a mortal, and this is the way to everlasting Glory: "Deus est mortali juvare mortalem, et hæc ad æternam Gloriam via."—Plin., Nat. Hist., II. 7.

[231] Of Education: Prose Works, Vol. I. p. 273.

[232] Biographie Universelle: Art. Vincent de Paul.

[233] Howard's State of the Prisons, p. 469.

[234] Clarkson's History of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, Vol. I. p. 171.

[235]

Æneid, III. 581, 582.

[236] Maritime International Law, Vol. II. p. 298.

[237] Commentaries on the Law of Nations, Preface, p. v.

[238] Maritime International Law, Vol. II. p. 441.

[239] Ovid, Epist. ex Ponto, Lib. IV. Ep. v. 43.

[240] Letter to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786: Writings of Washington, ed. Sparks, Vol. IX. p. 159.

[241] Letter to Robert Pleasants, January 18, 1779: Goodloe's Southern Platform, p. 79.

[242] Annals of Congress, 1st Cong. 2d Sess., 1198.

[243] Writings of Washington, ed. Sparks, Vol. I. p. 570.

[244] Hesiod, Opera et Dies, 109-201.

[245] Hor., Carm. III. vi. 45-48.

[246] Principj di una Scienza nuova d'intorno alla comune Natura delle Nazioni. The fourth book is entitled Del corso che fanno le nazioni; the fifth book, Del ricorso delle cose humane nel risurgere che fanno le nazioni.

[247] Cataldo Jannelli, Cenni sulla Natura et Necessità della Scienza delle Cose et delle Storie Umane. Cap. 3, sec. 6.

[248] Leibnitz, Opera Omnia (ed. Dutens), Tom. VI. p. 309: Leibnitiana, Art. LXXIV.—"Ut semper certa serie progredi valeamus." Opera Philosophica, p. 85, Art. XI., De Scientia Universali.—See also Théodicée, § 341.

[249] Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, tr. Churchill, Book XV. ch. 5, § 12.

[250] Descartes, Discours de la Méthode, Part. 6: Œuvres, Tom. I. pp. 192, 193.

[251] Pascal, Pensées, Part. I. Art. 1, De l'Autorité en Matière de Philosophie: Œuvres (ed. Bossut, 1779), Tom. II.

[252] Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes, en ce qui regarde les Arts et les Sciences.

[253] Fontenelle, Digression sur les Anciens et les Modernes: Œuvres, Tom. II. p. 249.

[254] Sur les Progrès successifs de l'Esprit Humain: Œuvres (ed. Daire), Tom. II. pp. 697-611.

[255] Plan de Deux Discours sur l'Histoire Universelle: Œuvres, Tom II. pp. 626-667.

[256] Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humain.

[257] Rapport fait à la Convention Nationale, au Nom du Comité d'Instruction Publique, etc.: Œuvres de Condorcet (ed. O'Connor et Arago, Paris, 1847-49), Tom. VI. pp. 3-5.

[258] Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Lib. II. 78.

[259] De Augmentis Scientiarum, Lib. I.: Works, Vol. IV. p. 34.

[260] There is a sermon by Dr. Price, published in 1787, on The Evidence of a Future Period of Improvement in the State of Mankind.

[261] Journey to the Hebrides: Works (Oxford, 1825), Vol. IX. p. 98.

[262] Discourse on the Study of the Law of Nature and Nations, p. 34.

[263] Lyell's Principles of Geology (7th ed.), Vol. I. p. 216. Lyell's Travels in North America, Ch. 2. Horner's Anniversary Address, for 1847, before the London Geological Society, pp. 23-27. D'Archiac, Histoire des Progrès de la Géologie, Tom. I. p. 358.

[264] Supplied to me by the late Professor H.D. Rogers, from the notes of his Lectures.

[265] Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chancellors, Vol. II. ch. 40, p. 51.

[266] Essays of Basil Montagu, p. 69.

[267] Aubrey's Letters and Lives, Vol. II. p. 383.

[268] The Grand Concern of England, 1673: Harleian Miscellany, Vol. VIII. pp. 539, 540.

