I. THE PATRIARCHAL AGE.

B.C.E.
1500 (about). Abraham leaves Ur of the Chaldees.
  Supreme power of Joseph in Egypt.
  Jacob and his household occupy Goshen in Egypt.

II. THE EXODUS.

  Birth of Moses.
  The Exodus.
  Revelation at Mount Sinai.
  Worship of the Golden Calf.
  Rebellion of Korah.
  Death of Miriam and Aaron.
  The Israelites defeat the Emorite king Sihon at Jahaz.
  Og, king of Bashan, defeated at Edreï.
  The prophecy of Balaam.
  Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh settle in the land east of the Jordan (Peræa).
  Death of Moses.

III. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.

  Leadership of Joshua.
  Passage of the Jordan.
  Capture of Jericho.
  Submission of the Gibeonites.
  Division of the land among the tribes.
  The Jebusites and others permitted to keep their territory.
  The Tabernacle at Shiloh.
  Death of Joshua.

IV. THE ERA OF THE JUDGES.

Judges.

  • 1. Othniel,
  • 2. Ehud,
  • 3. Shamgar,
  • 4. Deborah and Barak,
  • 5. Gideon,
  • 6. Abimelech,
  • 7. Thola,
  • 8. Jair,
  • 9. Jephthah,
  • 10. Samson,
  • 11. Ibzon,
  • 12. Elon,
  • 13. Abdon,
  • 14. Eli,
  • 15. Samuel.
  Othniel delivers the southern tribes from an
  Idumæan king.
  Ehud routs Eglon, king of Moab.
  Shamgar opposes the Philistines.
  Deborah and Barak defeat Sisera, Jabin’s general,
  at Mount Tabor.
  Gideon routs the Midianites under Zebah and
  Zalmunna.
  Abimelech leader of the Shechemites.
  Jephthah repulses the Ammonites in the
  trans-Jordanic provinces.
  Samson keeps the Philistines at bay.
  Eli, priest and judge.
  The Ark captured by the Philistines at Aphek.
  Samuel, judge and prophet.
  Levitical and prophetical schools formed.

V. THE KINGDOM.
(1067–977 B. C. E.)

Kings.

Saul, David, Solomon.

1067. Saul anointed king.
  The Philistines defeated at Michmash.
  Jabesh-Gilead saved from the Ammonites.
  Agag, king of Amalek, defeated.
  David anointed king.
  The Gibeonites massacred by order of Saul.
  David slays Goliath.
  David flees before Saul, and leads the life of an outlaw. He is on friendly terms with the king of Moab, with Nahash, the Ammonite king, and Achish, the Philistine king.
  Zadok high priest.
1055. Saul and Jonathan die in a battle with the Philistines near Mount Gilboa.
1055. David king of Judah; Ishbosheth king of the trans-Jordanic tribes.
1051–1049. Civil war between the houses of Saul and David.
  David sole king of the whole people; reigns at Hebron for seven years.
  Nathan and Gad prophets.
  Jerusalem made the capital after the conquest of the Jebusites.
  The Philistines defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim.
  Abiathar high priest in Jerusalem; Zadok in Gibeon.
  The descendants of Saul, except Mephibosheth, killed by the Gibeonites.
  David victorious over Moabites, Ammonites, and others.
  Revolt of Absalom.
  Sheba’s insurrection.
  Solomon anointed king by Nathan.
1015. Death of David; succession of Solomon.
1014. Solomon begins the first Temple.
  Zadok sole high priest.
1007. The first Temple consecrated.
  Solomon establishes a fleet. Roads built. Commerce extended. Foreign alliances.
  The kingdom at its greatest extent. Literature flourishes. Idolatry introduced.
  Rebellion of Jeroboam.
977. Death of Solomon.

