The Project Gutenberg eBook of Origin of Cultivated Plants, by Alphonse De Candolle.

[1968] Nees, in Martius, Fl. Brasil., in 8vo, ii. p. 518; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 458.

[1969] Von Mueller writes to me that rice is certainly wild in tropical Australia. It may have been accidentally sown, and have become naturalized.—Author’s note, 1884.

[1970] Bonafous, Hist. Nat. Agric. et Économique du Maïs, 1 vol. in folio, Paris and Turin. 1836.

[1971] A. de Candolle, Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève, Aug. 1836, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 942.

[1972] Molinari, Storia d’Incisa, Asti, 1816.

[1973] Riant, La Charte d’Incisa, 8vo pamphlet, 1877, reprinted from the Revue des Questions Historiques.

[1974] Ruellius, De Natura Stirpium, p. 428, “Hanc quoniam nostrorum ætate e Græcia vel Asia venerit Turcicum frumentum nominant.” Fuchsius, p. 824, repeats this phrase in 1543.

[1975] Tragus, Stirpium, etc., edit. 1552, p. 650.

[1976] Dodoens, Pemptades, p. 509; Camerarius, Hort., p. 94; Matthiole, edit. 1570, p. 305.

[1977] P. Martyr, Ercilla, Jean de Lery, etc., 1516-1578.

[1978] Hernandez, Thes. Mexic., p. 242.

[1979] Lasègue, Musée Delessert, p. 467.

[1980] Fée, Souvenirs de la Guerre d’Espagne, p. 128.

[1981] Bibliothèque Orientale, Paris, 1697, at the word Rous.

[1982] Kunth, Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 1, vol. viii. p. 418; Raspail, ibid.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens; A. Braun, Pflanzenreste Ægypt. Mus. in Berlin; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians.

[1983] Forskal, p. liii.

[1984] Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Edinburgh, 1820, vol. i., Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 326.

[1985] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 568.

[1986] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 18.

[1988] The article is in the Pharmaceutical Journal of 1870; I only know it from a short extract in Seemann’s Journal of Botany, 1871, p. 62.

[1989] Rumphius, Amboin., vol. v. p. 525.

[1990] Malte-Brun, Géographie, i. p. 493.

[1991] A plant engraved on an ancient weapon which Siebold had taken for maize is a sorghum, according to Rein, quoted by Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs.

[1992] See Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas, p. 127.

[1993] Darwin, Var. of Plants and Anim. under Domest., i. p. 320.

[1994] A. de Saint-Hilaire, Ann. Sc. Nat., xvi. p. 143.

[1995] Lindley, Journ. of the Hortic. Soc., i. p. 114.

[1996] I quote these facts from Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs aus Nord und Sud Amerika, p. 87, in Berlin Anthropol. Ges., Nov. 10, 1879.

[1997] Rochebrune, Recherches Ethnographiques sur les Sépultures Péruviennes d’Ancon, from an extract by Wittmack in Uhlworm, Bot. Central-Blatt., 1880, p. 1633, where it may be seen that the burial-ground was used before and after the discovery of America.

[1998] Sagot, Cult. des Céréales de la Guyane Franç. (Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872, p. 94).

[1999] De Naidaillac, in his work entitled Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques, gives briefly the sum of our knowledge of these migrations of the ancient peoples of America in general. See especially vol. ii. chap. 9.

[2000] De Naidaillac, ii. p. 69, who quotes Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States.

[2001] Willkomm and Lange., Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 872.

[2002] Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., and others.

[2003] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 32, figs. 65, 66.

[2004] De Lanessan, in his translation from Flückiger and Hanbury, Histoire des Drogues d’Origine Végétale, i. p. 129.

[2005] Dioscorides, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. c. 65.

[2006] Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xx. c. 18.

[2007] Unger, Die Pflanze als Errerungs und Betaübungsmittel, p. 47; Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, i. p. 50.

[2008] Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64.

[2009] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 366.

