[531] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., viii. c. 8; Columella, De rei rustica, ii. c. 10; Pliny, Hist., xviii. c. 16.

[532] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 63; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 719.

[533] Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 57.

[534] Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop., p. 258.

[535] Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

[536] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 70.

[537] Boissier, ibid.

[538] Sibthorp, Fl. Græca, t. 766; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., viii. p. 250; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 390.

[539] Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 256; Willkomm and Lange.

[540] The plants which spread from one country to another introduce themselves into islands with more difficulty, as will be seen from the remarks I formerly published. Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 706).

[541] Piddington, Index.

[542] Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 130.

[543] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.

[544] As usual, Fick’s dictionary of Indo-European languages does not mention the name of this plant, which the English say is Sanskrit.

[545] Brotero, Flora Lusitanica, ii. p. 160.

[546] Cosson, Notes sur Quelques Plantes Nouvelles ou Critiques du Midi de l’Espagne, p. 36.

[547] Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 512.

[548] Boissier, Fl. Orient., i. p. 731.

[549] Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 243, and several specimens from the Nilgherries and Ceylon in my herbarium.

[550] Zollinger, No. 2556 in my herbarium.

[551] Piddington, Index.

[552] Sobolewski, Fl. Petrop., p. 109.

[553] Rafn, Danmarks Flora, ii. p. 799.

[554] Wahlenberg, quoted by Moritzi, Dict. MS.; Svensk Botanik, t. 308.

[555] Bauhin, Hist. Plant., iii. p. 722.

[556] Spergula Maxima, Böninghausen, an illustration published in Reichenbach’s Plantæ Crit., vi. p. 513.

[557] Panicum maximum, Jacq., Coll. 1, p. 71 (1786); Jacq., Icones 1, t. 13; Swartz, Fl. Indiæ Occ., vii. p. 170; P. polygamum, Swartz, Prodr., p. 24 (1788); P. jumentorum, Persoon Ench., i. p. 83 (1805); P. altissimum of some gardens and modern authors. According to the rule, the oldest name should be adopted.

[558] In Dominica according to Imray, in the Kew Report for 1879, p. 16.

[559] Nees, in Martius, Fl. Brasil., in 8vo, vol. ii. p. 166.

[560] Dœll, in Fl. Brasil., in fol., vol. ii. part 2.

[561] Sir W. Hooker, Niger Fl., p. 560.

[562] Nees, Floræ Africæ Austr. Gramineæ, p. 36.

[563] A. Richard, Abyssinie, ii. p. 373.

[564] Peters, Reise Botanik, p. 546.

[565] Bojer, Hortus Maurit., p. 565.

[566] Baker, Fl. of Mauritius and Seychelles, p. 436.

[567] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylaniæ.

[568] Seemann, Tr. of the Linnæan Society, xxii. p. 337, pl. 61.

[569] Kæmpfer, Amæn. Japon.

[570] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chin. Bot. Works, pp. 13 and 45.

[571] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 61.

[572] Fortune, Three Years’ Wandering in China, 1 vol. in 8vo

[573] Fontanier, Bulletin Soc. d’Acclim., 1870, p. 88.

[574] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 414.

[575] Griffith, Reports; Wallich, quoted by Hooker, Fl. Brit. India, i. p. 293.

[576] Anderson, quoted by Hooker.

[577] The Colonies and India, Gardener’s Chronicle, 1880, i. p. 659.

[578] Speech at the Bot. Cong. of London in 1866.

[579] Flora, 1868, p. 64.

[580] Planchon, in Hooker, Journal of Botany, vol. vii. p. 165.

[581] Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, in 4to, Zürich, 1865, p. 35; Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur, in 4to, Zürich, 1872.

[582] Loret, Observations Critiques sur Plusieurs Plantes Montpelliéraines, in the Revue des Sc. Nat., 1875.

[583] Boissier, Flora Orient., i. p. 851. It is L. usitatissimum of Kotschy, No. 164.

[584] Boissier, ibid.; Hohenh., Enum. Talysch., p. 168.

[585] Steven, Verzeichniss der auf der taurischen Halbinseln wildwachsenden Pflanzen, Moscow, 1857, p. 91.

[586] Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs, pp. 17 and 22.

[587] Jordan, quoted by Walpers, Annal., vol. ii., and by Heer, p. 22.