VI. JUDAH AND ISRAEL UNTIL THE CAPTURE OF SAMARIA.
(977–719 B. C. E.)
(See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)

977. Rehoboam king of Judah.
  Jeroboam king of Israel; rules at Shechem.
  Rehoboam allies himself with the king of Damascus.
  Shemaiah, prophet, averts a civil war.
972. Shishak, king of Egypt, ally of Jeroboam, enters Jerusalem.
  Jeroboam institutes calf-worship at Bethel and Dan; Ahijah prophet.
960. Abijam, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah.
957. Asa, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah.
955. Nadab, son of Jeroboam, king of Israel.
954. Baasha destroys the house of Jeroboam, and rules at Tirzah.
  Asa forbids the worship of Astarte in Judah.
  Baasha, assisted by Ethiopians and Syrians, makes war upon Asa.
933. Elah, son of Baasha, king of Israel.
932. The house of Baasha exterminated by Zimri.
932–928. Civil war between Omri and Tibni.
928. Omri, the first king in Samaria, introduces the worship of Baal and Astarte.
  Alliance between Israel and Phœnicia. Jezebel marries Ahab.
922. Ahab king of Israel.
920 (about). Elijah and the prophets persecuted by Jezebel.
918. Jehoshaphat king of Judah.
  Micah (I) (Michaiah) prophesies.
904. Ahab victorious over Ben-hadad II, king of Aram (Syria).
  Alliance between Jehoshaphat and Ahab.
901. Ahaziah, son of Ahab, king of Israel.
899. Jehoram, son of Ahab, king of Israel.
  Jehoram and Jehoshaphat defeat Mesa of Moab.
894. Joram, son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.
888. Ahaziah, son of Joram and Athaliah, king of Judah.
  Elisha and Jehu.
887. Jehu kills Jehoram and exterminates the house of Omri; his followers kill Ahaziah.
  Jehu king of Israel.
  Athaliah queen of Judah; she has male members of the house of David executed.
881. Joash, son of Ahaziah, only surviving male descendant of David in the direct line, king of Judah.
864. The Temple repaired.
  Hazael, king of Syria, conquers the trans-Jordanic provinces of Israel.
860. Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel.
  Joash submits to Hazael.
845. Jehoash, son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
  Samaria besieged by Ben-hadad III; Jehoash victorious.
843. Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah.
  Amaziah victorious over the Idumæans.
840. Death of Elisha.
  Amaziah of Judah taken prisoner by Jehoash of Israel at Beth-Shemesh; Jerusalem ransacked and its walls destroyed.
830. Jeroboam II, son of Jehoash, king of Israel.
  Jeroboam II re-conquers districts taken by the Aramæans.
  Jonah prophesies.
815. Amaziah killed at Lachish.
  The Idumæans invade Judah, and sell Judæan captives as slaves. First dispersion of Judæans.
805. Uzziah, son of Amaziah, king of Judah.
  Earthquake and drouth.
  Uzziah re-conquers districts lost since Solomon’s time.
  Jeroboam II takes Damascus and Hamath; peoples become tributary to him.
  Luxury in Samaria under Jeroboam II.
800 (about). Amos, Joel, and Hosea (I) prophesy.
769. Zechariah, son of Jeroboam II, king of Judah.
768. Shallum kills Zechariah and exterminates the house of Jehu.
  Shallum king of Israel.
768. Menahem kills Shallum and reigns over Israel.
  Uzziah usurps the offices of the high priest in the Temple.
  Pul, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel, acquires booty, and carries off prisoners.
757. Pekahiah, son of Menahem, king of Israel.
756. Pekah kills Pekahiah.
755. Pekah king of Israel.
  Isaiah utters his first prophecy.
754. Jotham, son of Uzziah, king of Judah.
  Zechariah (I) prophesies.
739. Ahaz, son of Jotham, king of Judah.
  Pekah allies himself with Rezin of Damascus against Tiglath-pileser II.
  Ahaz disregards the warning of Isaiah and offers to become a vassal of Tiglath-pileser II.
738. First deportation of Israelitish captives to Assyria by Tiglath-pileser II.
  Ahaz introduces Assyrian worship into Judah.
  Micah (II) prophesies.
736. Pekah killed by Hoshea.
727. Hoshea last king of Israel.
  Shalmaneser IV, king of Assyria, invades Israel.
  Hosea (II) prophesies.
  Hoshea refuses the yearly tribute to Shalmaneser IV.
724. Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, king of Judah.
719. Shalmaneser IV captures Samaria, puts an end to the kingdom of Israel, and DEPORTS MOST OF ITS SUBJECTS--THE SO-CALLED Ten Lost Tribes--to Assyrian provinces.

