[1803] See Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.; and Löw, Aramaische Pflanzen Namen, 1881.

[1804] Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 3; Fl. Ægypt. Illus., p. 5.

[1805] Dict. Fr.-Berb., published by the Government.

[1806] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, fig. 4; p. 52, fig. 20.

[1807] Messicommer, in Flora, 1869, p. 320.

[1808] Quoted from Sordelli, Notizie sull. Lagozza, p. 32.

[1809] Heer, ubi supra, p. 50.

[1810] Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 5.

[1811] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

[1812] Koch, Linnæa, xxi. p. 427.

[1813] Letter from Ascherson, 1881.

[1814] Dict. MS. of Vernacular Names.

[1815] Debeaux, Catal. des Plan. de Boghar, p. 110.

[1816] Delile says (ubi supra) that wheat is called qamh, and a red variety qamh-ahmar.

[1817] Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1488.

[1818] Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung, 1865, p. 9.

[1819] H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 356.

[1820] Journal, Flora, 1835, p. 4.

[1821] See the plates of Metzger and Host, in the works previously quoted.

[1822] Essai d’un Catal. Method. des Froments, Paris, 1850.

[1823] Seringe, Monogr. des Céré. de la Suisse, in 8vo, Berne, 1818.

[1824] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 257.

[1825] Dioscorides, Mat. Med., ii., 111-115.

[1826] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 6.

[1827] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 32.

[1828] Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 5.

[1829] Reynier, Écon. des Égyptiens, p. 337; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. Sc. Nat., ix. p. 72; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzäh. Tr. spelta of Forskal is not admitted by any subsequent author.

[1830] Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 933.

[1831] Exod. ix. 32; Isa. xxviii. 25; Ezek. iv. 9.

[1832] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 83; Second, Trans, of Old Test., 1874.

[1833] Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 348.

[1834] Ad. Pictet, ibid.; Nemnich., Lexicon.

[1835] Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 107.

[1836] Olivier, Voyage, 1807, vol. iii. p. 460.

[1837] Lamarck, Dict. Encycl., ii. p. 560.

[1838] H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 858.

[1839] Heer, Pflanz. der. Pfahlb., p. 5, fig. 23, and p. 15.

[1840] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307.

[1841] Dioscorides, Mat. Med., 2, c. iii. 155.

[1842] Heldreich, Nutz. Griech.

[1843] Bieberstein, Fl. Tauro-Caucasaica, vol. i. p. 85.

[1844] Steven, Verzeichniss Taur. Halbins. Pflan., p. 354.

[1845] Bull. Soc. Bot. Fran., 1860, p. 30.

[1846] Boissier, Diagnoses, 1st series, vol. ii. fasc. 13, p. 69.

[1847] Balansa, 1854, No. 137 in Boissier’s Herbarium, in which there is also a specimen found in the fields in Servia, and a variety with brown beards sent by Pancic, growing in Servian meadows. The same botanist (of Belgrade) has just sent me wild specimens from Servia, which I cannot distinguish from T. monococcum, which he assures me is not cultivated in Servia. Bentham writes to me that T. bœoticum, of which he saw several specimens, is, he thinks, the same as T. monococcum.

[1848] Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 8.

[1849] A specimen determined by Reuter in Boissier’s Herbarium.

[1850] Figari and de Notaris, Agrostologiæ Ægypt. Fragm., p. 18.

[1851] A very starved plant gathered by Kotschy, No. 290, of which I possess a specimen. Boissier terms it H. distichon, varietas.

[1852] C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 26, from specimens seen also by Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iv. p. 327.

[1853] Ledebour, ibid.

[1854] Regel, Descr. Plant., Nov., 1881, fasc. 8, p. 37.

[1855] Willdenow, Sp. Plant., i. p. 473.

[1856] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. viii. cap. 4.

[1857] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13; Messicommer, Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320.

[1858] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 4.

[1859] Willdenow, Species Plant., i. p. 472.

[1860] Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens, p. 33; Ein Ziegel der Dashur Pyramide, p. 109.

[1861] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, figs. 2 and 3; p. 13, fig. 9; Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320; de Mortillet, according to Perrin, Études préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 23; Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 33.

[1862] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 358.

[1863] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 333.

[1864] Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

[1865] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 16.

[1866] Galen, De Alimentis, lib. xiii., quoted by Lenz, Bot. de Alten, p. 259.

[1867] Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 16.

[1868] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 344.

[1869] Nemnich, Lexicon Naturgesch.

[1870] Ad. Pictet, ubi supra.

[1871] Secale fragile, Bieberstein; S. anatolicum, Boissier; S. montanum, Gussone; S. villosum, Linnæus. I explained in my Géogr. Botanique, p. 936, the errors which result from this confusion, when rye was said to be wild in Sicily, Crete, and sometimes in Russia.

[1872] Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1856, p. 520.

[1873] Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 93.

[1874] Kunth, Enum., i. p. 449.

[1875] Sadler, Fl. Pesth., i. p. 80; Host, Fl. Austr., i. p. 177; Baumgarten, Fl. Transylv., p. 225; Neilreich, Fl. Wien., p. 58; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 97; Farkas, Fl. Croat., p. 1288.

[1876] Strobl saw it, however, in the woods on the slopes of Etna, a result of its introduction into cultivation in the eighteenth century (Œster. Bot. Zeit., 1881, p. 159).

[1877] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 298.

[1878] Royle, Ill., p. 419.

[1879] Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

[1880] Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 303; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 243.

[1881] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 17.

[1882] Galen, De Alimentis, lib. i. cap. 12.

