[134] Spencer, "First Principles," p. 4.

[135] Spencer, "First Principles," p. 43.

[136] "Fragments of Science," p. 12.

[137] Inaugural Address before the British Association of Science, in Nature, vol. iv. p. 269.

[138] "Positive Philosophy," vol. i. p. 206.

[139] "Philosophy of Aristotle," p. 66.

[140] Prof. P. G. Tait, M.A., opening Address at the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Association of Science, in Nature, vol. iv. p. 271. See also Prof. Maxwell's Address at the Liverpool Meeting, in Nature, vol. ii. p. 422.

[141] Miller's "Testimony of the Rocks," p. 221.

[142] Sir William Thomson supposes that temperature to have been at least 7000° Fahr. See Thomson and Tait's "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 716.

[143] "Fragments of Science," p. 158.

[144] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 714. Winchell, "Sketches of Creation," p. 407.

[145] Mayer, "Celestial Dynamics: Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 315. The palæobotanist Heer has described many species of tropical plants from Greenland, Alaska, and Spitzbergen.

[146] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 714. Observations on over forty artesian wells in Central Alabama show an average increase of temperature of 1° for every 47 feet of descent.—Dr. Winchell, in "Proceedings of American Association," part ii. p. 102.

[147] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 714.

[148] Pouillet estimates that the heat which reaches the surface of the earth from its interior at 200 cubic miles per diem. A cubic mile is the quantity of heat necessary to raise a cubic mile of water 1° Centigrade in temperature.

[149] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 716.

[150] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 721.

[151] See Winchell's "Sketches of Creation," chap. xxxvi.

[152] Proctor, "Other Worlds than Ours," p. 193. "More likely these have been totally absorbed by the lunar rocks."—Dr. Winchell.

[153] "Correlation and Conservation of forces," p. 245.

[154] North American Review, Oct., 1861, pp. 372-3.

[155] Mitchell's "Planetary and Stellar Worlds," p. 143.

[156] Tyndall, "Fragments of Science," p. 135.

[157] Quoted by Mayer, "Celestial Dynamics: Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 271.

[158] "Outlines of Astronomy," p. 308.

[159] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 191.

[160] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 191. Balfour Stewart, "Treatise on Heat," p. 372.

[161] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 194; also Helmholtz, in "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 242.

[162] Winchell, "Sketches of Creation," p. 422. If the whole solar radiation were employed in dissolving a layer of ice inclosing the sun, it would dissolve a stratum ten miles and a half thick in one day.

[163] Helmholtz, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 245.

[164] Energy is now defined as "the power of doing work," that is, the power, in virtue of its position (as a head of water, a raised mass, a coiled spring) or in virtue of its motion (as a falling mass, a current of wind, a projectile), to do work. The first is called Potential, the second Kinetic Energy. Besides these instances of Visible Energy, there is also Invisible Molecular Energy, divided into, (a) the Energy of electricity in motion; (b) the Energy of radiant heat and light; (c) the kinetic Energy of absorbed heat; (d) molecular potential Energy; (e) potential Energy caused by electrical separation; (f) potential Energy caused by chemical separation. Of these different kinds of Energy, the most available for work is Mechanical Energy, or Energy of visible motions and positions; the least available is universal heat, or radiant Energy.

[165] See article "Energy," in North British Review, May, 1864, and Balfour Stewart's "Treatise on Heat," p. 370.

[166] Stewart's "Elements of Physics," p. 357.

[167] "Die Naturkräfte in ihrer Wechselbeziehung," p. 89.

[168] "Correlation of Physical Forces," p. 187.

[169] American Journal of Science, July, 1864.

[170] Argyll, "Reign of Law," p. 121.

[171] Sir Isaac Newton entertained a similar opinion. "We may be able," he said, "to form some rude conception of the creation of matter, if we suppose that God by his power had prevented the entrance of any thing into a certain portion of pure space which is of its nature penetrable,... from henceforward this portion of space will be endowed with impenetrability, one of the essential qualities of matter; and as pure space is absolutely uniform, we have only to suppose that God communicated the same impenetrability to another portion of space, and we should obtain in a certain sort the notion of mobility, another quality which is essential to matter."—M. Coste, Note in the 4th Edition of his "French Translation of Locke's Essay." (M. Coste reports the above from Newton's lips.)

