72. Rebellion of the fugitive Zealots in Egypt and Cyrene. The Onias Temple closed.
80. Gamaliel II Patriarch, or president of the Synhedrion at Jamnia; his colleagues Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Chananya. Excommunication first used.
  The daily prayers (“Eighteen Benedictions”) first formulated.
  The Minæan curse introduced into the prayers. Jewish Christians (Nazarenes, Ebionites), heathen Christians, and Gnostics.
93. Josephus completes his history of the Jews, The Antiquities.
95 (about). Death of Josephus.
115. The Jews of Babylonia, Palestine, Egypt, Cyprus, Cyrene, and Lybia rise against Trajan.
118. The Jews of Palestine rise against Trajan and Hadrian; “War of Lucius Quietus.”
  Joshua ben Chananya president of the Synhedrion.
119. Akylas, proselyte, makes a Greek translation of the Scriptures.
130. Akiba ben Joseph president of the Synhedrion; collects the Halachoth (Mishna of R. Akiba).
133. Rebellion of Bar-Cochba against Hadrian; restoration of the Jewish State.
134. Magdala taken by Julius Severus.
135. Fall of Bethar; end of Bar-Cochba.
  Persecutions by Turnus Rufus; Jerusalem called Ælia Capitolina.
  Akiba ben Joseph dies a martyr; the ten martyrs; Elisha ben Abuya (Acher) informs against observing Jews.
138. Hadrian’s decrees revoked by Antoninus Pius. The fugitive disciples of the Law return from Babylonia, and organize a Synhedrion at Usha.
140. Simon III, son of Gamaliel II, president of the Synhedrion, assisted by Meïr, Judah ben Ilaï, Nathan of Babylon, José ben Chalafta, and Simon ben Yochai.
161. Revolution in Palestine against Antoninus Pius.
  Verus Commodus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, persecutes the Jews of Palestine.
165. Judah I, the Holy, Rabbi, president of the Synhedrion.
189. Compilation of the Mishna (Mishna di Rabbi Judah); Judah I and Nathan of Babylon the last of the Tanaites.
200. Severus prohibits heathens from becoming Jews.
210. Gamaliel III, son of Judah I, president of the Synhedrion.
  The apocryphal Mishnas (Boraïtoth) compiled.

XV. THE EPOCH OF THE TALMUD, THE AMORAIM, AND THE SABORAIM.
(219–550 C. E.)

219. Abba Areka (Rab) opens the academy at Sora; Mar-Samuel, principal of the academy at Nahardea,
  declares the law of the land binding on the Jews.
225. Judah II, son of Gamaliel III, president of the Synhedrion, influences Alexander Severus to revive the privileges of the Jews, and mitigates the rigor of the Law.
  Jochanan bar Napacha, Simon ben Lakish, and Joshua ben Levi, Palestinian Amoraim.
247. Huna, principal of the Sora academy.
  Judah ben Ezekiel founds an academy at Pumbeditha.
259. Odenathus destroys Nahardea. Sheshet founds an academy at Silhi.
279. Ami and Assi, heads of the college of Tiberias.
280. Judah III, son of Judah II, Patriarch, collects a tax from foreign communities.
297. Judah ben Ezekiel, general Resh Metibta (principal of both Sora and Pumbeditha).
299. Chasda principal of the Sora academy; Huna ben Chiya, of the Pumbeditha academy.
309. Rabba bar Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha; Rabba bar Huna, principal of Sora.
315. Emperor Constantine issues the first of his anti-Jewish decrees.
320. The Council of Illiberis (Spain) forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians.
325. The first Church Council at Nice completely severs Judaism and Christianity by making the celebration of Easter independent of the Jewish calendar.
327. Teachers of the Law banished from Palestine by Constantine.
330. Joseph ben Chiya, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, makes a Chaldaic translation of the Prophets.
333. Abayi Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha.
338. Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, principal of the academy at Machuza.
339. Constantius forbids the marriage of a Jew with a Christian woman, and the circumcision of Christian and heathen slaves, under the penalty of death.
351. Religious persecutions in Palestine by the emperors Constantius and Gallus and the Roman general Ursicinus.
352. Nachman ben Isaac, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.
355. Papa bar Chanan founds an academy at Nares.
356. Chama of Nahardea, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.
359. Hillel II, Patriarch, introduces a final, fixed calendar.
361. Restoration of the Temple at Jerusalem under Julian the Apostate.
364. Valentinian I and Valens extend toleration to the Jews.
375. Ashi, the redactor of the Babylonian Talmud, restores the Sora academy. At about this time the Palestinian, or Jerusalem, Talmud is completed.
