1 See the notes to the historical sketch. ↑
2 Barton, Benj. S., New Views on the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, p. xlv, passim; Phila., 1797; Gallatin, Albert, Synopsis of Indian Tribes, Trans. American Antiquarian Society, ii, p. 91; Cambridge, 1836; Hewitt, J. N. B., The Cherokee an Iroquoian Language, Washington, 1887 (MS in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology). ↑
3 Heckewelder, John, Indian Nations of Pennsylvania, pp. 47–49, ed. 1876. ↑
4 Brinton, D. G., Walam Olum, p. 231; Phila., 1885. ↑
5 Schoolcraft, H. R., Notes on the Iroquois, p. 162; Albany, 1847. ↑
6 Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 47, ed. 1876. ↑
7 Haywood, John, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 225–226; Nashville, 1823. ↑
8 Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, pp. 136–137; ed. Boston, 1802. ↑
9 Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 163, 1847. ↑
10 Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 233, 236, 269, 1823. ↑
11 Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 226, 234, 1823. ↑
12 Bartram, Wm., Travels, p. 365; reprint, London, 1792. ↑
13 Haywood, op. cit., pp. 234–237. ↑
14 Barton, New Views, p. xliv, 1797. ↑
15 Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 166, 234–235, 287–289, 1823. ↑
16 See story, “The Great Leech of Tlanusi′yĭ,” p. 328. ↑
17 Garcilaso de la Vega, La Florida del Inca, pp. 129, 133–134; Madrid, 1723. ↑
18 Gentleman of Elvas, Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ix, pp. 52, 58, 64; London, 1851. ↑
20 Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 136, ed. 1723. ↑
21 Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias, i, p. 562; Madrid, 1851. ↑
22 Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p.137, 1723. ↑
23 See note 8, De Soto’s route. ↑
24 Ranjel, op. cit., I, p. 562. ↑
25 Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 61, 1851. ↑
26 Garcilaso, op. cit., p. 139. ↑
27 Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia, I, p. 563, 1861. ↑
28 Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel all make special reference to the dogs given them at this place; they seem to have been of the same small breed (“perrillos”) which Ranjel says the Indians used for food. ↑
29 Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 139, 1723. ↑
30 See note 8, De Soto’s route. ↑
31 See Elvas, Hakluyt Society, ix, p. 61, 1851; and Ranjel, op. cit., p. 563. ↑
32 See note 8, De Soto’s route. ↑
34 Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 66, 1851. ↑
35 Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 141, ed. 1723. ↑
36 Shea, J. G., in Winsor, Justin, Narrative and Critical History of America, II, pp. 260, 278; Boston, 1886. ↑
37 Narrative of Pardo’s expedition by Martinez, about 1568, Brooks manuscripts. ↑
38 Vandera narrative, 1569, in French, B. F., Hist. Colls. of La., new series, pp. 289–292; New York, 1875. ↑
39 Shea, J. G., Catholic Missions, p. 72; New York, 1855. ↑
40 See Brooks manuscripts, in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology. ↑
41 Burk, John, History of Virginia, II, pp. 104–107; Petersburg, 1805. ↑
42 Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee, p. 37; Charleston, 1853 (quoting Martin, North Carolina, I, p. 115, 1853). ↑
43 Lederer, John, Discoveries, pp. 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, and map; reprint, Charleston, 1891; Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (Bulletin of Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 53–54,1894. ↑
44 Mooney, op. cit., pp. 34–35. ↑
45 Document of 1699, quoted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 209; Charleston, 1857. ↑
46 Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, p. 233, 1823. ↑
47 Noted in Cherokee Advocate, Tahlequah, Indian Territory, January 30, 1845. ↑
48 Document of 1691, South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 126. ↑
49 Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 127, 1778. ↑
50 Documents of 1705, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 904; Raleigh, 1886. ↑
51 Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Tenn., p. 237, 1823; with the usual idea that Indians live to extreme old age, Haywood makes her 110 years old at her death, putting back the introduction of firearms to 1677. ↑
52 Letter of 1708, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 238, 1856. ↑
53 Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 140, 1888; Hewat, op. cit., p. 216 et passim. ↑
54 Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 216 et passim, 1778. ↑
55 See Journal of Colonel George Chicken, 1715–16, with notes, in Charleston Yearbook, pp. 313–354, 1894. ↑
56 Journal of South Carolina Assembly, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, pp. 225–227, 1886. ↑
57 For notice, see the glossary. ↑
58 Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, pp. 297–298, 1778; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 144 and map, 1888. ↑
60 Document of 1724, in Fernow, Berthold, Ohio Valley in Colonial Days, pp. 273–275; Albany, 1890. ↑
61 Report of Board of Trade, 1721, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886. ↑
62 Adair, James, American Indians, p. 227; London, 1775. ↑
63 Board of Trade report, 1721, North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886. ↑
64 Pickett, H. A., History of Alabama, pp. 234, 280, 288; reprint, Sheffield, 1896. ↑
65 For notice, see the glossary. ↑
66 Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, II, pp. 3–11, 1779; treaty documents of 1730, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 128–133, 1886; Jenkinson, Collection of Treaties, II, pp. 315–318; Drake, S.G., Early History of Georgia: Cuming’s Embassy; Boston, 1872; letter of Governor Johnson, December 27, 1730, noted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 246, 1867. ↑
67 Documents of 1731 and 1732, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886. ↑
68 Adair, American Indians, pp. 232–234, 1775. ↑
69 Meadows(?), State of the Province of Georgia, p. 7, 1742, in Force Tracts, I, 1836. ↑
70 Jones, C.C., History of Georgia, I, pp.327, 328; Boston, 1883. ↑
71 Adair, American Indians, pp. 240–243, 1775; Stevens, W. B., History of Georgia, I, pp. 104–107; Phila., 1847. ↑