VII. JUDAH UNTIL THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.
(719–586 B. C. E.)
(See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)

  Hezekiah tries to banish idolatry.
  Isaiah advises neutrality between Assyria and Egypt.
  Shebna dictates the foreign policy.
  Micah and Isaiah predict a glorious future for Israel.
711 (about). Sennacherib invades Judah and demands tribute. Destruction of the Assyrian army.
  Hezekiah makes a treaty with Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon.
  Literature flourishes.
695. Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, king of Judah.
  Idolatry flourishes.
  Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, takes Manasseh captive.
  Manasseh restored.
  Esarhaddon colonizes Samaria with Cuthæans.
640. Amon, son of Manasseh, king of Judah.
638. Josiah, son of Amon, king of Judah.
  Zephaniah prophesies.
  Scythian invasion of Judah.
627. Josiah repairs the Temple.
  Jeremiah (b. 645–640, d. 580–570) prophesies.
621. Hilkiah, high priest, finds a copy of the Book of the Law in the Temple.
  Huldah prophesies.
608. Necho, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah at Megiddo; Josiah killed.
  Jehoahaz (Shallum), second son of Josiah, king of Judah.
607. Jehoiakim (Eliakim), oldest son of Josiah, made king by Necho.
  Idolatry flourishes. Habakkuk prophesies.
607–604 Uriah, prophet, beheaded.
  Jeremiah’s life imperiled; Baruch his secretary.
600. Jehoiakim pays tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.
598. Jehoiakim allies himself with Egypt against Nebuchadnezzar.
596. Jehoiachin, youngest son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah.
  Judah overrun by Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem besieged by a Babylonian general, Jehoiachin taken prisoner. First deportation of Judæans to Babylonia.
596. Nebuchadnezzar makes Zedekiah (Mattaniah), youngest son of Josiah, king of Judah.
593. Jeremiah advises submission to Nebuchadnezzar.
591. Zedekiah renounces allegiance to Babylonia.
587. The final siege of Jerusalem begun.
  The siege of Jerusalem interrupted by the battle between the Chaldæan army and Hophra, king of Egypt.
586, Tammuz 9. First breach in the walls of Jerusalem.
  Zedekiah taken prisoner and blinded; Seraiah, high priest, and others beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar at Riblah.
586, Ab. 9. The Temple razed, and Jerusalem destroyed by Nebuzaradan, general of Nebuchadnezzar.
  Second deportation of Judæans to Babylonia.

VIII. THE CAPTIVITY.
(586–516 B. C. E.)

Babylonian Kings.

  • 605. Nebuchadnezzar,
  • 561. Evil-merodach,
  • 559. Neriglissar,
  • 556. Laborosoarchod,
  • 555. Nabonad and Belshazzar.

Persian Kings.

  • 558. Cyrus,
  • 529. Cambyses,
  • 522. Pseudo-Smerdis,
  • 521. Darius I Hystaspis.
586. Gedaliah appointed governor of the remnant of Judah
  by Nebuchadnezzar.
586. Jeremiah at Mizpah with Gedaliah.
  Gedaliah murdered by Ishmael, son of Nethaniah.
  Obadiah prophesies against Edom, which possesses itself of southern Judæa.
  Jeremiah and Baruch in Egypt with Johanan, son of Kareah.
582. Third deportation of Judæans to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar.
  Ezekiel (620–570) prophesies.
561 (about). Jehoiachin honored by Evil-merodach.
  Descendants of the Ten Tribes deported by the Assyrian kings mingle with the captives from Judah.
555 (about). The historical books of the Bible compiled in Babylonia; literature flourishes.
  Nabonad of Babylonia persecutes the exiles.
  The Babylonian Isaiah prophesies.
538. Cyrus takes Babylon, and permits the exiles in Babylonia to return to Palestine.
537. Zerubbabel and Joshua ben Jehozedek lead the first return.
  Foundation of the second Temple laid.
520. Haggai and Zechariah (II) prophesy.
516. The Second Temple consecrated.

IX. THE AGE OF EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND THE SCRIBES.
(516–332 B. C. E.)

Persian Kings.

