[199] Jatropia Sylvestris Vell. Fl. Flum., 16, t. 83. See Müller, in D. C. Prodromus, xv. p. 1063.

[200] Kunth, Enum., iv. p. 381.

[201] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 294.

[202] Ledebour, Flora Altaica, ii. p. 4; Flora Rossica, iv. p. 162.

[203] Regel, Allior. Monogr., p. 44.

[204] Baker, in Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

[205] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 15, 4, and 7.

[206] Thunberg, Fl. Jap.; Franchet and Savatier, Enumeratio, 1876, vol. ii.

[207] Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 42.

[208] Piddington, Index.

[209] Hiller, Hierophyton; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterthum, vol. iv.

[210] De Charencey, Actes de la Soc. Phil., 1st March, 1869.

[211] Davies, Welsh Botanology.

[212] All these common names are found in my dictionary compiled by Moritzi from floras. I could have quoted a larger number, and mentioned the probable etymologies, as given by philologists—Hehn, for instance, in his Kulturpflanzen aus Asien, p. 171 and following; but this is not necessary to show its origin and early cultivation in several different countries.

[213] Annales des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. viii.

[214] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, ii. p. 828.

[215] Kunth, Enumer., iv. p. 394.

[216] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 291.

[217] Theophrastus, Hist., l. 7, c. 4.

[218] J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 548.

[219] Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 6.

[220] Ibid.

[221] Juvenalis, Sat. 15.

[222] Forskal, p. 65.

[223] Ainslie’s Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 269.

[224] Hiller, Hieroph., ii. p. 36; Rosenmüller, Handbk. Bibl. Alterk.; iv. p. 96.

[225] Piddington, Index; Ainslie’s Mat. Med. Ind.

[226] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii.; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 249.

[227] Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 132.

[228] Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 42, figs. 22, 23, 24.

[229] Hasselquist, Voy. and Trav., p. 279.

[230] Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iv. p. 169.

[231] Aitchison, A Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and the Sindh, in 8vo, 1869, p. 19; Baker, in Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

[232] Ill. Hortic., 1877, p. 167.

[233] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 47 and 7.

[234] Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., ii. p. 476.

[235] Sloane, Jam., i. p. 75.

[236] Acosta. Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., p. 165.

[237] Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iv. p. 169.

[238] Lenz, Botanik. der Alten Griechen und Römer, p. 295.

[239] Dodoens, Pemptades, p. 687.

[240] Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 6.

[241] He will treat of this in a publication entitled Cibaria, which will shortly appear.

[242] Géog. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 829.

[243] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 142.

[244] Piddington, Index.

[245] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 251.

[246] Linnæus, Species, p. 429.

[247] Hasselquist, Voy. and Trav., 1766, pp. 281, 282.

[248] Sibthorp, Prodr.

[249] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 291.

[250] Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., 2nd edit., p. 833.

[251] Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., p. 138.

[252] Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.

[253] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 829.

[254] Baker, in Journ. of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

[255] Cosson and Germain, Flore, ii. p. 553.

[256] Grenier and Godron, Flore de France, iii. p. 197.

[257] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 885.

[258] Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iv. p. 163.

[259] Le Grand d’Aussy, Histoire de la Vie des Français, vol. i. p. 122.

[260] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 187.

[261] Ibid.

[262] Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 5, p. 534.

[263] De Candolle, Flore Française, iv. p. 227.

[264] Arum Egyptium, Columma, Ecphrasis, ii. p. 1, tab. 1; Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. tab. 109. Arum colocasia and A. esculentum, Linnæus; Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Melet., i. 18; Engler, in D. C. Monog. Phaner., ii. p. 491.

[265] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 495.

[266] Wight, Icones, t. 786.

[267] Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeylan., p. 335.

[268] Miquel, Sumatra, p. 258.

[269] Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 318.

[270] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

[271] Forster, De Plantis Escul., p. 58.

[272] Franchet and Savatier, Enum., p. 8; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 284.

[273] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.

[274] Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeylan.

[275] Rumphius, Amboin.

[276] Miquel, Sumatra, p. 258; Hasskarl, Cat. Horti. Bogor. Alter., p. 55.

[277] Forster, De Plantis Escul., p. 58.

[278] Seemann, Flora Vitiensis.

[279] Franchet and Savatier, Enum.

[280] Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 5.

[281] Alpinus, Hist. Ægypt. Naturalis, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 166; ii. p. 192.

[282] Delile, Fl. Ægypt. Ill., p. 28; De la Colocase des Anciens, in 8vo, 1846.

[283] Clusius, Historia, ii. p. 75.

[284] Parlatore, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 255.

[285] Prosper Alpinus, Hist. Ægypt. Naturalis; Columna; Delile, Ann. du Mus., i. p. 375; De la Colocase des Anciens; Reynier, Economie des Egyptiens, p. 321.

[286] See Engler, in D. C. Monographiæ Phanerogarum, ii. p. 502.

[287] Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 58.

[288] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl., p. 336.

[289] Nadeaud, Enum. des Plantes Indigènes, p. 40.

[290] Engler, in D. C. Monog. Phaner.

[291] Bentham, Flora Austr., viii. p. 155.

[292] Engler, in D. C. Monogr. Phaner., vol. ii. p. 313.

[293] Gardener’s Chronicle, 1873, p. 610; Flore des Serres et Jardins, t. 1958, 1959; Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 6195.

[294] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japoniæ, ii. p. 7.

