[1647] Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 623; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 200.

[1648] Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. p. 419; Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 184; Gussone, Fl. Sic. Synopsis, ii. p. 279; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 577.

[1649] Steven, Verzeichniss, p. 134.

[1650] Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung., 1860, p. 204.

[1651] Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, p. 326.

[1652] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3 and 5.

[1653] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

[1654] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 7 and 12. This is certainly P. sativum, for the author says it cannot bear the cold.

[1655] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 359.

[1656] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbaüten, xxiii. fig. 48; Perrin, Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 22.

[1657] Piddington, Index. Roxburgh does not give a Sanskrit name.

[1658] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

[1659] Ibid., p. 9.

[1660] See Pailleux, in Bull. de la Soc. d’Acclim., Sept. and Oct., 1880.

[1661] Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

[1662] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 314.

[1663] Piddington, Index.

[1664] Kaempfer, Amer. Exot., p. 837, pl. 838.

[1665] Haberlandt, Die Sojabohne, in 8vo, Vienna, 1878, quoted by Pailleux, ubi supra.

[1666] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 538.

[1667] Bunge, Enum. Plant. Chin., p. 118; Maximowicz, Primit. Fl. Amur., p. 87.

[1668] Miquel, Prolusio, in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat., iii. p. 52; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 108.

[1669] Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., p. 255.

[1670] Soja angustifolia, Miquel; see Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 184.

[1671] Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

[1672] Tussac, Flore des Antilles, vol. iv. p. 94, pl. 32; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Indies, i. p. 191.

[1673] See Wight and Arnott, Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind., p. 256; Klotzsch, in Peters, Reise nach Mozambique, i. p. 36. The yellow variety is figured in Tussac, that with the red flowers in the Botanical Register, 1845, pl. 31.

[1674] Bentham, Flora Hongkongensis, p. 89; Flora Brasil., vol. xv. p. 199; Bentham and Hooker, i. p. 541.

[1675] Tussac, Flore des Antilles; Jacquin, Obs., p. 1.

[1676] Rheede, Roxburgh, Kurz, Burm. Fl., etc.

[1677] Thwaites, Enum. Pl Ceylan.

[1678] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 565.

[1679] Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. t. 135.

[1680] Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis, p. 74.

[1681] Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. i. p. 241.

[1682] Piddington, Index; Rheede, Malab., vi. p. 23, etc.

[1683] Pickering, Chron. Arrang. of Plants, p. 442; Peters, Reise, p. 36; R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 53; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 216.

[1684] Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation, 1871, p. 663.

[1685] The species is given here in order not to separate it from the other leguminous plants cultivated for the seeds alone.

[1686] De Gasparin, Cours. d’Agric., iv. p. 328.

[1687] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 255; Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss.

[1688] Ascherson, etc., in Rohls, Kufra, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1881, p. 519.

[1689] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 73; Die Pflanzen der Attischen Ebene, p. 477; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sic., p. 646; Bianca, Il Carrubo, in the Giornale d’Agricoltura Italiana, 1881; Munby, Catal. Pl. in Alg. Spont., p. 13.

[1690] Hœfer, Hist. Bot. Minér. et Géol., 1 vol. in 12mo., p. 20; Bonné, Le Caroubier, ou l’Arbre des Lotophages, Algiers, 1869 (quoted by Hœfer). See above, the article on the jujube tree.

[1691] Pliny, Hist., lib. i. cap. 30.

[1692] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. i. cap. 11; Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 155; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 65.

[1693] Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 354; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 77.

[1694] Columna, quoted by Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 73; Pliny, Hist., lib. xiii. cap. 8.

[1695] Dict. Franç.-Berbère, at the word Caroube.

[1696] Lexicon Oxon., quoted by Pickering, Chron. Hist. of Plants, p. 141.

[1697] The drawing is reproduced in Unger’s Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, fig. 22. The observation which he quotes from Kotschy needs confirmation by a special anatomist.

[1698] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 961.

[1699] Bentham, in Ann. Wiener Museum, vol. ii.; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, in 4to, Stuttgart, 1860, edit. 2, 1869.

