[690] Raffles, Descr. of Java, p. 85.

[691] Thunberg, Flora Japonica, p. 91.

[692] Klemm, quoted by Tiedemann, p. 256.

[693] Stanislas Julien, in de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 851; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

[694] Piddington, Index.

[695] Forskal, p. 63.

[696] Lehmann, Historia Nicotinarum, p. 18. The epithet suffruticosa is an exaggeration applied to the tobaccos, which are always annual. I have said already that N. suffruticosa of different authors is N. Tabacum.

[697] Link and Otto, Icones Plant. Rar. Hort. Ber., in 4to, p. 63, t. 32. Sendtner, in Flora Brasil, vol. x. p. 167, describes the same plant as Sello, as it seems from the specimens collected by this traveller; and Grisebach, Symbolæ Fl. Argent., p. 243, mentions N. alata in the province of Entrerios of the Argentine republic.

[698] Bertero, in De Cand., Prodr., xii., sect. 1, p. 568.

[699] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zelaniæ, p. 252; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 375.

[700] Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 467; Porter, The Tropical Agriculturist., p. 268.

[701] Brandis, Forest Flora; Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Is., p. 179.

[702] De Malartic, Journ. d’Agric. Pratique, 1871, 1872, vol. ii. No. 31; de la Roque, ibid., No. 29, Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., 1872, p. 463; Vilmorin, Bon Jardinier, 1880, pt. 1, p. 700; Vetillart, Études sur les Fibres Végétales Textiles, p. 99, pl. 2.

[703] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 683.

[704] Bentham, Fl. Hongkong, p. 331.

[705] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 439.

[706] Blanco, Flora de Filip., edit. 2, p. 484.

[707] Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 214.

[708] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 590.

[709] Miquel, Sumatra, Germ. edit., p. 170.

[710] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 5, 10, 48.

[711] Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 772.

[712] Roxburgh, ibid.

[713] Reynier, Économie des Celtes, p. 448; Legonidec, Dict. Bas-Breton.

[714] J. Humbert, formerly professor of Arabic at Geneva, says the name is kannab, kon-nab, hon-nab, hen-nab, kanedir, according to the locality.

[715] Athenæus, quoted by Hehn, Culturpflanzen, p. 168.

[716] Rosenmüller, Hand. Bibl. Alterth.

[717] Forskal, Flora; Delile, Flore d’Egypte.

[718] Reynier, Économie des Arabes, p. 434.

[719] Heer, Ueber d. Flachs, p. 25.

[720] Sordelli, Notizie sull. Staz. di Lagozza, 1880.

[721] Vol. xvi. sect. 1, p. 30.

[722] De Bunge, Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., 1860, p. 30.

[723] Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iii. p. 634.

[724] Bunge found hemp in the north of China, but among rubbish (Enum. No. 338).

[725] Seringe, Description et Culture des Mûriers.

[726] Bureau, in De Candolle, Prodromus, xvii. p. 238.

[727] Brandis, Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, 1874, p. 408. This variety has black fruit, like that of Morus nigra.

[728] Bureau, ibid., from the specimens of several travellers.

[729] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

[730] This name occurs in the Pent-sao, according to Ritter, Erdkunde, xvii. p. 489.

[731] Platt says (Zeitschrift d. Gesellsch. Erdkunde, 1871, p. 162) that its cultivation dates from 4000 years B.C.

[732] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 433.

[733] Ant. Targioni, Cenni Storici sull’ Introduzione di Varie Piante nell’ Agricoltura Toscana, p. 188.

[734] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1153.

[735] Buhse, Aufzählung der Transcaucasien und Persien Pflanzen, p. 203.

[736] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. p. 643.

[737] Steven, Verseichniss d. Taurisch. Halbins, p. 313; Heldreich, Pflanzen des Attischen Ebene, p. 508; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., x. p. 177; Caruel, Fl. Toscana, p. 171.

[738] Bureau, de Cand., Prodr., xvii. p. 238.