[172] Prof. Maxwell, in Nature, vol. ii. p. 219.

[173] M. Claude Bernard, Revue des Deux Mondes, 1867.

[174] "Dissertation on the Study of Natural Philosophy," § 28.

[175] Prof. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.S., "Lecture delivered before the British Association at Bradford," in Nature, vol. viii. p. 441.

[176] Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. i. p. 28.

[177] "Logic," vol. ii. p. 527, 4th edition.

[178] "Mind and Brain," vol. i. pp. 107-8.

[179] "Mind and Brain," vol. i. p. 261.

[180] Nature, vol. iv. p. 270.

[181] See Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 121.

[182] Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. p. 146.

[183] That man is the final end of the material creation is a principle recognized by scientific men. "The aim of the Creator in forming the earth, in allowing it to undergo the successive changes which geology has pointed out, and in creating successively all the different types of animals, was to introduce man upon the earth. Man is the end toward which all the animal creation has tended from the appearance of the Palæozoic fishes."—Agassiz and Gould, "Principles of Zoology," p. 238. See Dr. Winchell's "Sketches of Creation," pp. 373, 374; Owen's "Anatomy of the Vertebrates," vol. iii. pp. 796, 808.

[184] Argyll, "Reign of Law," p. 213.

[185] See Müller's "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. i. p. 237.

[186] Argyll, "Reign of Law," p. 219.

[187] G. Warrington, "The Week of Creation," p. 27.

[188] Rorison, "Creative Week," in Replies to "Essays and Reviews."

[189] Dr. Whedon, in Methodist Quarterly Review, July, 1862, p. 528.

[190] See "Creative Week," by Rorison, in Replies to "Essays and Reviews."

[191] "The waters of verse 2 is quite another thing than the water proper of the third creative day: it is the fluid (or gaseous) form of the earth itself in its first condition."—Lange.

[192] "We must beware of thinking of a mass of elementary water.... Here is meant the gaseous fluid as it forms a unity with the air."—Lange, p. 168.

[193] נֶפֶשׁ הַיָּה = soul of life.—Lange.

[194] Whedon.

[195] Hence αἰών, time, or the all of time, is used to express the all of the finite, the universe. See Heb. i. 2, xi. 3, where αἰῶνες is equivalent to universe.

[196] See Special Introduction by Prof. T. Lewis, in Lange's "Commentary."

[197] Lange's "Commentary" on Genesis, Introduction, p. 131.

[198] "In a conversation held some years ago by the author (Sir J. Herschel) with his lamented friend, Dr. Hawtrey, Head-Master and late Provost of Eton College, on the subject of Etymology, I happened to remark that the syllable Ur or Or must have some very remote origin, having found its way into many languages, conveying the idea of something absolute, solemn, definite, fundamental, or of unknown antiquity, as in the German Ur-alt (primeval), Ur-satz (a fundamental proposition), Ur-theil (a solemn judgment)—in the Latin Oriri (to arise), Origo (the origin), Aurora (the dawn)—in the Greek Ὄρος (a boundary, the extreme limit of our vision, whence our horizon), Ὄρκος (an oath or solemn obligation, etc.). 'You are right,' was his reply, 'it is the oldest word of all words: the first word ever recorded to have been pronounced. It is the Hebrew for Light'" (אוֹר, AOR).—"Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects," p. 219.

[199] See "Week of Creation," by Geo. Warrington, p. 13.

