[850] Marcgraf, Brazil, p. 94.

[851] See Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 3. The identity admitted by Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 16, of the Anona palustris of America with that of Senegambia, appears to me very extraordinary, although it is a species which grows in marshes; that is, having perhaps a very wide area.

[852] Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 78; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. part 2, p. 33; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burm., i. p. 46; Stewart and Brandis, Forests of India, p. 6.

[853] Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. I. Isles, p. 5.

[854] Eggers, Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Isles, p. 23.

[855] Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 29; Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic., 1872.

[856] Warming, Symbolæ ad. Fl. Bras., xvi. p. 434.

[857] Figured in Descourtilz, Fl. Med. des. Antilles, ii. pl. 87, and in Tussac, Fl. des Antilles, ii. p. 24.

[858] Richard, Plantes Vasculaires de Cuba, p. 29; Swartz, Obs., p. 221; P. Brown, Jamaica, p. 255; Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 7; Eggers, Fl. of St. Croix, p. 23; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I., p. 4.

[859] Martius, Fl. Brasil, fasc. ii. p. 4; Splitgerber, Pl. de Surinam, in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., i. p. 226.

[860] Richard, Macfadyen, Grisebach, Eggers, Swartz, Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 233.

[861] Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 75.

[862] Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 29.

[863] Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 15.

[864] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 78.

[865] De Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 863.

[866] Feuillée, Obs., iii. p. 23, t. 17.

[867] Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 10.

[868] Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. iii. p. 15.

[869] Hooker, Fl. Nigr., p. 205.

[870] Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xix. suppl. 1.

[871] Richard, Plant. Vasc. de Cuba; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is.; Hemsley, Biologia Centr. Am., p. 118; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Gen., v. p. 57; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 28.

[872] Gay, Flora Chil., i. p. 66.

[873] Molina, French trans.

[874] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, in 8vo, Paris, 1811; Risso and Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Orangers, 1818, in folio, 109 plates.

[875] Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

[876] Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 50.

[877] For a work of this nature, the first step would be to publish good figures of wild species, showing particularly the fruit, which is not seen in herbaria. It would then be seen which forms represented in the plates of Risso, Duhamel, and others, are nearest to the wild types.

[878] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 55.

[879] Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, Fr. trans. 1598, p. 187.

[880] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832 iii. p. 393.

[881] Rumphius, Hortus Ambeinensis, ii. p. 98.

[882] Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 526.

[883] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.

[884] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 572. For another species of the genus, he says that it is cultivated and non-cultivated, p. 569.

[885] Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Oceani Australis, p. 35.

[886] Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33.

[887] Plukenet, Almagestes, p. 239; Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 41.

[888] Cedrat à gros fruit of Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vii. p. 68, pl. 22.

[889] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 129; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 52; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 514.

[890] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., p. 129.

[891] Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 528.

[892] Theophrastus, l. 4, c. 4.

[893] Bodæus, in Theophrastus, edit. 1644, pp. 322, 343; Risso, Traité du Citrus, p. 198; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 196.

[894] Dioscorides, i. p. 166.

[895] Targioni, Cenni Storici.

[896] Targioni, p. 217.

[897] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, pp. 32, 67, 355, 357.

[898] Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 129.

[899] Quoted in Grisebach’s Veget. Karaiben, p. 34.

[900] Ernst, in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 272.

[901] Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 392; Piddington, Index.

[902] Gallesio, p. 122.

[903] In the modern languages of India the Sanskrit name has been applied to the sweet orange, so says Brandis, by one of those transpositions which are so common in popular language.

[904] Gallesio, pp. 122, 247, 248.

[905] Gallesio, p. 240. Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, 1874, p. 13, quotes early Portuguese travellers on this head.

[906] Wallich, Catalogue, No. 6384.

[907] Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

[908] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 571.

[909] Royle, Illustr. of Himal., p. 129. He quotes Turner, Journey to Thibet, pp. 20, 387.

[910] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 569.

[911] Gallesio, p. 321.

[912] The date of this statuto is given by Targioni, on p. 205 of the Cenni Storici, as 1379, and on p. 213 as 1309. The errata do not notice this discrepancy.

[913] Goeze, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse. Hamburg, 1874, p. 26.

[914] Rumphius, Amboin., ii. c. 42.

[915] Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 35.

[916] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

[917] Rumphius, Amboin., ii. pls. 34, 35, where, however, the form of the fruit is not that of our mandarin.

[918] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 570.

[919] Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Bur.

[920] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 133, and Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 618.

[921] Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 134.

[922] Rumphius, Amboin., i. p. 133; Miquel, Plantæ Junghun., i. p. 290; Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 506.

[923] Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 260.

[924] Ernst in Seemann, Journal of Botany, 1867, p. 273; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 285.

[925] Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 123; Jacquin, Amer., p. 268; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 118.

[926] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 768.

[927] Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 343.

[928] Jacquin, Observationes, iii. p. 11.

[929] Marcgraf, Hist. Plant., p. 32, with illustrations.

[930] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265, under the name abelmoschus.

[931] Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 86. The description is in Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., i. p. 118.

[932] Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 50.

[933] Grisebach, Végét. du Globe, French trans. by Tchihatcheff, i. pp. 162, 163, 442; Munby, Catal. Alger; Ball, Fl. Maroc. Spicel, p. 392.

