[1326] Mueller, Fragm., vi. p. 186; Forster, Prodr. (no description); Seemann, Jour. of Bot., ii. p. 50.

[1327] Nadeaud, Plan. Usu. des Taitiens, Enum. des Pl. Indig. à Taiti.

[1328] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.

[1329] Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 121.

[1330] Cogniaux, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 458.

[1331] Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 15, t. 8; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 714, as L. clavata; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 100; Thwaites, Enum.

[1332] Mueller, Fragmenta, iii. p. 107; Bentham, Fl. Austr., iii. p. 317, under names which Naudin and Cogniaux regard as synonyms of L. cylindrica.

[1333] Hooker, in Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 530.

[1334] Schweinfurth and Ascheron, Aufzählung, p. 268.

[1335] Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.

[1336] Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 122; Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 459.

[1337] Linnæus, Species, p. 1436, as Cucumis acutangulus.

[1338] Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 13, t. 7.

[1339] Thwaites, Enum. Ceylan, p. 126; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 101; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 727.

[1340] Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 408, t. 149.

[1341] Clarke, in Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 614.

[1342] Bojer, Hort. Maurit.

[1343] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 268.

[1344] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

[1345] Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 190.

[1346] Rumphius, Amboin, v. pl. 148.

[1347] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Isl., p. 286.

[1348] Browne, Jamaica, p. 355.

[1349] Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. Hist., p. 259.

[1350] Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 205.

[1351] In Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 902.

[1352] Seemann, Bot. of Herald, p. 128.

[1353] Sagot, Journal de la Soc. d’Hortic. de France, 1872.

[1354] Cogniaux, Fl. Brasil, fasc. 78.

[1355] Sagot, ibid.

[1356] Webb and Berthelot, Phytog. Canar., sect. 1, p. 208.

[1357] Hernandez, Theo. Novæ Hisp., p. 78.

[1358] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 150.

[1359] Chapman, Flora of Southern States, p. 144.

[1360] The cactos of the Greeks was quite a different plant.

[1361] Steinheil, in Boissier, Voyage Bot. en Espagne, i. p. 25.

[1362] Webb and Berthelot, Phytog. Canar., vol. iii. sect. 1, p. 208.

[1363] Robson, quoted in English Botany, pl. 2057

[1364] Nyman, Conspectus Fl. Europeæ, p. 266; Boissier, Fl. Or., ii. p. 815.

[1365] Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 15.

[1366] Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Maroc., p. 449.

[1367] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 194; Boissier, ubi supra.

[1368] Clarke, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 410.

[1369] Phillips, Account of Fruits, p. 174.

[1370] Moore and More, Contrib. to the Cybele Hybernica, p. 113.

[1371] Davies, Welsh Botanology, p. 24.

[1372] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 199.

[1373] Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Amer., i. p. 150.

[1374] Dodoneus, p. 748.

[1375] Watson, Cybele Brit.

[1376] Brebisson, Flore de Normandie, p. 99.

[1377] Phillips, Account of Fruits, p. 136.

[1378] Gerard, Herbal, p. 1143.

[1379] That of currant is a later introduction, given from the resemblance to the grapes of Corinth (Phillips, ibid.).

[1380] Legonidec, Diction. Celto-Breton.

[1381] Moritzi, Dict. Inédit des Noms Vulgaires.

[1382] Linnæus, Flora Suecica, n. 197.

[1383] Watson, Compend. Cybele, i. p. 177; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 39; Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ., p. 266.

[1384] Boissier, Fl. Or., ii. p. 815.

[1385] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., p. 200; Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 119; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 411.

[1386] Boreau, Flore du Centre de la France, edit. 3, p. 262.

[1387] Bauhin, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 99.

[1388] This name Cassis is curious. Littré says that it seems to have been introduced late into the language, and that he does not know its origin. I have not met with it in botanical works earlier than the middle of the seventeenth century. My manuscript collection of common names, among more than forty names for this species in different languages or dialects has not one which resembles it. Buchoz, in his Dictionnaire des Plantes, 1770, i. p. 289, calls the plant the Cassis or Cassetier des Poitevins. The old French name was Poivrier or groseillier noir. Larousse’s dictionary says that good liqueurs were made at Cassis in Provence. Can this be the origin of the name?