[269] Quarterly Review, Vol. XXXI. pp. 361, 362. Illustrations of this spirit might be indefinitely extended. One, made familiar to the world by Macaulay's History, since this Address was delivered, has too much point to be omitted. As late as the close of the reign of Charles the Second, the streets of London, with a population of half a million, were not lighted at night, and, as a natural consequence, became the frequent scene of assassination and outrage, perpetrated under the shelter of darkness. At last, in 1685, it was proposed to place a light, on moonless nights, before every tenth door. This projected improvement was enthusiastically applauded and furiously attacked. "The cause of darkness," says Macaulay, "was not left undefended. There were fools in that age who opposed the introduction of what was called the new light, as strenuously as fools in our age have opposed the introduction of vaccination and railroads, as strenuously as the fools of an age anterior to the dawn of history doubtless opposed the introduction of the plough and of alphabetical writing."—History of England, Vol. I. ch. 3.

[270] Of the Plough: Sermons, Vol. I. p. 65.

[271] Louis Blanc, Histoire de Dix Ans, Tom. V. ch. 10.

[272] Annals of Congress, 1st Cong. 2d Sess., 1198.

[273] Speeches and Forensic Arguments, p. 98.

[274] Memoir, Vol. III. p. 262.

[275] Ibid., p. 263.

[276] The Duty of Obedience to the Civil Magistrate, pp. 38-40.

[277] Wirt's Life and Character of Patrick Henry, pp. 373, 374.

[278] The votes, as officially determined, stood: For Taylor, 61,072; Cass, 35,284; Van Buren, 38,133.

[279] Longfellow's Poets and Poetry of Europe, p. 513.

[280] Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, Book VII. Vol. IV. p. 255.

[281] Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society, Vol. I. p. 224.

[282] Hon. Jeremiah Mason, of Boston, to Mr. Sumner.

[283] Leibnitz, Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus, Dissert. I. § 1: Opera (ed. Dutens), Tom. IV. Pars 3, pp. 287, 288. Fontenelle, Éloge de Leibnitz: Œuvres, Tom. V. p. 456.

[284] On the Applicability of the Pacific Principles of the New Testament to the Conduct of States, p. 10.

[285] Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, Book VI. ch. 3.

[286] Since the delivery of this Address, Turkey and China have accepted our Law of Nations.

[287] Law of Nations, Preface.

[288] Robinson's, Chr., Admiralty Reports, Vol. I. p. 140.

[289] Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, § 2.

[290] Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, Book VI. ch. 12.

[291] Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, Book VI. ch. 12.

[292] Cauchy, Du Duel considéré dans ses Origines, Liv. I. Seconde Époque, Ch. V. Tom. I. pp. 91, 92.

[293] Du Cange, Dissertations sur l'Histoire de St. Louis, Diss. XXVII. (XXIX.): Des Guerres Privées.

[294] Coxe, History of the House of Austria, Ch. XIX. and XXI.

[295] "Statuimus, juxta antiquum ecclesiasticæ observationis morem, ut quicumque tam impia et Christianæ paci inimica pugna alterum occiderit seu vulneribus debilem reddiderit, velut homicida nequissimus et latro cruentus, ab Ecclesiæ et omnium fidelium cœtu reddatur separatus," etc.—Canon XII. Concil. Valent.,—quoted by Cauchy, Du Duel, Liv. I. Première Époque, Ch. III., Tom. I. p. 43, note.

[296] "Nunc agentes gratias, quod ea Romana justitia finiret, feritasque sua novitate incognitæ disciplinæ mitesceret, et solita armis decerni jure terminarentur."—Velleius Paterculus, Lib. II. c. 118.

[297] Robertson, History of Charles V., Vol. I. Note 22.

[298] Widukindii, Res Gestæ Saxonicæ, Lib. II. c. 10: Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, ed. Pertz, Scriptorum Tom. III. p. 440.

[299] Robertson, History of Charles V., Vol. I. Note 22.—The Duel has a literature of its own, which is not neglected by Brunet in his Manuel du Libraire, where, under the head of Les Combats Singuliers, Tom. VI. col. 1636-1638, Table Méthodique, 28717-28749, will be found titles in various languages, from which I select the following: Joan. de Lignano, Tractatus do Bello, de Repressaliis, et de Duello, Papiæ, 1487; Tractatus de Duello, en Lat. y en Castellano, por D. Castillo, Taurini, 1525; Alciat, De Singulari Certamine, Lugd., 1543. In the development of civilization how can the literature of War expect more honor than that of the Duel?

[300] Liutprandi Leges, Lib. VI. cap. 65: Muratori, Rerum Italic. Script., Tom. I. Pars 2, p. 74.

[301] Esprit des Lois, Liv. XXVIII. ch. 23.