[588] Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Marocc., p. 380.

[589] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 7.

[590] Rohlf, according to Cosson, Bulle. Soc. Bot. de Fr., 1875, p. 46.

[591] Planchon, in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, vol. 7; Bentham, Handbk. of Brit. Flora, edit. 4, p. 89.

[592] Planchon, ibid.

[593] Boissier, Fl. Or., i. p. 861.

[594] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 833.

[595] Thomson, Annals of Philosophy, June, 1834; Dutrochet, Larrey, and Costaz, Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc., Paris, 1837, sem. i. p. 739; Unger, Bot. Streifzüge, iv. p. 62.

[596] Other Hebrew words are interpreted “flax,” but this is the most certain. See Hamilton, La Botanique de la Bible, Nice, 1871, p. 58.

[597] Piddington, Index Ind. Plants; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, ii. p. 110. The name matusi indicated by Piddington belongs to other plants, according to Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Euro., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

[598] Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, 8vo pamphlet, Zürich, 1865, p. 35; Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur in Alterthum, pamphlet in 8vo, Zürich, 1872.

[599] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., iv. p. 612.

[600] We have seen that flax is found towards the north-west of Europe, but not immediately north of the Alps. Perhaps the climate of Switzerland was formerly more equable than it is now, with more snow to shelter perennial plants.

[601] Mittheil. Anthropol. Gesellschaft, Wien, vol. vi. pp. 122, 161; Abhandl., Wien Akad., 84, p. 488.

[602] Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera e della stazione preistorica della Lagozza, pp. 37, 51, printed at the conclusion of Castelfranco’s Notizie alla stazione lacustre della Lagozza, in 8vo, Atti della Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 1880.

[603] The fowl was introduced into Greece from Asia in the sixth century before Christ, according to Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs, p. 25.

[604] These discoveries in the peat-mosses of Lagozza and elsewhere in Italy show how far Hehn was mistaken in supposing that (Kulturpfl., edit. 3, 1877, p. 524) the Swiss lake-dwellers were near the time of Cæsar. The men of the same civilization as they to the south of the Alps were evidently more ancient than the Roman republic, perhaps than the Ligurians.

[605] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

[606] Van Eys, Dict. Basque-Français, 1876; Gèze, Eléments de Grammaire Basque suivis d’un vocabulaire, Bayonne, 1873; Salaberry, Mots Basques Navarrais, Bayonne, 1856; l’Ecluse, Vocab. Franç.-Basque, 1826.

[607] Nemnich, Poly. Lex. d. Naturgesch., ii. p. 420; Rafn, Danmark Flora, ii. p. 390.

[608] Nemnich, ibid.

[609] Ibid.

[610] Ibid.

[611] Fick, Vergl. Worterbuch. Ind. Germ., 2nd edit., i. p. 722. He also derives the name Lina from the Latin linum; but this name is of earlier date, being common to several European Aryan languages.

[612] Pliny, bk. xix. c. 1: Vere satum æstate vellitur.

[613] Unger, Botanische Streifzüge, 1866, No. 7, p. 15.

[614] A. Braun, Die Pflanzenreste des Ægyptischen Museums in Berlin, in 8vo, 1877, p. 4.

[615] Rosellini, pls. 35 and 36, quoted by Unger, Bot. Streifzüge, No. 4, p. 62.

[616] W. Schimper, Ascherson, Boissier, Schweinfurth, quoted by Braun.

[617] Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs, p. 26.

[618] Maspero, Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient., edit. 3, Paris, 1878, p. 13.

[619] Journal of the Royal Asiat. Soc., vol. xv. p. 271, quoted by Heer, Ueb. den Fl.

[620] Maspero, p. 213.

[621] The Greek texts are quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm., p. 672; and in Hehn, Culturpfl. und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 144.

[622] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ.

[623] Dictionnaire Franç.-Berbère, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1844.

[624] Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 212; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581; Loureiro, Fl. Cochinchine, vi. p. 408.

[625] Blume, Bijdragen, i. p. 110.

[626] Zollinger, Nos. 1698 and 2761.

[627] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan., p. 31.

[628] Edgeworth, Linnæan Soc. Journ., ix.

[629] Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 397.

[630] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 408.