[295] M. Sagot, Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, 1871, p. 306, has well described the growth and cultivation of yams, as he has studied them in Cayenne.

[296] Kunth, Enumeratio, vol. v.

[297] These are D. globosa, alata, rubella, fasciculata, purpurea, of which two or three appear to be merely varieties.

[298] Piddington, Index.

[299] Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeyl., p. 326.

[300] Decaisne, Histoire et Culture de l’Igname de Chine, in the Revue Horticole, 1st July and Dec. 1853; Flore des Serres et Jardins, x. pl. 971.

[301] On the Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

[302] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, ii. p. 47.

[303] Blume, Enum. Plant. Javæ, p. 22.

[304] Forster, Plant. Esculent., p. 56; Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v., pl. 120, 121, etc.

[305] Hughes, Hist. Nat. Barb., 1750, p. 226.

[306] Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., vol. ii. p. 468.

[307] Ibid., p. 403.

[308] Hænke, in Presl, Rel., p. 133.

[309] Martius, Fl. Bras., v. p. 43.

[310] Sagot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1871, p. 305.

[311] Hooker, Fl. Nigrit, p. 53.

[312] Schumacher and Thonning, Besk. Guin, p. 447.

[313] Brown, Congo, p. 49.

[314] Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus.

[315] See Tussac’s description, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 183.

[316] Hooker, Niger Flora, p. 531.

[317] Sloane, Jamaica, 1707, vol. i. p. 254.

[318] In Bull. Soc. des Natur. de Moscou, 1822, vol. i. p. 34.

[319] Aublet, Guyane, i. p. 3.

[320] Meyer, Flora Essequibo, p. 11.

[321] Seemann, Bot. of Herald., p. 213.

[322] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., i. p. 31; Porter, The Tropical Agriculturalist p. 241; Ainslie, Materia Medica, i. p. 19.

[323] Fries, Summa, p. 29; Nylander, Conspectus, p. 46; Bentham, Handb. Brit. Fl., edit. 4, p. 40; Mackay, Fl. Hibern., p. 28; Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, edit. 2, p. 18; Babbington, Primitiæ Fl. Sarnicæ, p. 8; Clavaud, Flore de la Gironde, i. p. 68.

[324] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. p. 146; Nylander, Conspectus.

[325] Ledebour, Fl. Ross.; Griesbach, Spiciligium Fl. Rumel.; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, etc.

[326] Watson, who is careful on these points, doubts whether the cabbage is indigenous in England (Compendium of the Cybele, p. 103), but most authors of British floras admit it to be so.

[327] Br. balearica and Br. cretica are perennial, almost woody, not biennial; and botanists are agreed in separating them from Br. oleracea.

[328] Aug. Pyr. de Candolle has published a paper on the divisions and subdivisions of Br. oleracea (Transactions of the Hort. Soc., vol. v., translated into German and in French in the Bibl. Univ. Agric., vol. viii.), which is often quoted.

[329] Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 839.

[330] Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

[331] Brandza, Prodr. Fl. Romane, p. 122.

[332] De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes de la Société Philologique, 1st March, 1869.

[333] Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

[334] Fick, Vörterb. d. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, p. 3-4.

[335] Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind.

[336] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., mentions no name.

[337] See Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., pp. 120,124; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 617.

[338] Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græc., ii. p. 6; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 47.

[339] Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

[340] Heldreich, Nutz. Gr.

[341] Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

[342] Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 160.

[343] Boissier, Fl. Orient, vol. i.

[344] De Candolle, Syst., ii. p. 533.

[345] Sibthorp and Smith, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, ii. p. 6.

[346] Poech, Enum. Pl. Cypri, 1842.

[347] Unger and Kotschy, Inseln Cypern., p. 331.

[348] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 203.

[349] Lindemann, Index Plant. in Ross., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1860, vol. xxxiii.

[350] Lindemann, Prodr. Fl. Cherson, p. 21.

[351] Nyman, Conspectus Fl. Europ., 1878, p. 65.

[352] Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Æth., p. 270.

[353] In the United States purslane was believed to be of foreign origin (Asa Gray, Fl. of Northern States, ed. 5; Bot. of California, i. p. 79), but in a recent publication, Asa Gray and Trumbull give reasons for believing that it is indigenous in America as in the old world. Columbus had noticed it at San Salvador and at Cuba; Oviedo mentions it in St. Domingo and De Lery in Brazil. This is not the testimony of botanists, but Nuttall and others found it wild in the upper valley of the Missouri, in Colorado, and Texas, where, however, from the date, it might have been introduced.—Author’s Note, 1884.

[354] Piddington, Index to Indian Plants.

[355] Nemnich, Polyglot. Lex. Naturgesch., ii. p. 1047.

[356] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 359; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 53; Bentham, Fl. Hongkong, p. 127.

[357] Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 240.

[358] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 145; Lindemann, in Prodr. Fl. Chers., p. 74, says, “In desertis et arenosis inter Cherson et Berislaw, circa Odessam.”

[359] Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 632; Heldreich, Fl. Attisch. Ebene., p. 483.

[360] Bertoloni, Fl. It., vol. v.; Gussone, Fl. Sic., vol. i.; Moris, Fl. Sard., vol. ii.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., vol. iii.

[361] Botanical Magazine, t. 2362; Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 567.

[362] Sir J. Hooker, Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 84; Bentham, Flora Australiensis, iii. p. 327; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, i. p. 177.

[363] Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, ii. p. 468.