[2010] Ainslie, Mat. Med. Indica, i. p. 326.

[2011] Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, p. 848.

[2012] Martin, in Bull. Soc. d’Acclimatation, 1872, p. 200.

[2013] Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 117; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., 47.

[2014] Ebn Baithar, i. p. 64.

[2015] Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 40.

[2016] Barbosa’s work was published in 1516.

[2017] Hughes, Trade Report, quoted by Flückiger and Hanbury.

[2018] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 53.

[2019] Sloane, ibid.; Clos, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th. series, vol. viii. p. 260; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 20.

[2020] Seemann, Bot. of Herald., pp. 79, 268; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 94; Meyer, Essequebo, p. 202; Piso, Hist. Nat. Brasil, edit. 1648, p. 65; Claussen, in Clos, ubi supra.

[2021] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Africa, i. p. 114.

[2022] Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 971.

[2023] Parlatore, Le Specie dei Cotoni, text in 4to, plates in folio, Florence, 1866.

[2024] Todaro, Relazione della Coltura dei Cotoni in Italia, segnita da una Monographia del Genere Gossypium, text large 8vo, plates in folio, Rome and Palermo, 1877-78; a work preceded by several others of less importance, which were known to Parlatore.

[2025] Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 210; and in Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 346.

[2026] Kurz, Forest Flora of British Burmah, i. p. 129.

[2027] Piddington, Index.

[2028] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. cap. 5.

[2029] Ibid., lib. iv. cap. 9.

[2030] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 7.

[2031] Pausanias, lib. v., cap. 5; lib. vi. cap. 26; Pliny, lib. xix. cap. 1. See Brandes, Baumwolle, p. 96.

[2032] C. Ritter, Die Geographische Verbreitung der Baumwolle, p. 25.

[2033] It is impossible not to remark the resemblance between this name and that of flax in Arabic, kattan or kittan; it is an example of the confusion which takes place in names where there is an analogy between the products.

[2034] De Lasteyrie, Du Cotonnier, p. 290.

[2035] Torrey and Asa Gray, Flora of North America, i. p. 230; Darlington, Agricultural Botany, p. 16.

[2036] Schouw, Naturschilderungen, p. 152.

[2037] Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 211; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 347; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265 (under the name Gossypium nigrum); Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 25.

[2038] Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egizia, p. 2; Mon. Civ., i. p. 60.

[2039] Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 16.

[2040] Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xix. cap. 1.

[2041] Pollux, Onomasticon, quoted by C. Ritter, ubi supra, p. 26.

[2042] Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs., p. 363; Bertoloni, Noc. Act. Acad. Bonon., ii. p. 213, and Miscell. Bot., 6; Viviani, in Bibl. Ital., vol. lxxxi. p. 94; C. Ritter, Géogr. Verbreitung der Baumwolle, in 4to.; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 93; Brandis, Der Baumwolle in Alterthum, in 8vo. 1880.

[2043] Masters, in Oliver, Flora of Trop. Africa, i. p. 322; and in Hooker, Flora of Brit. India, i. p. 347.

[2044] He says, for instance, of Gossypium herbaceum, which is certainly of the old world, as facts known before his time show, “habitat in America.”

[2045] Nascitur in calidis humidisque cultis præcipue locis (Hernandez, Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 308).

[2046] Hemsley, Biologia Centrali-Americana, i. p. 123.

[2047] Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 72.

[2048] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Is., p. 86.

[2049] Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 170.

[2050] The Malvaceæ have not yet appeared in the Flora Brasiliensis.

[2051] Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, i. p. 312.

[2052] The Gardener’s Chronicle of Sept. 4, 1880, gives details about the cultivation of this plant, the use of its seeds, and the extensive exportation of them from the west coast of Africa, Brazil, and India to Europe.

[2053] A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 962.

[2054] Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1040.

[2055] R. Brown, Botany of Congo, p. 53.

[2056] Bentham, in Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii. p. 159; Walpers, Repertorium, i. p. 727.

