[1486] Gussone, Enum. Plant. Inarimensium, p. 301.

[1487] For the history of the fig tree and an account of the operation (of doubtful utility) which consists in planting insect-bearing Caprifici among the cultivated trees (caprification), see Solms’ work.

[1488] Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 18.

[1489] Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

[1490] Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries Ethnogr., p. 186; Phytogr., iii. p. 257.

[1491] Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord., p. 193.

[1492] Planchon, Étude sur les tufs de Montpellier, p. 63; de Saporta, La flore des tufs quaternaires en Provence, in Comptes rendus de la 32e Session du Congrès Scientifique de France; Bull. Soc. Geolog., 1873-74, p. 442.

[1493] See the fine plates published in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, vol. ii. pls. 2 and 3; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2869-2871.

[1494] Voyages à la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 100.

[1495] Hooker, ubi supra.

[1496] Rumphius, Herb. Amboin, i. p. 112, pl. 33.

[1497] Flora Vitiensis, p. 255.

[1498] Seemann, Fl. Vit., p. 255; Nadeaud, Enum. des Pl. Indig. de Taiti, p. 44; Idem, Pl. usuelles des Taitiens, p. 24.

[1499] See Tussac’s plates, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2833, 2834.

[1500] Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 18; Wight, Icones, ii. No. 678; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 426; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 432.

[1501] Tussac, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4.

[1502] Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 282.

[1503] Martius, Gen. et Spec. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 257; C. Ritter, Erdkunde, xiii. p. 760; Alph. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 343.

[1504] Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 38.

[1505] Pliny, Hist., lib. vi. cap. 37.

[1506] Unger, ubi supra.

[1507] See C. Ritter, ubi supra.

[1508] Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 234.

[1509] C. Ritter, ibid., p. 828.

[1510] According to Roxburgh, Royle, etc.

[1511] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 31.

[1512] According to Schmidt, Fl. d. Cap.-Verd. Isl., p. 168, the date-palm is rare in these islands, and is certainly not wild. Webb and Berthelot, on the contrary, assert that in some of the Canaries it is apparently indigenous (Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 289).

[1513] Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 1st edit., ii. p. 360.

[1514] Oviedo, Hist. Nat., 1556, p. 112. Oviedo’s first work is of 1526. He is the earliest naturalist quoted by Dryander (Bibl. Banks) for America.

[1515] I have also seen this passage in the translation of Oviedo by Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 115.

[1516] Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., p. 385.

[1517] Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, i. p. 282.

[1518] Acosta, Hist. Nat. De Indias, 1608, p. 250.

[1519] Desvaux, Journ. Bot., iv. p. 5.

[1520] Caldcleugh, Trav. in S. Amer., 1825, i. p. 23.

[1521] Stevenson, Trav. in S. Amer., i. p. 328.

[1522] Ibid., p. 363.

[1523] Boussingault, C. r. Acad. Sc. Paris, May 9, 1836.

[1524] Meyen, Pflanzen Geog., 1836, p. 383.

[1525] Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 870.

[1526] Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 213; Ernst, in Seemann’s Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 289; Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. d’Hort. de Fr., 1872, p. 226.

[1527] Martius, Eth. Sprachenkunde Amer., p. 123.

[1528] Roxburgh and Wallich, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 485; Piddington, Index.

[1529] Pliny, Hist., lib. xii. cap. 6.

[1530] Unger, ubi supra, and Wilkinson, ii. p. 403, do not mention it. The banana is now cultivated in Egypt.

[1531] Forster, Plant. Esc., p. 28.

[1532] Clusius, Exot., p. 229; Brown, Bot. Congo, p. 51.

[1533] Roxburgh, Corom., tab. 275; Fl. Ind.

[1534] Rumphius, Amb., v. p. 139.

[1535] Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

[1536] Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

[1537] Blanco, Flora, 1st edit., p. 247.

[1538] Finlayson, Journey to Siam, 1826, p. 86, according to Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 878.

[1539] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Cey., p. 321.

[1540] Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 147.

[1541] Hughes, Barb., p. 182; Maycock, Fl. Barb., p. 396.

[1542] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 148.

[1543] Piso, edit. 1648, Hist. Nat., p. 75.

[1544] Humboldt quotes the Spanish edition of 1608. The first edition is of 1591. I have only been able to consult the French translation of Regnault, published in 1598, and which is apparently accurate.

[1545] Acosta, trans., lib. iv. cap. 21.

[1546] That is probably Hispaniola or San Domingo; for if he had meant the Spanish language, it would have been translated by castillan and without the capital letter.

[1547] This is probably a misprint for Andes, for the word Indes has no sense. The work says (p. 166) that pine-apples do not grow in Peru, but that they are brought thither from the Andes, and (p. 173) that the cacao comes from the Andes. It seems to have meant hot regions. The word Andes has since been applied to the chain of mountains by a strange and unfortunate transfer.

[1548] I have read through the entire work, to make sure of this fact.

[1549] Prescott, Conquest of Peru. The author has consulted valuable records, among others a manuscript of Montesinos of 1527; but he does not quote his authorities for each fact, and contents himself with vague and general indications, which are very insufficient.

[1550] Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 33.

[1551] Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 113; Jos. Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., p. 166.

[1552] Thevet, Piso, etc.; Hernandez, Thes., p. 341.

[1553] Rheede, Hort. Malab., xi. p. 6.

[1554] Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 228.

[1555] Royle, Ill., p. 376.

[1556] Kircher, Chine Illustrée, trans. of 1670, p. 253.

[1557] Clusius, Exotic., cap. 44.

[1558] Baker, Fl. of Maurit.

[1559] Royle, ubi supra.

