[2120] Rheede, Malabar, ii. p. 57, t. 32.
[2121] Rumphius, Herb. Amb., vol. iv. p. 93.
[2122] Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., i. p. 424.
[2123] Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 61.
[2124] Theophrastus, Hist., lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv. cap. 171; Fraas, Syn. Fl Class., p. 92.
[2125] Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.
[2126] Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, Chron. His. Plants, p. 225, writes kykwyn.
[2127] Flückiger and Haubury, Pharmacographia, p. 511.
[2128] A. de Candolle, Prodr., xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, i. p. 172; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 507; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 630; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1160; Brandis, Forest Flora of N.W. India, p. 498; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 390.
[2129] C. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 584.
[2130] Franchet and Savatier, Enum, Plant. Jap., i. 453.
[2131] Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 702; Bunge, Enum., p. 62.
[2132] Heldreich, Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb., 1879, p. 147.
[2133] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.
[2134] Heuffel, Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1853, p. 194.
[2135] De Saporta, 33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France.
[2136] Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.
[2137] Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.
[2138] Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.
[2139] Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 31.
[2140] Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera, etc., p. 39.
[2141] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug. 23, 1881.
[2142] Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289; Hehn, Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 341.
[2143] Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170 (published without date, but before 1851).
[2144] Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 616; Brandis, Forest Fl. of India, p. 551; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 537; Thwaites, Enum. Zeylan., p. 327; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin-Ch., p. 695.
[2145] Blume, Rumphia, ii. p. 67; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava., iii. p. 9; suppl. de Sumatra, p. 253.
[2146] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 28.
[2147] Blanco, Fl. di Filipinas, edit. 2.
[2148] Da Mosto, in Ramusio, i. p. 104, quoted by R. Brown.
[2149] Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 55.
[2150] Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, ii. p. 62; Drude, in Fl. Brasil., fasc. 85, p. 457. I find no author who asserts that this palm is wild in Guiana, as Martius affirms it to be in Brazil.
[2151] Elæis melanocarpa, Gærtner. The fruit also contains oil, but it does not appear that the species is cultivated, as the number of oleaginous plants is considerable in all countries.
[2152] Sloane, Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, ii. p. 113.
[2153] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 522.
[2154] Piso, Brasil., p. 65; Marcgraf, p. 138.
[2155] Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, 3 vols. in folio; see vol. ii. p. 125.
[2156] Aublet, Guyane, suppl., p. 102.
[2157] Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 9.
[2158] J. Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., 1598, p. 178.
[2159] Vafer, Voyage de Dampier, edit. 1705, p. 186; Vancouver, French edit., p. 325, quoted by de Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, i. p. 188.
[2160] Seemann, Bot. of Herald., p. 204.
[2161] Hernandez, Thesaurus Mexic., p. 71. He attributes the same name, p. 75, to the cocoa-nut palm of the Philippine Islands.
[2162] Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 53.
[2163] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 976.
[2164] Grisebach, Vegetation der Erde, pp. 11, 323.
[2165] Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 275.
[2166] The cocoa-nut called Maldive belongs to the genus Lodoicea. Coco mamillaris, Blanco, of the Philippines is a variety of the cultivated Cocos nucifera.
[2167] Drude, in Bot. Zeitung, 1876, p. 801; and Flora Brasiliensis, fasc. 85, p. 405.
[2168] Stieler, Hand Atlas, edit. 1867, map 3.
[2169] Stieler, ibid., map 9.
[2170] Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Indies, p. 552.
[2171] Eugène Fournier has indicated to me, for instance, drdapala (with hard fruit), palakecara (with hairy fruit), jalakajka (water-holder), etc.
[2172] Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 82.
[2173] Forster, De Plantis Esculentis, p. 48; Nadeaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taiti, p. 41.
[2174] Blume, ubi supra.
[2175] Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 24.
[2176] Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis, p. 276; Pickering, Chronol. Arrangement, p. 428.
[2177] Dr. Bretschneider writes to me from Pekin, Dec. 22, 1882, that the species is mentioned in the Ryd, a work of the year 1100 B.C. I do not know if we must suppose the original habitat to be China or western Asia.
[2178] Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes, p. 28.
[2179] Counting two or three forms which are perhaps rather very distinct races.
[2180] See the list of the useful plants of Australia by Sir J. Hooker, Flora Tasmania, p. cx.; and Bentham, Flora Australiensis, vii. p. 156.
[2181] The proportions which I give for the Phanerogams collectively are based upon an approximative calculation, made with the aid of the first two hundred pages of Steudel’s Nomenclator. They are justified by the comparison with several floras.
[2182] The species in italics are of very ancient cultivation (A or D), those marked with an asterisk have been less than two thousand years in cultivation (C or F).
[2183] Since this list was printed, I have been informed that the quinoa is wild in Chili. Some of the figures need modification in consequence of this error.
[2184] For reasons which I cannot here express, monotypical genera are for the most part in process of extinction.