[364] Fries, Summa Veget. Scand.; Munby, Catal. Alger., p. 11; Boissier, Fl. Orient., vol. ii. p. 856; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 272; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 679.

[365] Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 67, 68; Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 7, 8; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Griechen und Römer, p. 557.

[366] Steven, Verzeichniss Taurischen Halbinseln, p. 183.

[367] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 913.

[368] Lenz, Bot. d. Alt. Gr. und R., p. 572.

[369] Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 22; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 857.

[370] Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 70; Pliny, Hist., l. 20, ch. 12.

[371] The list of these plants may be found in Meyer, Gesch. der Bot., iii. p. 401.

[372] Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden, ii. p. 35.

[373] Theophrastus, Hist., l. 1, 9; l. 2, 2; l. 7, 6; Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 71.

[374] E. Meyer, Gesch. der Bot., iii. p. 401.

[375] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 58.

[376] English Botany, t. 230; Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden; Le Bon Jardinier.

[377] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 927.

[378] Krok, Monographie des Valerianella, Stockholm, 1864, p. 88; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 104.

[379] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., i. p. 185; Moris, Fl. Sard., ii. p. 314; Gussone, Synopsis Fl. Siculæ, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 30.

[380] Dodoens, Hist. Plant., p. 724; Linnæus, Species, p. 1159; De Candolle, Prodr., vi. p. 620.

[381] Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 61.

[382] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 180.

[383] Webb, Phyt. Canar., iii. sect. 2, p. 384; Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Maroc., p. 524; Willkomm and Lange, Pr. Fl. Hisp.; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ix. p. 86; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 357; Unger and Kotschy, Inseln Cypern., p. 246.

[384] Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

[385] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 27.

[386] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 52.

[387] Dictionnaire Français-Berbère, published by the Government, 1 vol. in 8vo.

[388] Theophrastus, Hist., l. 6, c. 4; Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 8; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Griechen and Römer, p. 480.

[389] Athenæus, Deipn., ii. 84.

[390] Pickering, Chron. Arrangement, p. 71; Unger, Pflanzen der Alten Ægyptens, p. 46, figs. 27 and 28.

[391] Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 22.

[392] Piddington, Index.

[393] Bretschneider, Study, etc., and Letters of 1881.

[394] Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden, p. 22.

[395] Aug. de Saint Hilary, Plantes Remarkables du Bresil, Introd., p. 58; Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, ii. p. 34.

[396] Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, iv. p. 317.

[397] The author who has gone into this question most carefully is Bischoff, in his Beiträge zur Flora Deutschlands und der Schweitz, p. 184. See also Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 530.

[398] Webb, Phytogr. Canariensis, iii. p. 422; Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 544.

[399] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 22, under the name of L. sylvestris.

[400] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 285.

[401] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 809.

[402] Clarke, Compos. Indicæ, p. 263.

[403] Theophrastus, l. 7, c. 4.

[404] Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon.

[405] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 843.

[406] Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 17.

[407] Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Marocc., p. 534; Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 21.

[408] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 715.

[409] Clarke, Compos. Ind., p. 250.

[410] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 774.

[411] Dioscorides, ii. c. 160; Pliny, xix. c. 8; Palladius, xi. c. 11. See other authors quoted by Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 483.

[412] Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, pp. 28, 76.

[413] Aug. Pyr. de Candolle, Prodr., vii. p. 84; Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot., p. 845.

[414] Clarke, Compos. Ind., p. 250.

[415] De Viviani, Flora Dalmat., ii. p. 97; Schultz in Webb, Phyt. Canar., sect. ii. p. 391; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 716.

[416] Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 521.

[417] Ball, Spicilegium, p. 534.

[418] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 21.

[419] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 716.

[420] Bunge, Beiträge zur Flora Russlands und Central Asiens, p. 197.

[421] Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 483; Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 74.

[422] Nemnich, Polygl. Lex., at the word Cichorium Endivia.

[423] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 247; Piddington, Index.

[424] J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 964; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class.; Lenz, Bot. der Alten.

[425] Brassavola, p. 176.

[426] Mathioli, ed Valgr., p. 343.

[427] Ebn Baithar, ueberitz von Sondtheimer, i. p. 34; Forskal, Egypt, p. 77; Delile, Ill. Ægypt., p. 29.

[428] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, v. iii. p. 771, applied to Spinacia tetandra, which seems to be the same species.

[429] Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 222.

[430] Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chin. Bot. Works, pp. 15, 17.

[431] Dict. d’Agric., v. p. 906.