  • 521. Darius I Hystaspis,
  • 486. Xerxes I,
  • 465. Artaxerxes I Longimanus,
  • 425. Xerxes II,
  • 425. Sogdianus,
  • 425. Darius II Nothus,
  • 405. Artaxerxes II Mnemon,
  • 359. Artaxerxes III Ochus,
  • 338. Arses,
  • 336. Darius III Codomannus.
  The Samaritans accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia.
  The Judæans contract marriages with their heathen neighbors.
459. Ezra leads the second return with the permission of Artaxerxes I Longimanus.
457 (about). Ezra prevails upon the people to repudiate their heathen wives.
  The Samaritans under Sanballat engage in hostilities against the Judæans.
444. Nehemiah leads the third return.
  The Samaritans intrigue against Nehemiah.
  Internal reforms by Nehemiah.
  Ezra reads the Law to the people at Jerusalem.
  The wall of Jerusalem rebuilt.
  Beginnings of the Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-Gedolah).
432. Nehemiah returns to Persia.
  Malachi the last of the Prophets.
430–424. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, and continues his reforms.
420 (about). The Samaritan Temple built on Mount Gerizim.
  Synagogues established; the Law studied, and the present form of divine service introduced, probably by the Council of Seventy (Synhedrion) (Dibre Sopherim).
361–360. Artaxerxes II banishes Judæans to Hyrkania.
338 (about). Bagoas, general of Artaxerxes III, lays the Judæans under tribute.
  The Books of Chronicles written.
332. Alexander the Great in Judæa.

X. THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES AND THE SELEUCIDÆ TO ANTIOCHUS IV.
(332–175 B. C. E.)
(See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)

Egyptian Kings.

  • 323. Ptolemy I Soter,
  • 285. Ptolemy II Philadelphus,
  • 247. Ptolemy III Euergetes,
  • 222. Ptolemy IV Philopator,
  • 205. Ptolemy V Epiphanes,
  • 181. Ptolemy VI Philometor.

Syrian Kings.

  • 312. Seleucus I Nicator,
  • 280. Antiochus I Soter,
  • 261. Antiochus II Theos,
  • 246. Seleucus II Callinicos,
  • 226. Seleucus III Ceraunus,
  • 223. Antiochus III the Great,
  • 187. Seleucus IV Philopator.
323. Death of Alexander the Great.
320. Jerusalem entered by Ptolemy I Soter. A large number of Judæan prisoners carried to Egypt.
312. The beginning of the Seleucidæan Era (Battle of Gaza).
301. Judæa, a subdivision of Cœlesyria, tributary to Egypt (Battle of Ipsus); the high priest the political chief. Judæan colonies in Græco-Macedonian countries; Greek colonies in Judæa.
300 (about). Simon the Just high priest and the last of the Men of the Great Assembly.
240. After a struggle between the Ptolemies and the Seleucidæ, Cœlesyria again adjudged to Egypt.
  Onias II, high priest, refuses to pay tribute to Egypt.
230 (about). Joseph, son of Tobiah, and grandson of Simon the Just, represents the Judæans at the court of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Ptolemy IV Philopator, and is made farmer of taxes.
  Joseph introduces Greek feasts and games at Jerusalem.
218. Judæa sides with Egypt against Antiochus III the Great.
209 (about). Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, Judæan representative at the court of the Ptolemies.
  The “Song of Songs” composed.
203. The Tobiades, the elder brothers of Hyrcanus, Syrian partisans. Judæa tributary to Antiochus III the Great.
  The Hellenists and the Chassidim (Assidæans) begin to oppose each other.
200 (about). Jesus Sirach writes the apocryphal book Ecclesiasticus.
176 (about). Heliodorus, treasurer to Seleucus IV Philopator, attempts to confiscate the Temple treasures.

XI. THE AGE OF THE MACCABEES.
(175–140 B. C. E.)
(See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)

Egyptian Kings.

  • 181. Ptolemy VI Philometor,
  • 146. Ptolemy VII Physcon and
    Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.

Syrian Kings.

