[1008] Bory Saint-Vincent, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. Nat., 1836, sem. ii. p. 109.

[1009] Asa Gray, Manual of Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 155; Botany of California, i. p. 177.

[1010] Phillips, Romar. Brit., p. 335.

[1011] Cl. Gay, Hist. Chili, Botanica, ii. p. 305.

[1012] Ledebour. Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649.

[1013] Ledebour, ibid.; Fries, Summa Scand., p. 46; Nyman, Conspec. Fl. Eur., p. 213; Boissier. ibid.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 245.

[1014] Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 8.

[1015] As the cherries ripen after the season when birds migrate, they disperse the stones chiefly in the neighbourhood of the plantations.

[1016] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India.

[1017] Lowe, Manual of Madeira, p. 235.

[1018] Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, edit. 3, p. 73.

[1019] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 281.

[1020] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 17, 18, and p. 26.

[1021] In Perrin, Études Préhist. sur la Savoie, p. 22.

[1022] Atte Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., vol. vi.

[1023] For the numerous varieties which have common names in France, varying with the different provinces, see Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vol. v., in which are good coloured illustrations.

[1024] Hohenacker, Plantæ Talysch., p. 128.

[1025] Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 110.

[1026] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6.

[1027] Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 86.

[1028] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Bot., p. 198.

[1029] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India, ii, p. 313.

[1030] Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinselm, etc., p. 147.

[1031] Rehmann, Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Brunn, x. 1871.

[1032] Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 69; Pflanzen d’Attisch. Ebene., p. 477.

[1033] Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 258.

[1034] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 131.

[1035] Lecoc and Lamotte, Catal. du Plat. Centr. de la France, p. 148.

[1036] Theophrastes, Hist. Pl., lib. 3, c. 13; Pliny, lib. 15, c. 25, and others quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. and Röm., p. 710.

[1037] Part of the description of Theophrastus shows a confusion with other trees. He says, for instance, that the nut is soft.

[1038] Ad. Pictet quotes forms of the same name in Persian, Turkish, and Russian, and derives from the same source the French word guigne, now used for certain varieties of the cherry.

[1039] Schouw, Die Erde, p. 44; Comes, Ill. delle Piante, etc., in 4to, p. 56.

[1040] Sordelli, Piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 40.

[1041] Caruel, Flora Toscana, p. 48.

[1042] Hist., lib. 15, c. 13.

[1043] Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., edit. 2, p. 228; Cosson and Germain, Flore des Environs de Paris, i. p. 165.

[1044] Hudson, Fl. Anglic., 1778, p. 212, unites them under the name Prunus communis.

[1045] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652; K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 94; Boissier and Bühse, Aufzähl Transcaucasien, p. 80.

[1046] Dioscorides, p. 174.

[1047] Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 10.

[1048] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 69.

[1049] Heldreich, Pflanzen Attischen Ebene.

[1050] Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinseln, i. p. 172.

[1051] Comes, Ill. Piante Pompeiane.

[1052] Insititia = foreign. A curious name, since every plant is foreign to all countries but its own.

[1053] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 244; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 135; Grisebach, Spicel. Fl. Rumel.,p. 85; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 68.

[1054] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 651; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Hohenacker, Pl. Talysch, p. 128.

[1055] Dioscorides, p. 173; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 69.

[1056] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 68.

[1057] Ibid.

[1058] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 27, fig. 16, c.

[1059] Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 165.

[1060] Pliny, lib. 2, cap. 12.

[1061] The Latin name has passed into modern Greek (prikokkia). The Spanish and French names, etc. (albaricoque, abricot), seem to be derived from arbor præcox, or præcocium, while the old French word armegne, and the Italian armenilli, etc., come from mailon armeniacon. See further details about the names of the species in my Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 880.

[1062] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 3.

[1063] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652.

[1064] Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Botanique, vol. i.

[1065] K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 87.

[1066] Nouv. Ann. des Voyages, Feb., 1839, p. 176.