390. Amemar re-opens an academy at Nahardea.
393. Theodosius I confirms the exceptional position of the Jews in the Roman empire.
400. Moses, the false Messiah of Crete.
415. Gamaliel VI deposed by Theodosius II.
  Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, drives the Jews from Alexandria.
  Jews excluded from state offices in the Empire of the East under Theodosius II.
425. Extinction of the Patriarchate.
427. Death of Ashi, who, in the latter half of his life, collected and arranged the explanations, deductions, and amplifications of the Mishna, included under the name Talmud (Babylonian Talmud).
455. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Jezdijird III.
  Mar bar Ashi continues the compilation of the Talmud.
465. The Council of Vannes (Gaul) prohibits the clergy from taking part in Jewish banquets.
471. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Firuz (Pheroces). The Exilarch Huna Mari and others suffer martyrdom.
490. Babylonian Jews emigrate to India under Joseph Rabban, and found a little Jewish state in Cranganor.
499. Death of Rabina, the last of the Amoraim; completion of the Talmud collection.
500 (about). Abu-Kariba, Himyarite king, adopts Judaism, and converts his army and his people.
511. Mar-Zutra II, Prince of the Captivity (Exilarch), establishes an independent Jewish state in Babylonia under the Persian king Kobad.
517. The Council of Epaone forbids Christians to take part in Jewish banquets.
518. Persecution of the Jews by Kobad, king of Persia.
530. Death of Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas, last Jewish Himyarite king.
531. Giza in Sora and Semuna in Pumbeditha, the last Saboraim.
532. Justinian I decrees that the testimony of Jews shall be valid only in Jewish cases.
538. The Council of Orleans forbids Jews to appear on the street at Eastertide.
550(about). Final redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.

XVI. FROM THE COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD TO THE END OF THE GAONATE.
(550–1038 C. E.)

  Samuel ben Adiya (500–560), Jewish poet in Arabia.
553. Justinian I decrees that the Scriptural portions in the Synagogue liturgy be read in translation, and orders the omission of alleged anti-Trinitarian sentences from the liturgy.
581. Hormisdas IV, king of Persia, persecutes his Jewish subjects; the teachers of the Law flee from the Babylonian academies.
  Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces baptism on the Jews.
589. Reccared, Visigothic king, imposes irksome restraints upon the Jews, and completely isolates them from Christians.
  Bahram Tshubin, usurper of the Persian throne, friendly to the Jews; Pumbeditha re-opened by Chanan of Iskia.
590. Pope Gregory I discountenances the forced conversion of Jews.
612. Sisebut, Visigothic king, forces the Jews to accept baptism or to emigrate.
614. The Jews of Palestine join the Persians in a war against Emperor Heraclius.
624. The Benu-Kainukaa, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.
625. The Benu-Nadhir, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.
627. Extermination of the Benu-Kuraiza, a Jewish-Arabic tribe.
  Emperor Heraclius forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, and in other ways harasses the Palestinian Jews.
629. Dagobert orders the Jews of the Frankish empire to accept baptism or to emigrate.
633. The Council of Toledo under Sisenand, Visigothic king, and Isidore of Seville, forces backsliding converts back into Christianity.
638. Chintila enacts that only professing Catholics shall remain in Visigothic Spain; Jews emigrate.
640. Omar, the second Caliph, banishes all Jews from holy Arabia. The “Covenant of Omar” imposes restrictions upon Jews in the whole Mahometan, world.
642 (about). Bostanaï, Exilarch, acknowledged by Omar.
654. Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth, Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic Church.
658. Beginning of the Gaonate; Mar-Isaac, head of the Sora academy, takes the title Gaon.
670. Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of Pumbeditha, reform the divorce laws.
681. Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king.
693. Egica, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate.
700 (about). Rise of the Massora and of neo-Hebraic liturgic poetry. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan.
712. Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the Mahometan general.
719. Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of Pumbeditha.
720. Serene, the Syrian Messiah.
  Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.”
723. Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire under Leo the Isaurian.
745 (about). Eleazar ben Kalir (Kaliri), poetan.
  The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism.
749. Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah in Ispahan.
759. Jehuda the Blind, Gaon of Sora, author of a Talmudic compendium, Halachoth Ketuoth.
761. Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha.
  The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David.
787. Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the Frankish Empire. He introduces a Jewish oath.
797. Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun Alrashid.