  • 175. Antiochus IV Epiphanes,
  • 164. Antiochus V Eupator,
  • 162. Demetrius I Soter,
  • 150. Alexander I Balas,
  • 146. Demetrius II Nicator and
    Antiochus VI (son of Alexander Balas),
    Diodotus Tryphon, and
    Antiochus VII Sidetes.
175. Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascends the throne of Syria.
174. The Hellenists induce Antiochus IV to divest Onias III of the high-priestly dignity, and under Jason obtain citizenship for Judæans trained for the Greek combats.
  Gymnasiums and the Greek games at Jerusalem.
172. Menelaus (Onias) the Benjamite made high priest by Antiochus IV.
171. Death of Onias III; Menelaus guilty of Temple robbery, but exonerated by Antiochus IV.
168. Antiochus IV attacks Jerusalem, and desecrates the Holy of Holies.
168, Tammuz 17. A Statue of Jupiter placed in the Temple by the Syrians.
  The Chassidim suffer martyrdom.
  Mattathias the Hasmonæan resists the Syrian overseer.
167. Judas Maccabæus victorious in his first battle with the Syrians under Apollonius.
166. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Heron at Beth-horon.
  The Book of Daniel written.
  Judas Maccabæus victorious over Gorgias at Emmaus.
165. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Lysias at Bethzur.
165, Kislev 25. The Temple re-dedicated (Chanukah).
  Judas Maccabæus and his brothers victorious over the Idumæans, Ammonites, and Philistines.
164. Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
163. Judas Maccabæus retreats before Lysias at Beth-Zachariah; his brother Eleazar Hauran killed.
  Jerusalem besieged by Lysias.
  Judas Maccabæus high priest.
162 (about). The Onias Temple built at Leontopolis in Egypt by Onias IV, son of Onias III, the first Alabarch.
  The Hellenists calumniate Judas Maccabæus before Demetrius I. Alcimus made high priest. Factions under Judas and Alcimus.
160. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Nicanor at Caphar-Salama and Adarsa. He makes overtures to the Romans.
  The Judæans defeated at Eleasa by the Syrians under Bacchides; Judas Maccabæus killed.
  Parties in Judæa: Chassidim, Hasmonæans, Hellenists.
  Jonathan Haphus, brother of Judas, defends himself unsuccessfully against Bacchides; his brother Johanan Gadi killed in a skirmish with the Bene Amri.
159. Judæa evacuated by the Syrians.
157. The Syrian war renewed at the instigation of the Hellenists.
152. Jonathan Haphus high priest; his friendship sought by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas.
152–143. The Judæans under Jonathan Haphus participate in the struggles between Alexander Balas, his son Antiochus VI, Diodotus Tryphon, and Demetrius II for the Syrian crown.
150 (about). The Pentateuch translated into Greek: the Septuagint.
143. Jonathan Haphus executed by Diodotus Tryphon.
143. Simon Tharsi, last of the Hasmonæan brothers, made high priest and leader by the people.
141. End of the Hellenist party.
140. Judæa and Rome allies.

XII. THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY.
(140–37 B. C. E.)
(See the Genealogical Table of the Hasmonæan Dynasty, p. 130.)

Egyptian Kings.

  • 146. Ptolemy VII Physcon and
    Ptolemy VIII,
  • 117. Ptolemy VIII Lathurus and
    Alexander I,
  • 81. Alexander II,
  • 80. Ptolemy IX Auletes,
  • 51. Ptolemy X and Cleopatra VI,
  • 47. Cleopatra VI [and
    Ptolemy XI and
    Ptolemy XII],
  • 30. Egypt a Roman Province.

Syrian Kings.