[1389] Aitchison, Catalogue, p. 86.

[1390] Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, ii. p. 20; Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot., p. 48; Ball, Spicil. Fl. Maroc., p. 565.

[1391] Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, iv. p. 107, and vii. p. 31; Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumelicæ, ii. p. 71; Steven, Verzeich. der Taurisch. Halbins., p. 248; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., p. 38.

[1392] Bulletin, iv. p. 107.

[1393] Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth., vol. iv. p. 258; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 80, where the passages are indicated.

[1394] Fr. Lenormand, Manuel de l’Hist. Auc. de l’Orient., 1869, vol. i. p. 31.

[1395] Fick, Wörterbuch, Piddington, Index, only mentions one Hindu name, julpai.

[1396] Herodotus, Hist., bk. i. c. 193.

[1397] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 36.

[1398] Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., p. 569; Forskal, Plant. Egypt., p. 49.

[1399] Boissier, ibid.; Steven, ibid.

[1400] Unger, Die Pflanz. der Alten. Ægypt, p. 45.

[1401] De Candolle, Physiol. Végét., p. 696; Pleyte, quoted by Braun and Ascherson, Sitzber. Naturfor. Ges., May 15, 1877.

[1402] Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 88, line 9.

[1403] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. c. 3.

[1404] Kralik, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., iv. p. 108.

[1405] Beitrage zur Fl. Æthiopiens, p. 281.

[1406] Balansa, Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., iv. p. 107.

[1407] Moris, Fl. Sard., iii. p. 9; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., i. p. 46.

[1408] Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 1.

[1409] Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord (1864), p. 179.

[1410] Munby, Flore de l’Algerie, p. 2; Debeaux, Catal. Boghar, p. 68.

[1411] Boissier, Voyage Bot. en Espagne, edit. I, vol. ii. p. 407.

[1412] Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hispan., ii. p. 672.

[1413] Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot., pp. 47, 48.

[1414] Webb and Berthelot, ibid., Ethnographie, p. 188.

[1415] Seemann, Bot. of the Herald., p. 166.

[1416] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Isl., p. 398.

[1417] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 170; Jacquin, Amer., p. 52.

[1418] Flora Brasil., vol. vii. p. 88.

[1419] See the synonyms in the Flora Brasiliensis, vol. vii. p. 66.

[1420] Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic. de France, 1872, p. 347.

[1421] Blanco, Fl. de Filipinas, under the name Achras lucuma.

[1422] Nova Genera, iii. p. 240.

[1423] Dampier and Lussan, in Sloane’s Jamaica, ii. p. 172; Seemann, Botany of the Herald., p. 166.

[1424] Jacquin, Amer., p. 59; Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Genera, iii. p. 239.

[1425] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind., p. 399.

[1426] Sloane, ubi supra.

[1427] Dunal, Hist. des Solanum, p. 209.

[1428] Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., i. p. 116.

[1429] Rauwolf, Flora Orient., ed. Groningue, p. 26.

[1430] Dict. Fr.-Berbère, published by the French Government.

[1431] Thonning, under the name S. edule; Hooker, Niger Flora, p. 473.

[1432] Trans. of Linn. Soc., xvii. p. 48; Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 215.

[1433] Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

[1434] Forster, De Plantis Escul. Insul., etc.

[1435] Piddington, Index.

[1436] Piddington, at the word Capsicum.

[1437] Nemnich, Lexicon, gives twelve French and eight German names.

[1438] Piso, p. 107; Marcgraf, p. 39.

[1439] Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, vi. pl. 423.

[1440] Fingerhuth, Monographia Gen. Capsici, p. 12; Sendtner, in Flora Brasil., vol. x. p. 147.

[1441] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. Wall, ii. p. 260; edit. 1832, ii. p. 574.

[1442] Blume, Bijdr., ii. p. 704.