[739] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Piddington, Index.

[740] Reichenbach gives good figures of both species in his Icones Fl. Germ., 657, 658.

[741] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 236; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. und Röm., p. 419; Ritter, Erdkunde, xvii. p. 482; Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 336.

[742] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1153 (published 1879).

[743] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. p. 641.

[744] Steven, Verseichniss d. Taur. Halb. Pflan., p. 313.

[745] Tchihatcheff, trans. of Grisebach’s Végétation du Globe, i. 424.

[746] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 19.

[747] Bertoloni, Flora Ital., x. p. 179; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 220; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 250.

[748] Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, ed. 2, p. 487.

[749] Humboldt, in Kunth, Nova Genera, i. p. 297.

[750] Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 582.

[751] Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 739; H. Hoffmann, in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1875, p. 70.

[752] K. Ritter, Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung des Zuckerrohrs, in 4to, 108 pages (according to Pritzel, Thes. Lit. Bot.); Die Cultur des Zuckerrohrs, Saccharum, in Asien, Geogr. Verbreitung, etc., etc., in 8vo, 64 pages, without date. This monograph is full of learning and judgment, worthy of the best epoch of German science, when English or French authors were quoted by all authors with as much care as Germans.

[753] Kunth, Enum. Plant. (1838), vol. i. p. 474. There is no more recent descriptive work on the family of the Gramineæ, nor the genus Saccharum.

[754] Miquel, Floræ Indiæ Batavæ, 1855, vol. iii. p. 511.

[755] Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab and Sindh Plants, 1869, p. 173.

[756] Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyloniæ.

[757] Crawfurd, Indian Archip., i. p. 475.

[758] Forster, De Plantis Esculentis.

[759] Vieillard, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xvi. p. 32.

[760] Loureiro, Cochin-Ch., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 66.

[761] Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arabica, p. 103.

[762] Macfadyen, On the Botanical Characters of the Sugar-Cane, in Hooker’s Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

[763] Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 186.

[764] Hehn, No. 480.

[765] Schacht, Madeira und Teneriffe, tab. i.

[766] Tussac, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 153, pl. 23.

[767] Piddington, Index.

[768] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 45-47.

[769] See the quotations from Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny, etc., in Lenz, Botanik der Alten Griechen und Römer, 1859, p. 267; Fingerhut, in Flora, 1839, vol. ii. p. 529; and many other authors.

[770] Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth.

[771] Calendrier Rural de Harib, written in the tenth century for Spain, translated by Dureau de la Malle in his Climatologie de l’Italie et de l’Andalousie, p. 71.

[772] Von Buch, Canar. Ins.

[773] Piso, Brésil, p. 49.

[774] Humboldt, Nouv. Espagne, ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.

[775] Not. Stat. sur les Col. Franc., i. pp. 207, 29, 83.

[776] Macfadyen, in Hooker, Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

[777] ii. p. 3.

[778] ii. tab. 3.

[779] Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin., tab. 119, 120.

[780] Thunberg, Diss., ii. p. 326; De Candolle, Prodr., iii. p. 262; Hooker, Bot. Mag., tab. 2749; Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt., p. 261.

[781] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 194.

[782] Alph. de Candolle, in Prodromus, vol. xvi., sect. 1, p. 29; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1152; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 30; Buhse Aufzählung Transcaucasien, p. 202.

[783] An erroneous transcription of what Asa Gray (Botany of North. United States, edit. 5) says of the hemp, wrongly attributed to the hop in Prodromus, and repeated in the French edition of this work, should be corrected. Humulus Lupulus is indigenous in the east of the United States, and also in the island of Yeso, according to a letter from Maximowicz.—Author’s Note, 1884.

[784] Hehn, Nutzpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 415.

[785] Pliny, Hist., bk. 21, c. 15. He mentions asparagus in this connection, and the young shoots of the hop are sometimes eaten in this manner.

[786] Tacitus, Germania, cap. 25; Pliny, bk. 18, c. 7; Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, pp. 125-137.