800 (about). Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism.
  Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy among the Karaites.
807. Haroun Alrashid introduces the Jew badge into the Abbasside Caliphate.
825. Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah and Daniel.
  Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and the followers of Moses of Baalbek.
827 (about). Eberard, Magister Judæorum, under Louis I the Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews against Agobard, bishop of Lyons.
842. The title Gaon assumed also by the Pumbeditha principals; Paltoi ben Abayi the first Gaon of Pumbeditha.
845. The Council of Meaux under Amolo, bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees, renewing those of Constantine and Theodosius II.
853. The Abbasside Caliph Al-Mutavakkil introduces Jew badges, and re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.”
869. Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora, at the request of a Spanish community, arranges the order of prayers in use among European Jews.
872. Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, author of the first Talmudic Dictionary.
880 (about). Eldad Ha-Dani.
881. Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, discovers the key to the Jewish calendar.
900 (about). Simon of Cairo writes the Halachoth Gedoloth, a polemic against Karaism.
  Josippon compiled.
  Isaac ben Israeli I Suleiman (845–940), physician and philologist at Kairuan.
913. Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942) attacks Karaism.
917. Mar-Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph, Gaon of Pumbeditha, tries to bring about the fall of the Exilarchate and the academy of Sora. Hostilities against Mar-Ukba.
921. David ben Zaccaï made Exilarch.
928. Saadiah installed as Gaon of Sora. His controversies with the Karaite Solomon ben Yerucham, and his translation of the Scriptures into Arabic.
930. Hostilities between Saadiah and David ben Zaccaï.
934. Saadiah writes his religious-philosophical work Emunoth we-Deoth.
940. Death of David ben Zaccaï, the last Exilarch of influence. End of the Exilarchate a few years later.
940 (about). Moses and Aaron ben Asher, Massorets.
942. Death of Saadiah.
945 (about). Four scholars are sent from Sora to gather contributions for the academy: Shemarya ben Elchanan settles in Cairo; Chushiel, in Kairuan; Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, in Narbonne; and Moses ben Chanoch, in Cordova.
  Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim (900–960), physician in Kairuan.
946. Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), physician in Italy.
  Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), diplomat under Abdul-Rahman III, Nagid of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate, patron of Jewish learning.
950 (about). The Karaite controversialists Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen and Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.
  Menachem ben Saruk (910–970) and Dunash ben Labrat (Adonim, 920–970), the first Hebrew grammarians. Neo-Hebraic poetry flourishes.
980. Sherira (920–1000), Gaon of Pumbeditha; his “Letter” a chronicle of Jewish events from the conclusion of the Talmud to his time.
985. Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014) and Joseph Ibn-Abitur, Cordova Talmudists.
  Jacob Ibn-Jau, prince of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate.
990. Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj), Hebrew grammarian.
998. Haï (969–1038), Gaon of Pumbeditha.
1000 (about). Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), promoter of Talmud study at Mayence, INTERDICTS POLYGAMY.
  Simon ben Isaac ben Abun poetan.
1002. Nathan ben Yechiel compiles the Aruch, a Talmudic lexicon.
1008. The Fatimide Caliph Hakim decrees a Jew badge, and persecutes the Jews in various ways.
1012. Jews driven from Mayence by Emperor Henry II.
1020. Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach (995–1050), Hebrew grammarian.
1027. Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela (993–1055), minister to King Habus of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, patron of Jewish learning, and Talmudic author.
1034. Death of Samuel Chofni, last of the Sora Geonim.
1038. The death of Haï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, marks the end of the Gaonate.

XVII. THE AGE OF GEBIROL, HALEVI, RASHI, AND MAIMONIDES.
(1038–1204 C. E.)

1038 (about). Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015–1055), Talmudists in Kairuan.
1045. Solomon Ibn-Gebirol (Avicebron, 1021–1070), poet and philosopher, author of the “Kether Malkuth” and the “Mekor Chayim.”
1050 (about). Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, philosopher, writes the “Guide to the Duties of the Heart.”
1055. Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela (1031–1066), minister to Badis of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, and patron of Jewish learning.
1056. Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (1013–1103), Talmudist.
1066. Banishment of the Jews from Granada. First persecution of the Jews of Spain since its conquest by the Mahometans.
1069. Isaac ben Baruch Ibn-Albalia (1035–1094), astronomer to Al-Mutamed in Cordova, Nassi of the Jews, Talmudist.
1070. Rashi (Solomon Yizchaki, 1040–1105), exegete and Talmudist.
1078. Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) promulgates the canonical law against Jews’ holding offices in Christendom.
