[471] Directorium, p. 491. See De Cauzons, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 397.

[472] Ludovico à Paramo, op. cit., p. 124. See Tanon, op. cit., p. 437.

[473] As for example the Sire de Parthenay, see Lea, vol. i, p. 451; and the towns of Albi and Carcassonne, see Tanon, pp. 439-40. It is worth noticing that the notary, who drew up the appeal of the latter city against Nicholas d’Abbeville, was prosecuted for heresy and imprisoned.

[474] See Douais, Documents, vol. i, p. ccv., where the sentences are classified.

[475] Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 1-87.

[476] Tanon, p. 479.

[477] Taylor, op. cit., pp. 283-4 n. ‘The philosophic ideas of such seem gathered from the flotsam and jetsam of the later antique world; their stock was not of the best, and bore little interesting fruit for later times.’

[478] Mandell Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance (1895), p. 55. ‘Leo X was tolerant of the philosophic doubts of Pomponazzo concerning the immortality of the soul, because such speculations were not likely to affect the position of the Papacy; but could not allow Luther to discuss the dubious and complicated question of indulgences because it might have disastrous effects upon the system of papal finance.’

[479] See Acton, History of Freedom of Thought, pp. 569-71.

[480] E. S. P. Haynes, Religious Persecution (1904), p. 40. ‘A Liberal has recently been defined as one who would never have taken the chance of imposing silence on the deceivers of mankind. If we hold by this definition, very few Liberals have ever existed, or do exist now.’

[481] D. G. Ritchie, Natural Rights (1903), p. 160.

[482] The Catholic Encyclopædia (1907-14), on Heresy, vol. vii, p. 261.

[483] Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance, pp. 9-10.

[484] Ludovico à Paramo, op. cit., pp. 281-2.

[485] Ibid., pp. 288-9.

[486] Ibid., pp. 333-4.

[487] Joseph de Maistre, Considérations sur la France suivies ... des lettres à un gentilhomme russe sur l’inquisition espagnole (Brussels, 1844), pp. 281 et seq. Cf. Catholic Encyclopædia, vol. vii, p. 261. ‘Toleration came in when faith went out.’

[488] De Cauzons, op. cit., vol. i, p. 9.

[489] Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics (1882), on The Theory of Persecution, pp. 144-5. ‘However eager the clergy might be to stimulate and direct the anger of the faithful against heretics, their efforts would have been in vain if the bulk of the laity had not been predisposed to persecute heretics when duly pointed out. So far from persecution being merely the creature of priestcraft, it would be as near the truth to say that priestcraft was invented in order to organize persecution.’

[490] Haynes, op. cit., pp. 52-9.

[491] Ibid., p. 3. ‘And the heretic—often lacking in tact and a sense of proportion—is as offensive to the believer as one who should rudely tell him that his doctor was a quack and his solicitor a swindler.’ Cf. p. 55.

[492] Mill, On Liberty; Lecky’s Rationalism, esp., chs. iv and v.

[493] Op. cit., pp. 5, 113-15.

[494] Pollock, op. cit., p. 175.

[495] J. B. Bury, A History of Freedom of Thought (Home Univ. Lib.), p. 14. ‘A long time was needed to arrive at the conclusion that coercion of opinion is a mistake, and only a part of the world is yet convinced. That conclusion, so far as I can judge, is the most important ever reached by man. It was the issue of a continuous struggle between reason and authority....’

[496] Cf. Langlois, op. cit., pp. 21-47.

[497] For the trial of the Templars, see H. Finke, Papstum und Untergang des Templerordens (Münster, 1907); M. Lavocat, Procès des Frères et de l’ordre du Temple (Paris, 1888); Collection de Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France—Procès des Templiers, J. Michelet (Paris, 1841); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 238-334. Lea’s treatment of this complicated subject is masterly, and is conclusive against Philip IV and Clement V. For the trial of Jeanne d’Arc, see J. Quicherat, Procès de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 1841-9); H. S. Denifle and E. Chatelain, Le procès de J. d’Arc et l’Université de Paris (Paris, 1897); A. France, Vie de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 1908); A. Lang, The Maid of France (1908); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 338-78, etc. For trial of Savonarola, see P. Villart, Life and Times of Savonarola (Eng. trans.), 1899; Lea, vol. iii, pp. 209-37. For papal use of the Inquisition for political purposes, see Lea, vol. iii, ch. iv, generally.

INDEX