[631] Franchet and Savatier, Enum., i. p. 66.

[632] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.

[633] Von Heldreich, Die Nützpfl. Griechenl., p. 53.

[634] Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 397; Aitchison, Catal. Punjab, p. 23; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581.

[635] Piddington, Index.

[636] Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop., p. 264.

[637] Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. West Ind., p. 97.

[638] Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., at the word “Sumac.”

[639] The conditions and methods of the culture of the sumach are the subject of an important paper by Inzenga, translated in the Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., Feb. 1877. In the Trans. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh, ix. p. 341, may be seen an extract from an earlier paper by the author on the same subject.

[640] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 509; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 4.

[641] Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, ii. p. 1156; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 414.

[642] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 85.

[643] Forskal, Flora Ægypto-Arabica, p. 65; Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 134, pl. 30; Botta, Archives du Muséum, ii. p. 73.

[644] Hochstetter, Flora, 1841, p. 663.

[645] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 263; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 364.

[646] Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Mém. du Muséum, ix. p. 351; Ann. Sc. Nat., 3rd series, xiv. p. 52; Hooker, London Journal of Botany, i. p. 34; Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, vol. ii. part 1, p. 119.

[647] Martinet, Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., 1874, p. 449.

[648] Particularly in Gosse’s Monographie de l’Erythroxylon Coca, in 8vo, 1861.

[649] Hooker, Comp. to the Bot. Mag., ii. p. 25.

[650] Peyritsch, in the Flora Brasil., fasc. 81, p. 156.

[651] Hooker, Comp. to the Bot. Mag.

[652] Gosse, Monogr., p. 12.

[653] Triana and Planchon, Ann. Sciences Nat., 4th series, vol. 18, p. 338.

[654] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 379.

[655] Wight, Icones, t. 365; Royle, Ill. Himal., t. 195; Baker, in Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 98; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 136.

[656] Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Floræ Seneg. Tentamen, p. 178.

[657] Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 184; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 97; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256.

[658] Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyptens, p. 66; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 443.

[659] Reynier, Economie des Juifs, p. 439; des Egyptiens, p. 354.

[660] Hernandez, Thes., p. 108.

[661] Fortune, No. 32.

[662] Aitchison, Catal. of Pl. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 60; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 744.

[663] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 258.

[664] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl., p. 122.

[665] Clarke, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 273.

[666] Rumphius, Amb., iv. p. 42.

[667] Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind., i. p. 271.

[668] Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 483.

[669] Piddington, Index.

[670] Dioscorides, 1, c. 124; Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 177.

[671] Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks, in 8vo, 1854. For Brazil, see Martius, Beitrage zur Ethnographie und Sprachkunde Amerikas, i. p. 719.

[672] Tiedemann, p. 17, pl. 1.

[673] The drawings on these pipes are reproduced in Naidaillac’s recent work, Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques, vol. ii. pp. 45, 48.

[674] Tiedemann, pp. 38, 39.

[675] Martius, Syst. Mat. Med. Bras., p. 120; Fl. Bras., vol. x. p. 191.

[676] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 849.

[677] Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 418.

[678] One of these is classed under the name Nicot. fruticosa, which in my opinion is the same species, tall, but not woody, as the name would lead one to believe. N. auriculata, Bertero, is also Tabacum, according to my authentic specimens.

[679] Hayne, Arzneikunde Gewachse, vol. xii t. 41; Miller, Figures of Plants, pl. 185, f. 1.

[680] The capsule is sometimes shorter and sometimes longer than the calix, on the same plant, in André’s specimens.

[681] See the figures of N. rustica in Plée, Types de Familles Naturelles de France, Solanées; Bulliard, Herbier de France, t. 289.

[682] Asa Gray, Syn. Flora of North Amer.) (1878, p. 241.

[683] Martin de Moussy, Descr. de la Repub. Argent., i. p. 196.

[684] Bulliard, Herbier de France.

[685] Cæsalpinus, lib. viii. cap. 44; Bauhin, Hist., iii. p. 630.

[686] Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks (1854), p. 208. Two years earlier, Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, had collected a number of facts relative to the introduction of tobacco into different countries.

[687] According to an anonymous Indian author quoted by Tiedemann, p. 229.

[688] Tiedemann, p. 234.

[689] Rumphius, Herb. Amboin v. p. 225.