[1067] E. de Salle, Voyage, i. p. 140.

[1068] Spach, Hist. des Végét. Phanér., i. p. 389.

[1069] Boissier and Buhse, Aufzählung, etc., in 4to, 1860.

[1070] Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens, p. 371.

[1071] Munby, Catal. Fl. d’Algér., edit. 2, p. 49.

[1072] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage z. Fl. Æthiop., in 4to., 1867, p. 259.

[1073] Royle, Ill. of Himalaya, p. 205; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 56; Sir Joseph Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313; Brandis, Forest Flora of N. W. and Central India, 191.

[1074] Westmael, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgiq., viii., p. 219.

[1075] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, v. ii. p. 501.

[1076] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 10, 49.

[1077] Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, vol. viii., art. Abricotier.

[1078] Dr. Bretschneider confirms this in a recent work, Notes on Botanical Questions, p. 3.

[1079] Prunus armeniaca of Thunberg is P. mume of Siebold and Zuccharini. The apricot is not mentioned in the Enumeratio, etc., of Franchet and Savatier.

[1080] Capus (Ann. Sc. Nat., sixth series, vol. xv. p. 206) found it wild in Turkestan at the height of four thousand to seven thousand feet, which weakens the hypothesis of a solely Chinese origin.

[1081] Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Forskal, Fl. Ægyp.; Delile Ill. Egypt.

[1082] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc.

[1083] Bretschneider, Early European Researches, p. 149.

[1084] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 10; and Early Europ. Resear., p. 149.

[1085] Brandis, Forest Flora; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., iii. p. 313.

[1086] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 500; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 204.

[1087] Boissier, Fl. Orien., iii. p. 641.

[1088] K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 80; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure Botanique, i. p. 108.

[1089] Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. xix. p. 108.

[1090] Gussone, Synopsis Floræ Siculæ, i. p. 552; Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 67.

[1091] Hiller, Hierophyton, i. p. 215; Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 263.

[1092] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 1, c. 11, 18, etc.; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 176.

[1093] Schouw, Die Erde, etc.; Comes, Ill. Piante nei dipinti Pomp., p. 13.

[1094] Pliny, Hist., lib. 16, c. 22.

[1095] Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 5; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 243.

[1096] Dictionnaire Français Berbère, 1844.

[1097] Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 881.

[1098] Theophrastus, Hist., iv. c. 4; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 164; Pliny, Geneva edit., bk. 15, c. 13.

[1099] Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

[1100] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 2nd. edit., ii. p. 500; Piddington, Index; Royle, ibid.

[1101] Sir Joseph Hooker, Journ. of Bot., 1850, p. 54.

[1102] Rose, the head of the French trade at Canton, collected these from Chinese manuscripts, and Noisette (Jard. Fruit., i. p. 76) has transcribed a part of his article. The facts are of the following nature. The Chinese believe the oval peaches, which are very red on one side, to be a symbol of a long life. In consequence of this ancient belief, peaches are used in all ornaments in painting and sculpture, and in congratulatory presents, etc. According to the work of Chin-noug-king, the peach Yu prevents death. If it is not eaten in time, it at least preserves the body from decay until the end of the world. The peach is always mentioned among the fruits of immortality, with which were entertained the hopes of Tsinchi-Hoang, Vouty, of the Hans and other emperors who pretended to immortality, etc.

[1103] Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 121.

[1104] Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

[1105] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.

[1106] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 386.

[1107] Kæmpfer, Amœn., p. 798; Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 199. Kæmpfer and Thunberg also give the name momu, but Siebold (Fl. Jap., i. p. 29) attributes a somewhat similar name, mume, to a plum tree, Prunus mume, Sieb. and Z.

[1108] Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond., iv. p. 513.

[1109] Pallas, Fl. Rossica, p. 13.

[1110] Shuft aloo is, according to Royle (Ill. Him. p. 204), the Persian name for the nectarine.