[302] Commentaries, Book IV. ch. 33, Vol. IV. p. 418.

[303] Plautus speaks in the Epidicus (Act III. Sc. iv. 14, 15) of one who obtained great riches by the Duelling Art, meaning the Art of War:—

And Horace, in his Odes (Lib. IV. Carm. xv. 4-9), hails the age of Augustus, as at peace, or free from Duels, and with the Temple of Janus closed:—

[304] Dictionnaire Philosophique, Art. Guerre.

[305] Matthew Paris, Historia Major, p. 274.

[306] Cauchy, Du Duel, Liv. I. Seconde Époque, Ch. III. Tom. I. p. 74.

[307] Plato, Laws, Book X. ch. 13, 14.

[308] Mass. Senate Documents, 1848: Doc. No. 13, pp. 4, 5.

[309] Ibid., Doc. No. 15, p. 23.

[310] Mass. House Documents, 1839: Doc. No. 6, p. 14.

[311] Works, Vol. VIII. p. 494.

[312] American Almanac, 1849, p. 162. United States Executive Documents: 28th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 15, pp. 1018-19; 35th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 60, pp. 6, 7.

[313] Jay's War and Peace, p. 13, note; and "True Grandeur of Nations," ante, Vol. I. p. 79.

[314] "Que l'on joigne à ces considérations des troupes toujours prêtes d'agir, mon épargne bien remplie, et la vivacité de mon caractère: c'étaient les raisons que j'avais de faire la guerre à Marie-Thérèse, reine de Bohême et d'Hongrie." These are the very words of Frederick, deliberately written in his own account of the war. Voltaire, on revising the work, dishonestly struck out this important confession, but preserved a copy, which afterwards appeared in his own Memoirs. Lord Brougham, in his sketch of Voltaire, says that "the passage thus erased and thus preserved is extremely curious, and for honesty or impudence has no parallel in the history of warriors."—Brougham, Lives of Men of Letters, Voltaire, p. 59.

[315] Sir William Jones, Ode in Imitation of Alcæus: Works, Vol. X. p. 389.

[316] True Grandeur of Nations, ante, Vol. I., pp. 97, seqq.

[317] King's Life of Locke, Vol. I. p. 99.

[318]

La Sainte Alliance des Peuples.

[319] Barlow, Vision of Columbus, Book IX. 432-438.

[320] Locksley Hall.

[321] Law of Nations, Book II. ch. 18, § 329.

[322] Acte pour la Constitution Fédérative de l'Allemagne du 8 Juin, 1815, Art. XI. par. 4: Archives Diplomatiques, Vol. IV. p. 15.

[323] Æneid, Lib. VI. 726, 727.

[324] "Perfectio gaudii est pax."—Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Prima Secundæ, Quæst. LXX., Art. III. Concl.

[325] De Imitatione Christi, Lib. II. cap. 3.

[326] De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. II. cap. 28, § 8.

[327] Traité des Moyens de conserver la Paix avec les Hommes: Essais de Morale, Tom. I. pp. 192-318. This little treatise has been printed in a recent edition of the Pensées of Pascal. Notwithstanding this great company, and the praise of Voltaire in his Écrivains du Siècle de Louis XIV., the reader of our day will be disappointed. See Hallam, Introduction to the Literature of Europe, Part IV. ch. 4, Vol. III. p. 393.

[328] Le Nouveau Cynée, ou Discours des Occasions et Moyens d'establir une Paix générale et la Liberté du Commerce par tout le Monde: Paris, 1623. A copy, found in one of the stalls of Paris, is now before me.

[329] Leibnitz. Observations sur le Projet d'une Paix Perpétuelle de l'Abbé de S. Pierre: Opera (ed. Dutens), Tom. V. pp. 56, 57.

[330] Clarkson, Life of William Penn, Ch. VI. Vol. II. pp. 82-85.

[331] Harmonies de la Nature: Œuvres, Tom. X. p. 138. Vœux d'un Solitaire: Ibid., Tom. XI. p. 168.

[332] Le Projet de Paix Perpétuelle.—A collection of the works of Saint-Pierre, in fourteen volumes, entitled Œuvres de Politique, appeared at Amsterdam in the middle of the last century. But this collection is not complete; I have several other volumes. Brunet introduces him into his Bibliographical Pantheon among "Modern Reformers"; but the space allowed is very scanty by the side of his namesake. His works are sympathetically described and analyzed in a volume published since this Address, entitled L'Abbé de Saint-Pierre, sa Vie et ses Œuvres, par G. de Molinari.