  • 137. Antiochus VII Sidetes (alone),
  • 128. Demetrius II (restored) and Alexander II Zabina,
  • 125. Seleucus V,
  • 125. Antiochus VIII Grypus and
    Antiochus IX Cyzicenus,
  • 95. Seleucus VI, Antiochus X Eusebes, Philip,
    Demetrius III Eucærus, Antiochus XI Epiphanes,
    Antiochus XII Dionysius,
  • 83. Tigranes, king of Armenia,
  • 69. Antiochus XII Asiaticus,
  • 64. Syria a Roman Province.
B.C.E.
140. Simon made hereditary high priest and Nassi (Prince).
139. Simon stamps coins by permission of Antiochus VII Sidetes.
  Cendebæus, general of Antiochus Sidetes, makes war upon Simon.
135. Simon slain by his son-in-law; accession of John Hyrcanus I.
135–123. Wars with the rulers of the Seleucidæan house.
133 (about). Embassy to Rome. Rome calls upon Antiochus VII to make restitution to Judæa.
120 (about). Samaria reduced; the Temple on Mount Gerizim destroyed.
  Conquest of the Idumæans and their conversion to Judaism.
  John Hyrcanus again appeals to Rome in his difficulties with Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.
  John Hyrcanus victorious over the allies, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus and Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.
109. Samaria destroyed; Judæa at the height of prosperity; John Hyrcanus has coins struck.
  Formation of the three sects: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes; outbreak of hostilities between the Pharisees and the Sadducees.
106. Accession of Aristobulus I. Discord in the family of the king.
  War with the Ituræans and Trachonites; Judæa enlarged.
105. Accession of Alexander (I) Jannæus.
98–96. The seaport towns taken by Ptolemy VIII Lathurus regained with the help of the Egyptian king’s mother.
94–89. Contentions between the Pharisees and the Sadducees; Alexander Jannæus opposed to the Pharisees. 800 Pharisees executed.
  Alexander Jannæus adds trans-Jordanic territory to Judæa.
79. Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannæus, ascends the throne.
  Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbai, Pharisee leaders, reorganize the Synhedrion, and exclude the Sadducæans. The queen favors the Pharisees.
70. Accession of Hyrcanus II.
69. Aristobulus II co-regent; quarrels between the brothers.
  Antipater the Idumæan becomes the counselor of Hyrcanus II.
66. Aretas, king of the Nabathæans, ally of Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II, takes Jerusalem.
  Scaurus, the Roman legate, at the instance of Aristobulus II, forces Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem.
63. Pompey captures Jerusalem; Hyrcanus II made Ethnarch; Aristobulus II a prisoner.
  Alexander (II), son of Aristobulus II, enters Jerusalem; subdued by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria.
60. Shemaya and Abtalion presidents of the Synhedrion.
56. Aristobulus II escapes from Rome, opposes the Romans in Judæa, and is taken captive a second time.
55. Alexander (II) routed by the Romans at Mount Tabor.
53. Crassus plunders the Temple.
  Aristobulus II, set free by Julius Cæsar, is poisoned by the followers of Pompey; Alexander (II) decapitated.
47. At the petition of Antipater, Cæsar proclaims Hyrcanus II high priest and Ethnarch.
  The Judæans of Alexandria governed by their own Ethnarch, or Alabarch.
  Phasael, oldest son of Antipater, governor of Jerusalem; Herod, second son of Antipater, governor of Galilee.
  Ezekias of Galilee decapitated by Herod.
  Herod before the Synhedrion, protected by Hyrcanus II; made governor of Cœlesyria by Sextus Cæsar, Roman governor of Syria.
43. Antipater poisoned.
42. Herod and Phasael made Tetrarchs by Mark Antony.
40. Barzaphernes, Parthian general, takes Jerusalem, proclaims Antigonus king, and incapacitates Hyrcanus II for the high-priestly office by mutilating his ears.
  Herod proclaimed king by the Roman Senate.
37. Herod marries Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II.
  Jerusalem besieged and taken by Herod and Sosius, Mark Antony’s general; Antigonus executed.

XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY.
(37 B. C. E.–72 C. E.)
(See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. 134, and the Table of the High Priests, p. 129.)

Emperors of Rome.

  • B. C. E.
  • 31. Augustus,
  • C. E.
  • 14. Tiberius,
  • 37. Caligula,
  • 41. Claudius,
  • 54. Nero,
  • 68. Galba,
  • 69. Otho,
  • 69. Vitellius,
  • 69–79. Vespasian.

Procurators of Judæa.
(Subalterns to the Roman Legates or the Governors of Syria.)