1095. Emperor Henry IV issues a decree against the forcible baptism of Jews.
1096. The first Crusade: Suffering of the Jews of Rouen, Treves, Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Ratisbon, Prague, etc.
1099. The Jews of Jerusalem burnt in a synagogue by the crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon.
1100. Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer.
1110. Moses Ibn-Ezra (1070–1139), liturgical and erotic poet.
  Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077–1141), Talmudist.
1120. Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (1086–1142), poet and philosopher, author of the Zion songs and of the Chozari.
1141. Jehuda Halevi leaves Spain for Palestine.
  The Tossafists: the family of Rashi, especially his grandsons Jacob Tam (1100–1171), and Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100–1160).
1146. Beginning of the Almohade persecution in northern Africa and southern Spain. Jews flee, or pretend to accept Islam.
1147. The Second Crusade. Pope Eugenius III absolves crusaders from the payment of interest on debts owing to Jews.
  The crusaders attack the Jews of the Rhine country, South Germany, and France.
  In consequence of their protection by Emperor Conrad III, the Jews are considered servi cameræ.
1149. Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, of Toledo, Nassi, steward of the palace under Alfonso VII Raimundez. He persecutes the Karaites.
1150 (about). Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), poet, exegete, philosopher.
1160 (about). Jacob Tam calls the first rabbinical synod.
  Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), philosopher and historian.
  The Exilarchate revived by Mahomet Almuktafi. Solomon (Chasdaï) Exilarch.
1160 (about). David Alrui pretends to be divinely appointed to lead the Jews of the Bagdad Caliphate to Jerusalem.
1164 (about). Moses ben Maimun (Rambam, Maimonides, 1135–1204), philosopher, writes his “Letter of Consolation.”
1165. Benjamin of Tudela begins his travels in the East.
  Serachya Halevi Gerundi (1125–1186), Talmudist.
1168. Maimonides finishes his Arabic commentary on the Mishna.
1170 (about). Meshullam ben Jacob, Provençal patron of Jewish learning.
  Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon (1120–1190), physician and translator.
  David Kimchi, grammarian and exegete.
  Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, Maimonides’ opponent.
1170 (about). Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, Talmudist.
  Jacob ben Meshullam, first promoter of the Kabbala.
1171. The Jews of Blois burnt on the charge of having used human blood in the Passover. The blood accusation, or charge of ritual murder, preferred for the first time.
  Death of Jacob Tam.
  Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) of Dampierre, Tossafist.
1172. Persecution of the Jews of Yemen. Messianic excitement.
1175 (about). Petachya of Ratisbon, traveler.
  Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, opponent of Maimonides.
1177. Maimonides rabbi of Cairo.
1179. The Third Lateran Council passes decrees protecting the religious liberty of the Jews.
1180. Maimonides finishes his Mishne Torah, or Yad ha-Chazaka.
1181. Philip II Augustus of France banishes the Jews from his hereditary province.
1187. Saladin permits Jews to enter Jerusalem.
1189. Attack on the Jews of London at Richard I’s coronation. The excitement spreads to Lynn, Norwich, Stamford, York, and Bury St. Edmund’s.
1190 (about). Maimonides issues the “Guide of the Perplexed,” dedicating it to Joseph Ibn-Aknin.
  Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), diplomat under Alfonso VIII of Castile.
  Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132–1200), liturgical poet and author of a martyrology.
  Massacre of the Jews of Germany from the Rhine to Vienna under Emperor Henry VI.
  Samuel Ibn-Tibbon (1160–1239), translator.
1190 (about). Süsskind of Trimberg, Jewish minnesinger.
  Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, the Pious (1166–1224), Tossafist, author of the “Book of the Pious.”
  Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist.
  Isaac the Younger (Rizba), Tossafist; Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist.
1197. Hillali, the oldest Hebrew copy of the Bible in Spain, taken by the Almohades.
  Sheshet Benveniste (1131–1210), philosopher, physician, Talmudist, diplomat, and poet.
1198. The Jews of France forbidden to move from province to province.
1204. Death of Maimonides.

XVIII. FROM THE DEATH OF MAIMONIDES TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN.
(1204–1492 C. E.)

1209. The Council of Avignon issues restrictive measures against the Jews.
1210 (about). Isaac the Blind, founder of the Kabbala. Disciples: Azriel and Ezra.
  Jehuda Alcharisi, poet.