[787] Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, p. 149.

[788] Ibid.

[789] Beckmann, Erfindungen, quoted by Volz.

[790] Piddington, Index; Fick, Wörterb. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, i.; Ursprache.

[791] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 857.

[792] Dict. MS., compiled from floras, Moritzi.

[793] Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 47.

[794] Schweinfurth, in a letter to M. Boissier, 1882.

[795] Piddington, Index.

[796] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 15.

[797] See Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 108.

[798] Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 73; Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., ii. pp. 196, 293; i. p. 18.

[799] See Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 217.

[800] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 710; Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., iii. p. 439.

[801] Clarke, Compositæ Indicæ, 1876, p. 244.

[802] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 283.

[803] Rohlfs, Kufra, in 8vo, 1881.

[804] Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 196.

[805] Pliny, bk. xxi. c. 6.

[806] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 372.

[807] Index, p. 25.

[808] According to Forskal, Delile, Reynier, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson.

[809] Theophrastus, Hist., 1. 6, c. 6.

[810] J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 637.

[811] Royle, Ill. Himal.

[812] Sibthorp, Prodr.; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 292.

[813] J. Gay, quoted by Babington, Man. Brit. Fl.

[814] Maw, in the Gardener’s Chron., 1881, vol. xvi.

[815] Jacquemont, Voyage, vol. iii. p. 238.

[816] The word fruit is here employed in the vulgar sense, for any fleshy part which enlarges after the flowering. In the strictly botanical sense, the Anonaceæ, strawberries, cashews, pine-apples, and breadfruit are not fruits.

[817] A. squamosa is figured in Descourtilz, Flore des Antilles, ii. pl. 83; Hooker’s Bot. Mag., 3095; and Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. pl. 4.

[818] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 859.

[819] Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, bk. vi. p. 5.

[820] Alph. de Candolle, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève.

[821] Ibid., p. 19 of Mem. printed separately.

[822] See Botany of Congo, and the German translation of Brown’s works, which has alphabetical tables.

[823] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 60.

[824] Webb, in Fl. Nigr., p. 97.

[825] Ibid., p. 204.

[826] Thonning, Pl. Guin.

[827] Brown, Congo, p. 6.

[828] Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Tentamen Fl. Seneg.

[829] Sloane, Jam., ii. p. 168.

[830] P. Brown, Jam., p. 257.

[831] Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 9.

[832] Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

[833] Splitgerber, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ii. p. 230.

[834] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

[835] Rumphius, i. p. 139.

[836] Forster, Plantæ Esculentæ.

[837] Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 22.

[838] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 427.

[839] Blanco, Fl. Filip.

[840] This depends upon the opinion formed with respect to A. glabra, Forskal (A. Asiatica, B. Dun. Anon., p. 71; A. Forskalii, D. C. Syst., i. p. 472), which was sometimes cultivated in gardens in Egypt when Forskal visited that country; it was called keschta, that is, coagulated milk. The rarity of its cultivation and the silence of ancient authors shows that it was of modern introduction into Egypt. Ebn Baithar (Sondtheimer’s German translation, in 2 vols., 1840), an Arabian physician of the thirteenth century, mentions no Anonacea, nor the name keschta. I do not see that Forskal’s description and illustration (Descr., p. 102. ic. tab. 15) differ from A. squamosa. Coquebert’s specimen, mentioned in the Systema, agrees with Forskal’s plate; but as it is in flower while the plate shows the fruit, its identity cannot be proved.

[841] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, v. ii. p. 657.

[842] Piddington, Index, p. 6.

[843] Royle, Ill. Him., p. 60.

[844] Rheede and Rumphius, i. p. 139.

[845] Hernandez, pp. 348, 454.

[846] Dunal, Mem. Anon., p. 70.

[847] Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

[848] Hence the generic name Anona, which Linnæus changed to Annona (provision), because he did not wish to have any savage name, and did not mind a pun.

[849] Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.