[2057] Maregraf and Piso, Brasil., p. 37, edit. 1648.

[2058] Ibid., edit. 1638, p. 256.

[2059] Acosta, Hist. Nat. Ind., French, trans., 1598, p. 165.

[2060] Aublot, Pl. Guyan, p. 765.

[2061] Sloane, Jamaica, p. 184.

[2062] Guillemin and Perrottet, Fl. Senegal.

[2063] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin.

[2064] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 280; Piddington, Index.

[2065] Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 426.

[2066] Rochebrune, from the extract in the Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1634.

[2067] Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 18.

[2068] Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 189.

[2069] Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 349; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 180.

[2070] Ritter, quoted in Flora, 1846, p. 704.

[2071] Meyen, Géogr. Bot., English trans., p. 384; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 338.

[2072] H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris, 1868.

[2073] Ellis, An Historical Account of Coffee, 1774.

[2074] Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., 2 vols. 8vo, 1842.

[2075] Bellus, Epist. ad Clus., p. 309.

[2076] Rauwolf, Clusius.

[2077] Rauwolf; Bauhin, Hist., i. p. 422.

[2078] Bellus, ubi supra.

[2079] Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., p. 350.

[2080] An extract from the same author in Playfair, Hist. of Arabia Felix, Bombay, 1859, does not mention this assertion.

[2081] Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iv. p. 552.

[2082] Ellis, ubi supra; Nouv. Dict., ibid.

[2083] This detail is borrowed from Ellis, Diss. Caf., p. 16. In the Notices Statistiques sur les Colonies Françaises (ii. p. 46) I find: “About 1716 or 1721, fresh seeds of the coffee having been brought secretly from Surinam, in spite of the precautions of the Dutch, the cultivation of this colonial product became naturalized at Cayenne.”

[2084] The name of this sailor has been spelt in several ways—Declieux, Duclieux, Desclieux. From the information supplied me at the ministère de la guerre, I learn that de Clieu was a gentleman, and a connection of the Comte de Maurepas. He was born in Normandy, went into the navy in 1702, and retired in 1760, after a distinguished career. He died in 1775. The official reports have not neglected to mention the important fact that he introduced the coffee plant into the French colonies.

[2085] Deleuze, Hist. du Muséum, i. p. 20.

[2086] Not. Stat. Col. Franç., i. p. 30.

[2087] Ibid., i. p. 209.

[2088] Martin, Stat. Col. Brit. Emp.

[2089] Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., iv. p. 135.

[2090] Not. Stat. Col. Franç., ii. p. 84.

[2091] H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1868.

[2092] In Hiern, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd series, vol. i. p. 171, pl. 24. This plate is reproduced in the Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew for 1876.

[2093] Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 181.

[2094] Cl. Gay, Fl. Chilena, iv. p. 268.

[2095] Asa Gray, in Watson, Bot. of California, i. p. 359.

[2096] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 1047.

[2097] Rumphius, Amboin., ii. p. 17; Blume, Rhumphia, i. p. 180.

[2098] Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, iii. p. 845.

[2099] Bentham and Hooker, Genera Pl., ii. p. 1059.

[2100] Pickering, Chronol. History of Plants, p. 223; Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 204; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 273; Grisebach. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 458.

[2101] Blume, Bijdragen, p. 778.

[2102] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington, Index.

[2103] Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 254.

[2104] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.

[2105] Ibid., On Study, etc., p. 16.

[2106] Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 121; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

[2107] Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 7.

[2108] Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 45.

[2109] Reynier, Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 431; Löw, Aramäeische Pflanzennamen, p. 376.

[2110] E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 75.

[2111] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

[2112] Thwaites, Enum., p. 209.

[2113] Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 211.

[2114] Ball, Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium, p. 664.

[2115] Müller, Argov., in D.C., Prodromus, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.

[2116] Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, Plantæ Niloticæ a Hartmann, etc., p. 13.