[1111] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 3. See p. 228, the subsequent opinion of Koch.

[1112] Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., ix. p. 481.

[1113] Thouin, Ann. Mus., viii. p. 433.

[1114] Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

[1115] Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 23.

[1116] Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 199.

[1117] Thunberg, Fl. Jap., 199.

[1118] The accounts about China which I have consulted do not mention the nectarine; but as it exists in Japan, it is extremely probable that it does also in China.

[1119] Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Hort. Soc., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

[1120] Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 122.

[1121] J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 162, 163.

[1122] Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 295.

[1123] Pliny, lib. xv. cap. 12 and 13.

[1124] Pliny, De Div. Gen. Malorum, lib. ii. cap. 14.

[1125] Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 358.

[1126] Dalechamp, ibid.; Matthioli, p. 122; Cæsalpinus, p. 107; J. Bauhin, p. 163, etc.

[1127] Pliny, lib. xvii. cap. 10.

[1128] I have not been able to discover an Italian name for a glabrous or other fruit derived from tuber, or tuberes, which is singular, as the ancient names of fruits are usually preserved under some form or other.

[1129] Braddick, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., ii. p. 205.

[1130] Ibid., pl. 13.

[1131] Bertero, Annales Sc. Nat., xxi. p. 350.

[1132] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 10.

[1133] Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313.

[1134] Brandis, Forest Flora, etc., p. 191.

[1135] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 640.

[1136] K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 83.

[1137] Decaisne, Jard. Fr. du Mus., Pêchers, p. 42.

[1138] Comes, Illus. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 14.

[1139] Darwin, Variation of Plants and Animals, etc., i. p. 338.

[1140] Decaisne, ubi supra, p. 2.

[1141] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 94; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 653. He has verified several specimens.

[1142] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 374.

[1143] P. sinensis described by Lindley is badly drawn with regard to the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the Botanical Register, and very well in that of Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Muséum. It is the same species as P. ussuriensis, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia.

[1144] Well drawn in Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vi. pl. 59; and in Decaisne, Jard. Frui. du Mus., pl. 1, figs. B and C. P. balansæ, pl. 6 of the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier observes.

[1145] This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance, according to the observations of Godron, De l’Origine Probable des Poiriers Cultivés, 8vo pamphlet, 1873, p. 6.

[1146] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Löw, Aramaeische Pflanzennamen, 1881.

[1147] The spelling Pyrus, adopted by Linnæus, occurs in Pliny, Historia, edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling, write pirus, so that in referring to a modern work it is necessary to look in the index for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the pears are not in the work. In any case the ancient name was a common name; but the true botanical name is that of Linnæus, founder of the received nomenclature, and Linnæus wrote Pyrus.

[1148] Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 59.

[1149] Heer, Pfahlbauten, pp. 24, 26, fig. 7.

[1150] Sordelli, Notizie Stat. Lacustre di Lagozza.

[1151] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex. Naturgesch.; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., i. p. 277; and my manuscript dictionary of common names.

[1152] From a list of plant-names sent by M. d’Abadie to Professor Clos, of Toulouse.

[1153] Godron, ubi supra, p. 28.

[1154] Jacquin, Flora Austriaca, ii. pp. 4, 107.

[1155] Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 21.

[1156] Decaisne, ibid., p. 18, and Introduction, p. 30. Several varieties of this species, of which a few bear a large fruit, are figured in the same work.

[1157] Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.

[1158] Palladius, De re Rustica, lib. 3, c. 25. For this purpose “pira sylvestria vel asperi generis” were used.

[1159] The Chinese quince had been called by Thonin Pyrus sinensis. Lindley has unfortunately given the same name to a true pyrus.

[1160] Decaisne (Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 5) saw specimens from both countries. Franchet and Savatier give it as only cultivated in Japan.

[1161] Nyman, Conspectus Floræ Europeæ, p. 240; Ledebour, Flora Rossica, ii. p. 96; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. p. 656; Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus., x. p. 153.