72 Anonymous writer in Carroll, Hist. Colls. of South Carolina, II, pp. 97–98, 517, 1836. ↑
73 Buckle, Journal, 1757, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 57, 1856. ↑
74 Barcia, A.G., Ensayo Chronologico para la Historia General de la Florida, pp. 335, 336. Madrid, 1723. ↑
75 For more in regard to these intertribal wars see the historical traditions. ↑
76 Walker, Thomas, Journal of an Exploration, etc., pp. 8, 35–37; Boston, 1888; Monette (Valley of the Miss. I, p. 317; New York, 1848) erroneously makes the second date 1758. ↑
77 Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1755, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, pp. 320, 321, 1887. ↑
78 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 50–52, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888. ↑
79 Timberlake, Henry, Memoirs, pp. 73, 74; London, 1765. ↑
80 Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 51, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Kept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888. ↑
81 For notice see Ătă′-gûl′ʻkălû′, in the glossary. ↑
83 Letters of Major Andrew Lewis and Governor Dinwiddie, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records V, pp. 585, 612–614, 635, 637, 1887; Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 51, 52. ↑
84 Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. 604, 1887. ↑
85 Dinwiddie letter, 1757, ibid., p. 765. ↑
86 Adair, American Indians, 245–246, 1775; North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. xlviii, 1887; Hewat, quoted in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 54, 1853. ↑
87 For notices see the glossary. ↑
88 Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 65, 1765. ↑
89 Catawba reference from Milligan, 1763, in Carroll, South Carolina Historical Collections, II, p. 519, 1836. ↑
90 Figures from Adair, American Indians, p. 227, 1775. When not otherwise noted this sketch of the Cherokee war of 1760–61 is compiled chiefly from the contemporary dispatches in the Gentleman’s Magazine, supplemented from Hewat’s Historical account of South Carolina and Georgia, 1778; with additional details from Adair, American Indians; Ramsey, Tennessee; Royce, Cherokee Nation; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, documents and introduction; etc. ↑
91 Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 9 et passim, 1765. ↑
92 Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 26–29, 1859. ↑
93 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 65–70, 1853. ↑
94 Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, pp. 146–149, 1888. ↑
95 Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 149; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 71, 1853. ↑
96 Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 93–122; Royce, op. cit. pp. 146–149. ↑
97 Ramsey, op. cit., pp, 109–122; Royce, op. cit. p. 146 et passim. ↑
98 Bartram, Travels, pp. 366–372, 1792. ↑
99 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 143–150, 1853; Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, pp. 400, 401, 431, 432, and II, pp. 33, 34, 1846; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 276–281, and II, pp. 1–6, 1889. ↑
100 Ramsey, op. cit., p. 143. ↑
101 Quoted from Stedman, in Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162. ↑
102 Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162. ↑
103 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 150–159, 1853. ↑
104 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 293–297, 1889. ↑
105 See no. 110, “Incidents of Personal Heroism.” For Rutherford’s expedition, see Moore, Rutherford’s Expedition, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, ibid., May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 294–302, 1889, etc. ↑
106 For Williamson’s expedition, see Ross Journal, with Rockwell’s notes, in Historical Magazine, October, 1876; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, in North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246 et passim, 1883; Ramsey, Tennessee, 163–164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 296–303, 1889. ↑
107 Jones, op. cit., p. 246; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 163; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 295. ↑
108 For the Virginia-Tennessee expedition see Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 303–305, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 165–170, 1853. ↑
109 Ross Journal, in Historical Magazine, October, 1867. ↑
110 Swain, Sketch of the Indian War of 1776, in Historical Magazine, November, 1867. ↑
111 Moore’s narrative, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888. ↑
112 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 285, 290, 303, 1889. ↑
113 About five hundred sought refuge with Stuart, the British Indian superintendent in Florida, where they were fed for some time at the expense of the British government (Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246, 1883). ↑
114 Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 150 and map, 1888; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 172–174, 1853; Stevens, Georgia, II, p. 144, 1859; Roosevelt, “Winning of the West, I, p. 306, 1889. ↑
115 Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 171–177, 185–186, 610 et passim; Royce, op. cit., p. 150; Campbell letter, 1782, and other documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 271, 571, 599, 1883, and IV, pp. 118, 286, 1884; Blount letter, January 14, 1793, American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, p. 431, 1832. Campbell says they abandoned their first location on account of the invasion from Tennessee. Governor Blount says they left on account of witches. ↑
116 Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Society. ↑
117 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 174–178, 1853. ↑
118 Campbell letter, 1782, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 271, 1883. ↑
119 Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 186–188; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 236–238, 1889. Ramsey’s statements, chiefly on Haywood’s authority, of the strength of the expedition, the number of warriors killed, etc., are so evidently overdrawn that they are here omitted. ↑