[432] Boissier, Fl. Orient., vi. p. 234.

[433] Wight, Icones, t. 818.

[434] Nees, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ., 1. 7, pl. 15.

[435] Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 965.

[436] A. gangeticus, A. tristis, and A. hybridis of Linnæus, according to Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 266.

[437] Wight, Icones, p. 715.

[438] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 606.

[439] Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 990; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, etc., p. 289.

[440] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, i. p. 390.

[441] Hasskarl, Plant. Javan. Rariores, p. 431.

[442] Gay, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. viii.

[443] Linnæus, Species Pl.; De Candolle, Fl. Franç., iii. p. 219.

[444] Koch, Synopsis Fl. Germ.; Babington, Man. of Brit. Bot.; English Bot., etc.

[445] Ledebour, Flora Ross., iv. p. 163.

[446] Baker, Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

[447] Strabo, xii. p. 560; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 16.

[448] Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., p. 355.

[449] Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 424.

[450] Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 34.

[451] Fraas, Synopsis Fl. Class., p. 63; Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 70.

[452] Bauhin, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 381.

[453] Colmeiro, Catal.

[454] Tozzetti, Dizion. Bot.

[455] Ebn Baithar, Heil und Nahrungsmittel, translated from Arabic by Sontheimer, vol. ii. p. 257.

[456] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 94.

[457] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 197.

[458] Piddington, Index.

[459] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 72.

[460] Fraas, Synopsis Fl. Class., p. 58; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. und Röm., p. 731.

[461] O. de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., p. 242.

[462] Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 34.

[463] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 708; Boissier, Fl. Or., p. 532.

[464] Turczaninow, Flora Baical. Dahur., i. p. 340.

[465] Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 35; Marès and Virgineix, Catal. des Baléares, p. 100.

[466] De Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 472.

[467] Bertoloni, Flora Ital., viii. p. 6.

[468] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 262.

[469] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 12.

[470] De Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 445, according to Schwerz and A. Young.

[471] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 11.

[472] Boissier, Fl. Orient., i. p. 115.

[473] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 548.

[474] Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 86.

[475] Bon Jardinier, 1880, pt. i. p. 618.

[476] De Candolle, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 528.

[477] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 35.

[478] Costa, Intro. Fl. di Catal., p. 60.

[479] Moritzi, Dict. MS., compiled from floras published before the middle of the present century.

[480] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 366.

[481] Marès and Virgineix, Catal., 1880.

[482] Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 467.

[483] Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

[484] Bentham, Handbook Brit. Fl., edit. 4, p. 117.

[485] Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 467; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 290.

[486] Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 619.

[487] Forskal, Fl. Egypt., p. 71; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Egypt., p. 10; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 398.

[488] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 127.

[489] Bertoloni, Fl. It., vii. p. 500.

[490] Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

[491] See Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 727; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 54.

[492] Wittmack, Sitzungsber Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

[493] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 308.

[494] Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

[495] Herrera, Agricultura, edit. 1819, iv. p. 72.

[496] Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

[497] For instance, Munby, Catal. Plant Algeriæ, edit. 2, p. 12.

[498] Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

[499] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 666; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 113; C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 147.

[500] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, iii. p. 323; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 178.

[501] Piddington’s Index gives four.

[502] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 30.

[503] Cato, Be re Rustica, edit. 1535, p. 34; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 15.

[504] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71. In the earlier language than the Indo-Europeans, vik bears another meaning, that of “hamlet” (Fick, Vorterb. Indo-Germ., p. 189).

[505] Vilmorin, Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 603.

[506] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 31; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. pp. 444, 447.

[507] Lenz, Botanik. d. Alten, p. 730.

[508] Fraas, Fl. Class.; Heldreich, Nutzflanzen Griechenlands.

[509] Wittmack, Sitz. Ber. Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

[510] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 313; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital.

[511] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, etc., p. 257.

[512] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 605.

[513] J. Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. of Brit. Ind.

[514] Munby, Catal.

[515] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., viii., c. 2, 10.

[516] Columella, De rei rustica, ii. c. 10; Pliny, xviii. c. 13, 32.

[517] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 178.

[518] Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., vol. i.

[519] Piddington, Index.

[520] Heldreich, Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene, p. 476; Nutzpf. Gr., p. 72.

[521] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 681.

[522] C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 148.

[523] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 606.

[524] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 312.

[525] Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 730; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Gr., p. 72.

[526] Lenz.

[527] Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 193; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sic., edit. 2.

[528] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 602; Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 582.

[529] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp.

[530] Boissier, Fl. Orient.