  • C. E.
  • 6. Coponius,
  • 9. Marcus Ambivius,
  • 13. Annius Rufus,
  • 15. Valerius Gratus,
  • 26. Pontius Pilate,
  • 36. Marcellus (?)
  • 37. Marullus (?)
  • [41. Agrippa I king],
  • 44. Cuspius Fadus,
  • 47. Tiberius Julius Alexander,
  • 48. Cumanus,
  • 52. Felix,
  • 60. Festus,
  • 62. Albinus,
  • 64–66. Gessius Florus.
37. Herod I king.
35. Aristobulus (III), brother of Mariamne, high priest, killed by order of Herod.
31. Hyrcanus II executed.
30 (about). Hillel president of the Synhedrion; Shammai deputy.
  Herod in favor with Augustus, the first Roman emperor.
29. Mariamne executed.
20 (about). Herod rebuilds the Temple.
  Asinai and Anilai found a small Jewish state in Nahardea.
6. Execution of Mariamne’s sons, Alexander and Aristobulus.
4. Death of Herod. Archelaus possessor of Judæa and Samaria; Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Peræa; (Herod) Philip II Tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Panias.
3. Revolt against Archelaus; the “War Period of Varus,” governor of Syria. Leadership of Judas the Galilean, founder of the Zealots.
2. Archelaus recognized as Ethnarch by Augustus.
C.E.
6. Archelaus deposed; Judæa a Roman province; Coponius the first procurator; Quirinius, governor of Syria, takes a census for purposes of taxation.
18 (about). Izates and Helen of Adiabene embrace Judaism. Conversions to Judaism in Rome.
26. Pontius Pilate procurator.
  John the Baptist.
30 (about). Jesus of Nazareth. Rise of Christianity.
33. Philip’s tetrarchy falls to Rome.
37. Agrippa I, favorite of Caligula, made king of Philip’s tetrarchy.
38. The Jews of Alexandria persecuted by Flaccus.
40. Philo Judæus, ambassador to Caligula. The emperor’s statue set up in the Temple.
  Herod Antipas deposed; his tetrarchy added to King Agrippa I’s territory.
41. Claudius restores the Alabarchate in Alexandria to Alexander Lysimachus, brother of Philo.
  Agrippa I receives Judæa and Galilee, Archelaus’ possessions, from Claudius, and is king of the whole of Palestine.
  Gamaliel I the Elder, president of the Synhedrion.
43. Helen of Adiabene in Jerusalem.
44. Death of Agrippa I. Herod II, prince of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa.
  Theudas, a false Messiah.
48. Saul of Tarsus, the apostle Paul, converts the heathen to Christianity. Death of Herod II.
49. Agrippa II, prince of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa.
  The Zealots and the Sicarii commit depredations.
52. Hostilities between Jews and the heathen at Cæsarea.
53. Agrippa II king of Philip’s tetrarchy.
63. Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, establishes elementary schools in Judæa.
64. Gessius Florus, the last of the procurators.
66. The census taken by Cestus Gallus, governor of Syria, at Jerusalem; the Passover of the Crushing.
  Renewed hostilities between the Jews and the heathen of Cæsarea.
  Rebellion against Gessius Florus in Jerusalem; the Zealots under Eleazar ben Ananias.
  End of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.
  Race hostilities between the Jews and the heathen in Judæa, Syria, and Alexandria.
  Cestius Gallus besieges Jerusalem.
  Cestius Gallus retires from Jerusalem; Judæa ruled by the Synhedrion, Simon II ben Gamaliel president.
66. The prohibition of “The Eighteen Things” enacted by the school of Shammai in consequence of the continued hostilities between the Jews and the heathen.
  War in Galilee; Flavius Josephus governor of Galilee.
66. John of Gischala accuses Josephus of duplicity before the Synhedrion.
67. Gabara taken by Vespasian.
  Fall of Jotapata. Josephus surrenders to the Romans. Fall of Gamala.
  The fall of Gischala completes the conquest of Galilee by the Romans.
  The Idumæans enter Jerusalem as the allies of the Zealots; civil war in Jerusalem; reign of terror under the Zealots; the Synhedrion ceases to exist.
68. Peræa taken by Vespasian.
  Simon bar Giora enters Jerusalem, and renews the civil war.
69. Vespasian proclaimed emperor; he leaves Judæa. Titus commander of the army in Judæa.
  Civil dissension continues in Jerusalem.
70. Titus begins the siege of Jerusalem.
  Fall of the outer wall of Jerusalem; Bezetha in the hands of the Romans.
  Fall of the Tower of Antonia.
  Famine in Jerusalem. Sacrifices cease to be brought in the Temple.
  Burning of the Temple. Titus in the Holy of Holies.
  Zion, the upper city, burnt by Titus. Complete destruction of Jerusalem.
  An academy founded in Jamnia by Jochanan ben Zakkai.
71. The fortresses Herodium and Machærus taken by Bassus. Titus’ triumph; execution of Simon bar Giora.
72. Masada taken by Silva; the last Zealots fall; Judæa completely conquered. Death of Agrippa II.
  The Fiscus judaicus instituted by Vespasian.

XIV. THE EPOCH OF THE MISHNA AND THE TANAITES.
(72–219 C. E.)