[200] The critical reader will discover a slight difference of opinion between Dr. Winchell and myself in regard to how much of chapter i. is to be regarded as the "Exordium" of the Hymn of Creation. Dr. Winchell includes verses 1 and 2; I incline, however, to the opinion that it is embraced in verse 1. The reasons which weigh with me are the following: 1. The chaos or the darkness of verse 2 is clearly recognized as "the evening" of the first day, "And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night; and there was evening and morning: one day." I do not see how on a fair interpretation of the sacred poem we can escape the conclusion that the first day embraces "the evening and morning"—that is, the primal darkness of verse 2, and the creation of dawning light. This conception furthermore harmonizes with the Hebrew usage, which always regarded the preceding night as part of the one natural day. The Hebrew Sabbath commenced at six o'clock on Friday evening. Thus we read in Leviticus xxiii. 32, "From even to even shall ye celebrate your Sabbath." Hence also the evening—morning = day (νυχθή-μερον)—of Daniel viii. 14. 2. The division I have made is the one which has been followed by the best Hebrew scholars, whose opinion is entitled to the highest deference in this connection. The independent character of the opening sentence of Genesis was affirmed by such judicious and learned men as Calvin, Bishop Patrick, and Dr. D. Jennings. The early fathers of the Church, as St. Gregory of Nazianzen, St. Justin Martyr, Origen, St. Augustine, and others, held that there was a considerable interval between the creation related in the first verse, and that of which an account is given in the third and following verses. See "The Pre-Adamite Earth," by Dr. Harris, p. 281.

[201] Breman Lectures, M. Fuchs "On Miracles," p. 105.

[202] See ante, p. 61.

[203] Lange, in loco.

[204] Faraday.

[205] "Three direct acts of the Deity may be recognized, viz., the creation of matter, of life, and of mind."—Prof. Hinrich, American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xxxix. p. 57.

[206] See M. Claude Bernard, Revue des Deux Mondes, December 15, 1867; Prof. Norton, American Journal of Science, July, 1864; Cooke, "Religion and Chemistry," p. 330.

[207] North British Review, March, 1868, p. 127. This is the doctrine of the first physicists of the age, of Sir William Thomson (see Nature, vol. i. p. 551; vol. ii. p. 421; and especially vol. iv. pp. 265-6), of Prof. Maxwell (see Nature, vol. ii. p. 421), of Prof. Tait (see Nature, vol. iv. p. 271), also of Clausius and Rankine. See also Prof. Hinrich, "On Planetology," in American Journal of Science, vol. xxxix. p. 283; and Prof. Norton, "On Molecular and Cosmical Physics," American Journal of Science, vol. xlix. pp. 24, 33.

[208] Cooke's "Religion and Chemistry," p. 129.

[209] North British Review, March, 1868, p. 127; also Prof. Tait, in Nature, vol. iv. p. 271.

[210] See Beale, "Protoplasm," pp. 69-71, 88, 108; Carpenter, "Human Physiology," pp. 46, 865-6.

[211] Beale, "Protoplasm," pp. 67-8.

[212] See Agassiz's "Methods of Study in Natural History," p. 287; also Grindon, "Life, its Nature," etc., pp. 189-190.

[213] Cuvier, "Animal Kingdom," p. 32.

[214] Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1867, p. 143.

[215] Herschel, "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 218; "Outlines of Astronomy," § 599; North British Review, 1868, p. 127.

[216] Dr. Winchell, "Sketches of Creation," pp. 66, 67.

[217] Dr. Winchell, "Sketches of Creation," p. 374.

[218] Dana, "Geology," pp. 745, 746.

[219] The theory of "Divine superintendence and control" falls very little, if any thing, short of the ever-present and pervading energy which we advocate. At least, the arguments which would establish such a relation of the Deity to the material universe as amounts to "superintendence and control," would go far to establish the doctrine of a real presence and agency of God pervading and upholding all nature. Superintendence and control imply some agency, some efficiency, and some intervention of righteousness or mercy to secure other ends than those secured by the established course of nature, for whoever overrules steps on a field beyond his ordinary rule. The physical laws are, therefore, simply God's uniform mode of governing the world. This is the conclusion which is reached by Proctor ("Other Worlds than Ours"). In his chapter on "Supervision and Control" (ch. xiii.), he says: "Thus we are led to the conclusion that all things happen according to set physical laws; and without, by any means, adopting the view that the Almighty exercises no special control over his universe, we see strong reason to believe that the laws which He has assigned to it are sufficient for the control of all things. Indeed, as far as all things take place in accordance with laws which the Almighty must assuredly have Himself ordained, we may say that every event which has happened or will happen throughout infinite time is the direct work and indicates the direct purpose and will of Almighty God" (pp. 329, 332); and further, "He who made the laws may annul or suspend them at his pleasure" (p. 333).