[1443] Sendtner, in Fl. Bras., x. p. 143.

[1444] Alph. de Candolle, Prodr., xiii. part 1, p. 26.

[1445] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 565; Piddington, Index.

[1446] Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 416.

[1447] Mala Peruviana, Pomi del Peru, in Bauhin’s Hist., iii. p. 621.

[1448] Hughes, Barbados, p. 148.

[1449] Humboldt, Espagne, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 472.

[1450] Fl. Brasil., vol. x. p. 126.

[1451] The proportions of the calyx and the corolla are the same as those of the cultivated tomato, but they are different in the allied species S. Humboldtii, of which the fruit is also eaten, according to Humboldt, who found it wild in Venezuela.

[1452] Ruiz and Pavon, Flor. Peruv., ii. p. 37.

[1453] Spruce, n. 4143, in Boissier’s herbarium.

[1454] Asa Gray, Bot. of Califor., i. p. 538.

[1455] Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 216.

[1456] Clusius, Historia, p. 2.

[1457] For instance in Madeira, according to Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 280; in Mauritius, the Seychelles and Rodriguez, according to Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 290.

[1458] It is not in Rumphius.

[1459] Aublet, Guyane, i. p. 364.

[1460] Meissner, in de Candolle, Prodromus, vol. xv. part 1, p. 52; and Flora Brasil., vol. v. p. 158. For Mexico, Hernandez, p. 89; for Venezuela and Para, Nees, Laurineæ, p. 129; for Eastern Peru, Pœppig, Exsicc., seen by Meissner.

[1461] P. Browne, Jamaica, p. 214; Jacquin, Obs., i. p. 38.

[1462] Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes., edit. 1598, p. 176.

[1463] Laet, Hist. Nouv. Monde, i. pp. 325, 341.

[1464] See the fine plates in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 45, pls. 10 and 11. The papaw belongs to the small family of the Papayaceæ, fused by some botanists into the Passifloræ, and by others into the Bixaceæ.

[1465] R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 52; A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 917.

[1466] Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872.

[1467] Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 147.

[1468] Sloane, Jamaica, p. 165.

[1469] Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 772.

[1470] Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 103, and Piso, p. 159, for Brazil; Ximenes in Marcgraf and Hernandez, Thesaurus, p. 99, for Mexico; and the last for St. Domingo and Mexico.

[1471] Clusius, Curæ Posteriores, pp. 79, 80.

[1472] Martius, Beitr. z. Ethnogr., ii. p. 418.

[1473] P. Browne, Jamaica, edit. 2, p. 360. The first edition is of 1756.

[1474] The passage of Oviedo is translated into English by Correa de Mello and Spruce, in their paper on the Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, x. p. 1.

[1475] De Candolle, Prodr., xv. part 1, p. 414.

[1476] Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1154; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 418; Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 257.

[1477] Count Solms Laubach, in a learned discussion (Herkunft, Domestication, etc., des Feigenbaums, in 4to, 1882), has himself observed facts of this nature already indicated by various authors. He did not find the seed provided with embryos (p. 64), which he attributes to the absence of the insect (Blastophaga), which generally lives in the wild fig, and facilitates the fertilization of one flower by another in the interior of the fruit. It is asserted, however, that fertilization occasionally takes place without the intervention of the insect.

[1478] Chabas, Mélanges Egyptol., 3rd series (1873), vol. ii. p. 92.

[1479] Rosenmuller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 285; Reynier, Écon. Publ. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 470.

[1480] Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arab., p. 125. Lagarde (Revue Critique d’Histoire, Feb. 27, 1882) says that this Semitic name is very ancient.

[1481] Bretschneider, in Solms, ubi supra, p. 51.

[1482] Herodotus, i. 71.

[1483] Lenz, Botanik der Griechen, p. 421, quotes four lines of Homer. See also Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 84.

[1484] Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

[1485] No importance should be attached to the exaggerated divisions made by Gasparini in Ficus carica, Linnæus. Botanists who have studied the fig tree since his time retain a single species, and name several varieties of the wild fig. The cultivated forms are numberless.