[1883] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6, fig. 24.

[1884] Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 245.

[1885] Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo.-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 350.

[1886] Notes communicated by M. Clos.

[1887] Ad. Pictet, ubi supra.

[1888] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 548.

[1889] Dict. Fr.-Berbère, published by the French Government.

[1890] Linnæus, Species, p. 118; Lamarck, Dict. Enc., i. p. 431.

[1891] Phillips, Cult. Veget., ii. p. 4.

[1892] Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 36; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., ii. p. 175; Cosson, Fl. Paris, ii. p. 637; Bunge, Enum. Chin., p. 71, for the variety nuda.

[1893] Lamarck, Dict. Encycl., i. p. 331.

[1894] Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 69; Host, Fl. Austr., i. p. 138; Neilreich, Fl. Wien., p. 85; Baumgarten, Enum. Transylv., iii. p. 259; Farkas, Fl. Croatica, p. 1277.

[1895] Bentham, Handbook of British Flora, edit. 4, p. 544.

[1896] The passages from Theophrastus, Cato, and others, are translated in Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 232.

[1897] Heer. Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 17.

[1898] Regazzoni. Riv. Arch. Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 7.

[1899] Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 34.

[1900] Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, pp. 7, 8, 45.

[1901] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, p. 310; Piddington, Index.

[1902] Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Dict. Franç.-Berbère.

[1903] Delile, Fl. Ægypt., p. 3; Forskal, Fl. Arab., civ.

[1904] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 351.

[1905] Ibid.

[1906] Linnæus, Spec. Plant., i. p. 86.

[1907] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, p. 310; Aitchison, Cat. of Punjab Pl., p. 159.

[1908] Bunge, Enum., No. 400.

[1909] Maximowicz, Primitiœ Amur., p. 330.

[1910] Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iv. p. 469.

[1911] Hohenacker, Plant. Talysch., p. 13.

[1912] Steven, Verzeich. Halb. Taur., p. 371.

[1913] Mutel, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 20; Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. p. 122; Viviani, Fl. Damat., i. p. 60; Neilreich, Fl. Nied. Œsterr., p. 32.

[1914] Heldreich, Nutz. Griechenl., p. 3; Pflanz. Attisch. Ebene., p. 516.

[1915] M. Ascherson informs me in a letter that in his Aufzählung the word cult. has been omitted by mistake after Panicum miliaceum.

[1916] Forskal, Fl. Arab., p. civ.

[1917] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 8.

[1918] Bretschneider, ibid.

[1919] According to Unger, Pflanz, d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 34.

[1920] Heer, Pflanzen d. Pfahlbaut., p. 5, fig. 7; p. 17, figs. 28, 29; Perrin, Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 22.

[1921] Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech.

[1922] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 302; Rumphius, Amboin., v. p. 202, t. 75.

[1923] Roxburgh, ibid.

[1924] Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 226.

[1925] “Obeurrit in Baleya,” etc. (Rumphius, v. p. 202).

[1926] “Habitat in Indiis” (Linnæus, Species, i. p. 83).

[1927] Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab Pl., p. 162.

[1928] Bentham, Flora Austral., vii. p. 493.

[1929] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., ii. p. 262.

[1930] Bunge, Enum., No. 399; Maximowicz, Primitiæ Amur., p. 330.

[1931] Buhse, Aufzählung, p. 232.

[1932] See Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. p. 113; Mutel, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 20, etc.

[1933] Delile, Plantes Cult. en Égypte, p. 7; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 269; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab Pl., p. 175; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 9.

[1934] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 7.

[1935] Quoted by Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens, p. 34.

[1936] S. Birch, in Wilkinson, Man. and Cust. of Anc. Egyptians, 1878, vol. ii. p. 427.

[1937] Lepsius’ drawings are reproduced by Unger and by Wilkinson.

[1938] Ezek. iv. 9.

[1939] Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 544.

[1940] Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora Capverdischen Inseln, p. 158.

[1941] See Host, Graminæ Austriacæ, vol. iv. pl. 4.

[1942] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 271; Rumphius, Amboin., v. p. 194, pl. 75, fig. 1; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, iii. p. 503; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 9, 46; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 792.

[1943] Forskal, Delile, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson, ubi supra.

[1944] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

[1945] Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7. This may also be the variety or species known as bicolor.

[1946] W. Hooker, Niger Flora.

[1947] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 299.

[1948] Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 585.

[1949] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japon., ii. p. 172.

[1950] Bon Jardinier, ibid.

[1951] Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 343.

[1952] Boyle, Ill. Him. Plants.

[1953] Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan., p. 371

[1954] Several synonyms and the Arabic name in Linnæus, Delile, etc., apply to Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum, Willdenow, or Eleusine ægyptiaca of some authors, which is not cultivated.

[1955] Fresenius, Catal. Sem. Horti. Francof., 1834, Beitr. z. Fl. Abyss., p. 141.

[1956] Stanislas Julien, in Loiseleur, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29; Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, pp. 8 and 9.

[1957] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 267.

[1958] Piddington, Index; Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 437.

[1959] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 4, 10.

[1960] Strabo, Géographie, Tardieu’s translation, lib. xv. cap. 1, § 18; lib. xv. cap. 1. § 53.

[1961] Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs (1820), p. 450; Économie Publique et Rurale des Égyptiens et des Carthaginois (1823), p. 324.

[1962] Unger mentions none; Birch, in 1878, furnishes a note to Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 402, “There is no proof of the cultivation of rice, of which no grains have been found.”

[1963] Reynier, ibid.