[333] Éloge de Saint-Pierre: Œuvres, Tom. XI. p. 113. See, also, Bescherelle, Dictionnaire National, under Bienfaisance.

[334] Les Caractères, Du Mérite Personnel, Tom. I. p. 93.

[335] Observations sur le Projet d'une Paix Perpétuelle; Lettre à l'Abbé de S. Pierre: Opera (ed. Dutens), Tom. V. pp. 56-62.

[336] Paradise Lost, Book VI. 29-37.

[337] The Nouvelle Biographie Générale concludes its notice of him thus:—"Après avoir mérité le beau surnom de Solliciteur pour le bien public, l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre mourut, en 1743, à l'âge de quatre-vingt-cinq ans."

[338] Caractères, Du Souverain, Tom. I. p. 332; Des Jugements, Tom. II. pp. 57-59.

[339] Extrait du Projet de Paix Perpétuelle de M. l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre.

[340] Die Abgötterei unsers Philosophischen Jahrhunderts.

[341] Widerlegung des Projects von Ewigen Frieden.

[342] Philosophie des Rechts, §§ 321-340: Werke, Band VIII. pp. 408-423.

[343] Ewiger und Allgemeiner Friede nach der Entwurf Heinrichs IV.

[344] Neues Staatsgebäude.

[345] Zum Ewigen Frieden, 1795; Verkündigung des nahen Abschlusses eines Tractats zum Ewigen Frieden in der Philosophie, 1796: Sämmtliche Werke, Band VI. pp. 405-454, 487-498.

[346] Idee zu einer Allgemeinen Geschichte in Weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Sämmtliche Werke, Band IV. pp. 141-157.

[347] Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre, §§ 53-61, Das Völkerrecht: Sämmtliche Werke, Band VII. pp. 141-157.

[348] Grundlage des Naturrechts: Ueber das Völkerrecht: Sämmtliche Werke, Band III. pp. 369-382.

[349] Ueber das Unvermeidliche Unrecht.

[350] At the Paris Peace Congress of 1849, since the delivery of this Address, with Victor Hugo as President, and Richard Cobden as an active member, Mr. Suringar, of Amsterdam, referred to this Dissertation, and announced a copy of it which had been given him for presentation to the Congress by the son of the author, John de Wal, Professor of Jurisprudence at Leyden. My own copy is a valued present from Elihu Burritt.

[351] Bentham's Works, Part VIII. pp. 537-554.

[352] Letter to Josiah Quincy, Sept. 11, 1783; to Mrs. Mary Hewson, Jan. 27, 1783; to Richard Price, Feb. 6, 1780: Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. X. p. 11; IX. p. 476; VIII. p. 417.

[353] Franklin's Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. V. pp. 122-124. Collections of Mass. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV. pp. 79-85.

[354] Franklin's Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. II. pp. 485, 486. Lyman's Diplomacy of the United States. Vol. I. pp. 143-148.

[355] Letter to Sir John Sinclair, March 23, 1798: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. IV. pp. 320, 321.

[356] MSS. of Samuel Adams, belonging to the historian, George Bancroft.

[357] Reports of Committees, 25th Cong. 2d Sess., No. 979.

[358] Mass. House Documents, Sess. 1844, No. 18.

[359] Congressional Globe, 30th Cong. 2d Sess., Jan. 16, 1849, p. 267. See also House Journal, Feb. 5, p. 372.

[360] It will be remarked that this history stops with the date of this Address.

[361] Oration at Newburyport, July 4, 1837, pp. 56, 57.

[362] Las Cases, Memorial de Sainte-Hélène, November, 1816.

[363] Sir William Jones, Ode in Imitation of Alcæus.

[364] Du Cange, Dissertations sur l'Histoire de Saint Louys par Jean Sire de Joinville, Diss. XXI. Ibid.: Petitot, Mémoires relatifs à l'Histoire de France, 1^re Série, Tom. III. p. 349. Sainte-Palaye, Mémoires sur l'Ancienne Chevalerie, Part, III. Tom. I. p. 225. The same attempt at Brotherhood appears in the "Loka-Lenna, or Strife of Loc," quoted by Sir Walter Scott in his Notes to the Metrical Romance of "Sir Tristrem," p. 350:—