[1700] Savi, Osserv. sopra Phaseolus e Dolichos, 1, 2, 3.

[1701] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 3; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 130; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7, 12, interpreted by Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 52; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 731; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, p. 1.

[1702] Wittmack, Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

[1703] Delile, Plantes Cultivées en Égypte, p. 14; Piddington, Index.

[1704] Bretschneider does not mention any, either in his pamphlet On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, or in his private letters to me.

[1705] E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanique, iii. p. 404.

[1706] “Faseolus est species leguminis et grani, quod est in quantitate parum minus quam Faba, et in figura est columnare sicut faba, herbaque ejus minor est aliquantulum quam herba Fabæ. Et sunt faseoli multorum colorum, sed quodlibet granorum habet maculam nigram in loco cotyledonis” (Jessen, Alberti Magni, De Vegetabilibus, edit. critica, p. 515).

[1707] P. Crescens, French trans., 1539.

[1708] Macer Floridus, edit. 1485, and Choulant’s commentary, 1832.

[1709] De Rochebrune, Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, vol. xxxiii. Jan., 1880, of which I saw an analysis in Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1633.

[1710] Wittmack, Sitzungsbericht des Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879, and a private letter.

[1711] Molina (Essai sur l’Hist. Nat. du Chili, French trans., p. 101) mentions Phaseoli, which he calls pallar and asellus, and Cl. Gay’s Fl. du Chili adds, without much explanation, Ph. Cumingii, Bentham.

[1712] A. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 691.

[1713] Tournefort Eléments (1694), i. p. 328; Instit., p. 415.

[1714] Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585, p. 39; Matthioli ed Valgris, p. 322; Targioni, Dizion. Bot. Ital., i. p. 13.

[1715] Feuillée, Hist. des Plan. Medic. du Pérou, etc., in 4to, 1725, p. 54.

[1716] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chapter on disjunctive species.

[1717] Ph. bipunctatus, Jacqnin; Ph. inamœnus, Linnæus; Ph. puberulus, Kunth; Ph. saccharatus, MacFadyen; etc., etc.

[1718] Bentham, in Fl. Brasil., vol. xv. p. 181.

[1719] Roxburgh, Piddington, etc.

[1720] Royle, Ill. Himalaya, p. 190.

[1721] Aufäzhlung, etc., p. 257.

[1722] Oliver. Fl. of Trop. Afr., p. 192.

[1723] Wittmack, Sitz. Bot. Vereins Branden., Dec. 19, 1879.

[1724] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 299; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 48; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 202.

[1725] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 201.

[1726] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., p. 299.

[1727] Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Ethiop., p. 15; Aufzählung, p. 257; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., p. 194.

[1728] See authors quoted for P. tribolus.

[1729] Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 209; Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. ii. p. 240.

[1730] Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 83.

[1731] Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Africa, ii. p. 210.

[1732] Forskal, Descript., p. 133; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 14.

[1733] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256.

[1734] Dict. Franç.-Berbère, at the word haricot; Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 324. The common haricot has no less than five different names in the Iberian peninsula.

[1735] Piddington, Index.

[1736] Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm., p. 732.

[1737] Langkavel, Bot. der Späteren Griechen, p. 4; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 72.

[1738] Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 205; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 175.

[1739] Linnæus, junr., Decad., ii. pl. 19, seems to have confounded this plant with Arachis, and he gives, perhaps because of this error, Voandzeia as cultivated at his time in Surinam. Modern writers on America either have not seen it or have omitted to mention it.

[1740] Gardener’s Chronicle, Sept. 4, 1880.

[1741] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 523.

[1742] Guillemin, Perottet, Richard, Fl. Senegambia Tentamen, p. 254.

[1743] Aufzählung, p. 259.

[1744] Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 236.

[1745] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. 517.

[1746] Meissner, in De Candolle, Prodr., xiv. p. 143.

[1747] Bretschneider, On Study, etc., p. 9.

[1748] Madden, Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

[1749] The English name buckwheat and the French name of some localities, buscail, come from the German.