[220] St. Augustine's "De Civitate Dei," xii. 25, 26; Neander's "Church History," vol. ii. p. 605; Nitzsch, "System of Christian Doctrine," p. 193; Müller's "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. i. p. 248; Harris's " Pre-Adamite Earth," p. 103; Young's "Creator and Creation," pp. 57, 58; Chalmers's "Astronomical Discourses," Dis. iii. pp. 91, 98.

[221] "De Civitate Dei," xii. 25; xiii. 26.

[222] Contra Gentiles, ii. 38.

[223] "Summa Universalis," pt. i. q. 105, art. 5.

[224] "Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion," Prop. xiv. Dugald Stewart, after quoting the above, adds, "My opinion on this subject coincides with that of Dr. Clarke" ("Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man," vol. ii. p. 29).

[225] "Sermons," vol. ii. pp. 178, 179.

[226] Thomson's "Seasons."

[227] Holyoake, "Discussion with Townley," p. 68.

[228] Croonian Lecture, "On Matter and Force," p. 94. Is it not significant that Dr. Jones must write his "First Cause" without the initial capitals?

[229] Powell, "Essays and Reviews," p. 139.

[230] Powell, "Christianity and Judaism," p. 11.

[231] Dr. Harris, "Pre-Adamite Earth," p. 104.

[232] Amos i. 2.

[233] Hedge, "Reason and Religion," p. 74.

[234] "Essays and Reviews," p. 102.

[235] McCosh, "Intuitions," p. 276.

[236] "Logic," vol. ii. pp. 117, 118.

[237] Hamilton's "Lectures on Metaphysics," vol. i. p. 102.

[238] Whewell, "Novum Organon Renovatum," p. 7.

[239] "Familiar Lectures on Science," pp. 218, 284, 140.

[240] "Physiological Anatomy," by Todd, Bowman, and Beale, p. 19; Nicholson's "Biology," p. 14.

[241] Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. pp. 433, 434.

[242] Argyll, "Reign of Law," p. 100.

[243] Laycock, "Mind and Brain," vol. i. p. 225.

[244] Beale, "Protoplasm," pp. 39, 42, 109.

[245] Beale, "Protoplasm," pp. 104, 117; Laycock, "Mind and Brain," vol. i. pp. 222, 224; Liebig, "Organic Chemistry," p. 69.

[246] Spencer, "First Principles," p. 128.

[247] By Energy we understand "the power of doing work," or overcoming resistance, which in nature is something perfectly intelligible and measurable, equivalent in all cases to the product of the mass into the square of the velocity. By Force we understand "that which originates motion." All the forms of Energy have therefore their origin in Force, and Force has its origin in the Will of the Deity.

[248] Quoted from "Positive Philosophy," by Dr. McCosh, "Divine Government," p. 167.

[249] Science has been defined as the "knowledge of these deviations from the great laws of nature formularized in contingent or derivative laws."—Laycock, "Mind and Brain," vol. i. p. 221.

[250] "Fragments of Science," p. 162.

[251] Spencer, "First Principles," p. 128.

[252] Montesquieu, "Spirit of Laws," bk. i. ch. i.

[253] Herschel, "Natural Philosophy," § 27.

[254] "Astronomy and Physics," p. 224.

[255] Thomson and Tait, "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. p. 164; Mayer, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 335.

[256] Stewart's "Physics," p. 103.

[257] Stewart's "Physics," pp. 114, 353.

[258] Stewart's "Physics," p. 356.

[259] Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 22.

[260] Professor Charles Brooke, in Nature, vol. vi. p. 125.

[261] "Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects," pp. 469-472.

[262] "Natural Philosophy," vol. i. pp. 190, 191.

[263] Ibid. p. 194.

[264] North British Review, vol. xl. pp. 182, 183.

[265] Helmholtz, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 245.

[266] This is the hypothesis of Helmholtz, Mayer, and Thomson.

[267] Tyndall, "Fragments of Science," p. 31; Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 23.

[268] Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 43.

[269] Professor Norton, "On Molecular Physics;" American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. iii, 3d Series, pp. 329-331.

[270] Tyndall, "Fragments of Science," p. 76.