[934] Adolphe Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ. edit. 2, vol. 1, p. 295. quotes several travellers for these regions, among others Wood’s Journey to the Sources of the Oxus.

[935] These are figured in Heer’s Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, fig. 11.

[936] Ragazzoni, Rivista Arch. della Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 17, p. 30.

[937] Heer, ibid.

[938] Planchon, Étude sur les Tufs de Montpellier, 1864, p. 63.

[939] De Saporta, La Flore des Tufs Quaternaires de Provence, 1867, pp. 15, 27.

[940] Kolenati, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1846, p. 279.

[941] Regel, Acta Horti Imp. Petrop., 1873. In this short review of the genus, M. Regel gives it as his opinion that Vitis vinifera is a hybrid between two wild species, V. vulpina and V. labrusca, modified by cultivation; but he gives no proof, and his characters of the two wild species are altogether unsatisfactory. It is much to be desired that the wild and cultivated vines of Europe and Asia should be compared with regard to their seeds, which furnish excellent distinctions, according to Englemann’s observations on the American vines.

[942] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Eur., 2nd edit., vol. i. pp. 298-321.

[943] M. Delchevalerie, in l’Illustration Horticole, 1881, p. 28. He mentions in particular the tomb of Phtah-Hotep, who lived at Memphis 4000 B.C.

[944] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

[945] Pliny, Hist., lib. 15, c. 14.

[946] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 665; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sicul., ii. p. 276.

[947] Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 480; Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 12; J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 633; Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 14; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 81.

[948] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

[949] Zizyphus chinensis of some authors is the same species.

[950] Brandis, Forest Flora of British India, p. 84.

[951] Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 651.

[952] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 57.

[953] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 9.

[954] Odyssey, bk. l, v. 84; Herodotos, l. 4, p. 177, trans. in Lenz, Bot. der Alt., p. 653.

[955] Theophrastus, Hist., l. 4, c. 4, edit. 1644. The edition of 1613 does not contain the words which refer to this detail.

[956] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitr. zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 263.

[957] See the article on the carob tree.

[958] Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 9; Ball, Spicilegium, Fl. Maroc., p. 301; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 481; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 664.

[959] This name, which is little used, occurs in Bauhin, as Jujuba Indica.

[960] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 632; Brandis, Forest Fl., i. 87; Bentham, Fl. Austral., i. p. 412; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 13; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 379.

[961] Received from Martius, No. 1070, from the Cabo frio.

[962] Bouton, in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot.; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 61; Brandis.

[963] Kurz, Forest Flora of Burmah, i. p. 266.

[964] Beddone, Forest Flora of India, i. pl. 149 (representing the wild fruit, which is smaller than that of the cultivated plant); Brandis.

[965] Rheede, iv. pl. 141.

[966] Piddington, Index.

[967] Rumphius, Amboyna, ii. pl. 36.

[968] Zizyphus abyssinicus, Hochst, seems to be a different species.

[969] Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 55 (where there is an excellent figure, pl. 13). He says that it is an East Indian species, thus aggravating Linnæus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and American.

[970] Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 873

[971] Piso and Marcgraf, Hist. rer. Natur. Brasil, 1648, p. 57.

[972] Vide Piso and Marcgraf; Aublet, Guyane, p. 392; Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 106; Jacquin, Amér., p. 124; Macfadyen, Pl. Jamaic., p. 119; Greisbach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 176.

[973] Ernst in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 273.

[974] Rheede, Malabar, iii. pl. 54.

[975] Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. pp. 177, 178.

[976] Beddone, Flora Sylvatica, t. 163; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 20.

[977] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 304.

[978] Brown, Congo, pp. 12, 49.

[979] Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 443.

[980] See plate 4510 of the Botanical Magazine.

[981] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 435; Piddington, Index.

[982] Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. p. 95.

[983] Blanco, Fl. Filip., p. 181.

[984] Rumphius; Forskal, p. cvii.

[985] Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Ceyl., p. 75; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 126; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 13; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burmah, i. p. 304.

[986] Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., i. p. 442; Baker, Fl. of Maur. and Seych., p. 63.

[987] Hughes, Barbados, p. 177.

[988] Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 221; Sir J. Hooker, Speech at the Royal Institute.

[989] Sagot, Jour. de la Soc. Centr. d’Agric. de France, 1872.

[990] Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 33; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 51; Nadaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taïti, p. 75.

[991] There is a good coloured illustration in Tussac’s Fl. des Antilles, iii. pl. 28.

[992] Boyer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 81.

[993] H. C. Watson, Compendium Cybele Brit., i. p. 160; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 44.

[994] Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, p. 246; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 224; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, ii. p. 17.

[995] Boissier, Fl. Orient.

[996] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 64.

[997] Gay; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 344; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 129.

[998] Perny, Propag. de la Foi, quoted in Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Mus., p. 27. Gay does not give China.

[999] Babington, Journ. of Linnæan Society, ii. p. 303; J. Gay.

[1000] Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 156.

[1001] Sir W. Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 184.

[1002] A. Gray, Bot. Calif., i. p. 176.

[1003] J. Gay, in Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Fraisier, p. 30.

[1004] Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la Vie Privée des Français, i. pp. 233 and 3.

[1005] Olivier de Serres, Théâtre d’Agric., p. 511; Gerard, from Phillips, Pomarium Britannicum, p. 334.

[1006] Purdie, in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, 1844, p. 515.

[1007] Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 121.