[1750] Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Buhse and Boissier, Pflanzen Transcaucasien.

[1751] Pritzel, Sitzungsbericht Naturforsch. freunde zu Berlin, May 15, 1866.

[1752] Reynier, Économie des Celtes, p. 425.

[1753] I have given the vernacular names at greater length in Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 953.

[1754] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 1030; Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., xi. p. 379.

[1755] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 403.

[1756] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317.

[1757] Gmelin, Flora Sibirica, iii. p. 64; Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii. p. 576.

[1758] Maximowicz, Primitiæ; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc.; Schmidt, Reisen in Amur, do not mention it.

[1759] Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317; Madden, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., v. p. 118.

[1760] Roth, Catalecta Botanica, i. p. 48.

[1761] Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal., p. 74.

[1762] Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 101.

[1763] Moquin, in De Candolle, Prodromus, xiii. part 1, p. 67.

[1764] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 952.

[1765] Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 562.

[1766] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 609; Wight, Icones, pl. 720; Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab Plants, p. 130.

[1767] Madden, Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

[1768] Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, p. 76.

[1769] Wallich, List, No. 6903; Moquin, in D. C., Prodr., xiii. sect. 2, p. 256.

[1770] For further details, see my article in Prodromus, vol. xvi. part 2, p. 114; and Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 1175.

[1771] Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xix. c. 23.

[1772] Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., p. 114.

[1773] Lyons marrons now come chiefly from Dauphiné and Vivarais. Some are also obtained from Luc in the department of Var (Gasparin, Traité d’Agric., iv. p. 744).

[1774] Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 180.

[1775] Vilmorin, Essai d’un Catalogue Méthodique et Synonymique des Froments, Paris, 1850.

[1776] The best drawings of the different kinds of wheat may be found in Metzger’s Europæische Cerealien, in folio, Heidelberg, 1824; and in Host. Graminæ, in folio, vol. iii.

[1777] Tessier, Dict. d’Agric., vi. p. 198.

[1778] Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1 vol. in 8vo, p. 219.

[1779] These questions have been discussed with learning and judgment by four authors: Link, Ueber die ältere Geschichte der Getreide Arten, in Abhandl. der Berlin Akad., 1816, vol. xvii. p. 122; 1826, p. 67; and in Die Urwelt und das Alterthum, 2nd edit., Berlin, 1834, p. 399; Reynier, Économie des Celtes et des Germains, 1818, p. 417; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. des Sciences Nat., vol. ix. 1826; and Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1812, part i. p. 52.

[1780] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 14-18.

[1781] Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 31.

[1782] Heer, ibid.; Sordelli, ibid.

[1783] Nyari, quoted by Sordelli, ibid.

[1784] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7 and 8.

[1785] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.; Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Euro., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 328; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch., i. p. 77; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 78; Webb and Berthelot, Canaries, Ethnogr., p. 187; D’Abadie, Notes MSS. sur les Noms Basques; De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes Soc. Philolog., March, 1869.

[1786] Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1492.

[1787] G. Syncelli, Chronogr., fol. 1652, p. 28.

[1788] Strabo, edit. 1707, vol. ii. p. 1017.

[1789] Ibid., vol. i. p. 124; ii. p. 776.

[1790] Lib. ix. v. 109.

[1791] Diodorus, Terasson’s trans., ii. pp. 186, 190.

[1792] Bretschneider, ibid., p. 15.

[1793] Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. pp. 46, 568. His assertion is the more worthy of attention that he was a Sicilian.

[1794] Strobl, in Flora, 1880, p. 348.

[1795] Inzenga, Annali Agric. Sicil.

[1796] Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, 1854, p. 108.

[1797] J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1860, p. 30.

[1798] Olivier, Voy. dans l’Emp. Othoman (1807), vol. iii. p. 460.

[1799] Linnæus, Sp. Plant., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 127.

[1800] Bunge, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1860, p. 29.

[1801] De Candolle, Physiologie Botanique, ii. p. 696.

[1802] Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 31.