[1560] Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 215.

[1561] Humboldt, Nouv. Esp., 2nd edit., ii. p. 478.

[1562] Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1881, vol. i. p. 657.

[1563] Martius, letter to A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 927.

[1564] Humboldt, Voy., ii. p. 511; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Genera, v. p. 316; Martius, Ueber den Cacao, in Büchner, Repert. Pharm.

[1565] Schach, in Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 91.

[1566] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 15.

[1567] G. Bernoulli. Uebersicht der Arten von Theobroma, p. 5.

[1568] Hemsley, Biologia Centrali Americana, part ii. p. 133.

[1569] Grisebach, ubi supra.

[1570] Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo Granatensis, p. 208.

[1571] Blanco, Fl. de Filipinas, edit. 2, p. 420.

[1572] Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, ubi supra; Triana, ubi supra.

[1573] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

[1574] Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, ii. p. 269.

[1575] Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 106.

[1576] Loureiro, Flora Coch., p. 233; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 293.

[1577] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 271; Thwaites, Enum. Zeyl., p. 58; Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 688.

[1578] Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 687.

[1579] Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 103; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 554.

[1580] Bossier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 5.

[1581] Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xiii. cap. 15; lib. xv. cap. 22; Galen, De Alimentis, lib. ii. cap. 30.

[1582] Lerche, Nova Acta Acad. Cesareo-Leopold, vol. v., appendix, p. 203, published in 1773. Maximowicz, in a letter of Feb. 24, 1882, tells me that Lerche’s specimen exists in the herbarium of the Imperial Garden at St. Petersburgh. It is in flower, and resembles the cultivated bean in all points excepting height, which is about half a foot. The label mentions the locality and its wild character without other remarks.

[1583] There are Transcaucasian specimens in the same herbarium, but taller, and they are not said to be wild.

[1584] Marschall Bieberstein, Flora Caucaso-Taurica; C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch; Boissier, Fl. Orient., p. 578, Buhse and Boissier, Plant. Transcaucasiæ.

[1585] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 664, quotes de Candolle, Prodromus, ii. p. 354; now Seringe wrote the article Faba in Prodromus, in which the south of the Caspian is indicated, probably on Lerche’s authority.

[1586] Dict. d’Agric., v. p. 512.

[1587] Munby, Catal. Plant. in Alger. sponte nascent., edit. 2, p. 12.

[1588] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256; Rohlfs, Kufra.

[1589] Loiscleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29.

[1590] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 15.

[1591] Iliad, 13, v. 589.

[1592] Wittmack, Sitz. bericht Vereins, Brandenburg, 1879.

[1593] Novitius Dictionnarium, at the word Faba.

[1594] Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 353.

[1595] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 22, figs. 44-47.

[1596] Perrin, Étude Préhistorique sur la Savoie, p. 2.

[1597] Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 12; Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens et Carthaginois, p. 340; Unger, Pflan. d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 64; Wilkinson, Man. and Cus. of Anc. Egyptians, p. 402.

[1598] Reynier, ubi supra, tries to discover the reason of this.

[1599] Herodotus, Histoire, Larcher’s trans., vol. ii. p. 32.

[1600] 2 Sam. xvii. 28; Ezek. iv. 9.

[1601] Dict. Français-Berbère, published by the French government.

[1602] Note communicated to M. Clos by M. d’Abadie.

[1603] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

[1604] Rhododendron ponticum now exists only in Asia Minor and in the south of the Spanish peninsula.

[1605] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 577.

[1606] C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss Fl. Caucas., p. 147.

[1607] Georgi, in Ledebour, Fl. Ross.

[1608] Forskal, Fl. Ægypt.; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 13.

[1609] Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 134.

[1610] Reynier, Économie publique et rurale des Arabes et des Juifs, Genève, 1820, p. 429.

[1611] Dict. Franç.-Berbère, in 8vo, 1844.

[1612] Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 188.

[1613] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 364; Hehn, ubi supra.

[1614] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 23, fig. 49.

[1615] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 5.

[1616] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

[1617] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 660, according to Pallas, Falk, and Koch.

[1618] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 560; Steven, Verzeichniss des Taurischen Hablinseln, p. 134.

[1619] Iliad, bk. 13, verse 589; Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3.

[1620] Dioscorides, lib. ii. c. 126.

[1621] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

[1622] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex., i. p. 1037; Bunge, in Goebels Reise, ii. p. 328.

[1623] Clément d’Alexandrie, Strom., lib. i., quoted from Reynier, Écon. des Égyp. et Carthag., p. 343.

[1624] Reynier, Écon. des Arabes et Juifs, p. 430.

[1625] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 100; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 180.

[1626] Rauwolf, Fl. Orient., No. 220; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 81; Dict. Franç.-Berbère.

[1627] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

[1628] See Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 51; Lenz., Bot. der Alten, p. 73.

[1629] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 69.

[1630] Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., edit. 1529, p. 88.

[1631] Clusius, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 228.

[1632] Willkomm and Lange, Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 466.

[1633] Caruel, Fl. Toscana, p. 136.

[1634] Gussone, Fl. Siculæ Syn., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 466.

[1635] Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 11.

[1636] D’Urville, Enum., p. 86.

[1637] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 510.

[1638] Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 136.

[1639] Gussone, Fl. Sic. Syn., ii. p. 267; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 596.

[1640] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 29.

[1641] Aufzählung, etc., p. 257.

[1642] Schweinfurth, Plantæ Nilot. a Hartman Coll., p. 6.

[1643] Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 65.

[1644] Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 403.

[1645] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., vol. i.

[1646] Muratori, Antich. Ital., i. p. 347; Diss., 24, quoted by Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 31.