120 Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 827, reprint of 1876. ↑
121 Donelson’s Journal, etc., in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 197–208, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 324–340, 1889. ↑
123 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 241–294, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 208–249, 1853. ↑
124 Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 256. ↑
125 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 298–300, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 261–264, 1853. There is great discrepancy in the various accounts of this fight, from the attempts of interested historians to magnify the size of the victory. One writer gives the Indians 1,000 warriors. Here, as elsewhere, Roosevelt is a more reliable guide, his statements being usually from official documents. ↑
126 Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 300–304; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 265–268; Campbell, report, January 15, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 436. Haywood and others after him make the expedition go as far as Chickamauga and Coosa river, but Campbell’s report expressly denies this. ↑
127 Ramsey, op. cit., p. 266. ↑
128 Roosevelt, op. cit, p. 302. ↑
129 Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875; Martin, letter, March 31, 1781, ibid., p. 613; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 268, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 305–307, 1889. ↑
130 Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875. ↑
131 Ramsey, op. cit., p. 269. ↑
132 Ibid.; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 307. ↑
133 Ibid.; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 267, 268. The latter authority seems to make it 1782, which is evidently a mistake. ↑
134 Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 282–285, 1859; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 503, 1883. ↑
135 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 811, 1889. ↑
136 Old Tassel’s talk, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 271, 1853, and in Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 315. ↑
137 Ramsey, op. cit., p. 272; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 317 et passim. ↑
138 Stevens, op. cit., pp. 411–415. ↑
139 Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 151, 1888. ↑
140 See documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 234, 398, 527, 1883. ↑
141 Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 280, 1853. ↑
143 See Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 151, 152; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 299 et passim. ↑
144 Indian Treaties, p. 8 et passim, 1837. For a full discussion of the Hopewell treaty, from official documents, see Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 152–158, 1888, with map; Treaty Journal, etc., American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, pp. 38–44, 1832; also Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 417–429, 1859; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 336, 337, 1853; see also the map accompanying this work. ↑
145 Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 459–461; Agent Martin and Hopewell commissioners, ibid., pp. 318–336; Bledsoe and Robertson letter, ibid., p. 465; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 368, 1899. ↑
146 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, ii, p. 353, 1889. ↑
147 Ibid., p. 355, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 452–454, 1853. ↑
148 Ibid., pp. 358–366, 1889. ↑
150 Martin letter of May 11, 1786, ibid., p. 342. ↑
151 Reports of Tennessee commissioners and replies by Cherokee chiefs, etc., 1786, in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 343–346, 1853. ↑
152 Martin (?) letter of March 25, 1787, ibid., p. 359. ↑
154 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 393–399, 1853. ↑
155 Ibid., pp. 417–423, 1853. ↑
156 Ibid., pp. 517–519, and Brown’s narrative, ibid., p. 515. ↑
157 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 515, 519. ↑
158 Brown’s narrative, etc., ibid., pp. 508–516. ↑
160 Bledsoe and Robertson letter of June 12, 1787, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 465, 1853. ↑
161 Ibid., with Robertson letter, pp. 465–476. ↑
163 Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, p. 505, 1846. ↑
164 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 522, 541, 561, 1853. ↑
165 Washington to the Senate, August 11, 1790, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 83, 1832. ↑
166 Secretary Knox to President Washington, July 7, 1789, ibid., p. 53. ↑
167 Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 550, 551. ↑
168 Indian Treaties, pp. 34–38, 1837; Secretary of War, report, January 5, 1798, in American State Papers, I, pp. 628–631, 1832; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 554–560, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 158–170, with full discussion and map, 1888. ↑
169 Indian Treaties, pp. 37, 38, 1837. ↑
170 Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 557, 1853. ↑
171 Abel deposition, April 16, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 274, 1832. ↑
172 Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Instructions to Leonard Shaw, temporary agent to the Cherokee Nation of Indians, February 17, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 247, 1832; also Knox, letters to Governor Blount, January 31 and February 16, 1792, ibid., pp. 245, 246. ↑
173 Estanaula conference report, June 26, 1792, ibid., p. 271; Deraque, deposition, September 15, 1792, ibid., p. 292; Pickens, letter, September 12, 1792, ibid., p. 317. ↑
174 See letters of Shaw, Casey, Pickens, and Blount, 1792–93, ibid., pp. 277, 278, 317, 436, 437, 440. ↑
175 Knox, instructions to Shaw, February 17, 1792, ibid., p. 247; Blount, letter, March 20, 1792, ibid., p. 263; Knox, letters, October 9, 1792, ibid., pp. 261, 262. ↑
176 Governor Telfair’s letters of November 14 and December 5, with inclosure, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 332, 336, 337, 1832. ↑