1210. The Jews of England imprisoned by King John.
1211. French and English rabbis emigrate to Palestine.
1212. The Jews of Toledo killed by crusaders under the Cistercian monk Arnold. First persecution of Jews in Castile.
1215. The Fourth Lateran Council under the pope Innocent III, among many anti-Jewish measures, decrees the Jew badge.
1222. The Council of Oxford imposes restrictions on the English Jews.
1223. The rabbinical synod of Mayence regulates the payment of the Jew taxes.
1227. The Council of Narbonne re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
1229. Pope Gregory IX antagonizes the Jews.
1232. The Jews of Hungary excluded from state offices.
  Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia (1180–1244) attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of the immortality of the soul.
1233. Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, and David ben Saul ally themselves with the Dominicans, who burn Maimonides’ works in Montpellier and Paris.
1235. Abraham Maimuni (1185–1254), physician and philosopher.
1235. Moses ben Nachman (Ramban, 1195–1270), Talmudist, exegete, Kabbalist, anti-Maimunist.
  Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon (Anatoli), Jewish scholar at the court of Frederick II.
  Bebachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia), fabulist and punctuator.
1235. Gregory IX confirms the Constitutio Judæorum of Innocent III.
1236. Crusaders attack the Jewish communities of Anjou, Poitou, etc.
1239. On the charges of the apostate Nicholas-Donin, Gregory IX orders the Dominicans and Franciscans to examine the Talmud, and burn it, if necessary.
1240. Disputation before Louis IX of France between Nicholas-Donin and the Jews, represented by Yechiel of Paris, Moses of Coucy, Talmudist and itinerant preacher, and two others.
1240. A Jewish Parliament assembled by Henry III.
1242. The Talmud burnt at Paris.
1244. Archduke Frederick I the Valiant, of Austria, grants privileges to the Jews.
1246. The Council of Béziers forbids Jews to practice medicine.
1247. Pope Innocent IV issues a bull disproving the blood accusation against the Jews.
1254. The Jews expelled from his dominions by Louis IX of France. End of the Tossafists.
1257. Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, compiles a code, containing a section of anti-Jewish laws.
1263. Moses ben Nachman opposes Pablo Christiani at the disputation of Barcelona.
1264. The Jews of London attacked under Henry III.
1267. The Council of Vienna re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
1271 (about). Pope Gregory X issues a bull deprecating the forced baptism of Jews.
1278. The Jews of England imprisoned on the charge of counterfeiting coin.
1279. The Council of Buda enacts anti-Jewish measures.
  Solomon ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), Talmudist.
  David Maimuni (1233–1300), grandson of Maimonides.
1283. Beginning of the massacres of the Jews of Germany on the blood accusation.
  Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250–1290), anti-Maimunist.
1286. Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg (1220–1293), chief rabbi of Germany, imprisoned when about to emigrate.
1288. Saad Addaula, minister of finance of the Persian empire under Argun.
1289. Maimonides’ works burnt at Accho. Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist; Hillel ben Samuel of Verona (1220–1295), Talmudist and Maimunist.
1290. The Jews banished from England.
1291. The Jews of Accho imprisoned or executed by the Sultan of Egypt.
1295 (about). Publication of the Zohar by Moses de Leon; Kabbalistic studies flourish.
1298. Persecution of the Jews in Germany instigated by Rindfleish; Mordecai ben Hillel a martyr.
1305. The ban against the study of science pronounced by Abba-Mari ben Moses; authorized by Solomon ben Adret; urged by Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri); opposed by the Tibbonides led by Jacob ben Machir (Profatius) and the poet Yedaya Penini Bedaresi.
1306. The first expulsion of the Jews from France under Philip IV the Fair.
1310. Asheri compiles his Talmudic code.
1313. The Council of Zamora renews the canonical laws hostile to the Jews.
1315. Louis X of France recalls the Jews.
1320. The Pastoureaux persecutions in France (Gesereth ha-Roïm).
1321. The Leper persecution in France (Gesereth Mezoraim). The second expulsion of the Jews from France.
1328. Persecution of the Jews of Navarre.
1334. Casimir III the Great of Poland issues laws friendly to the Jews.
1336. Disputation at Valladolid between the Jews and the apostate Abner-Alfonso. Alfonso XI of Castile forbids the use of alleged blasphemous expressions in the Hebrew prayers.
  Persecution of the Jews in Germany by the Armleder.
1337. Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar favorites of Alfonso XI of Castile. Gonzalo Martinez plans the destruction of the Jews of Castile.
1340. Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340) compiles his Talmudic code.
  Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340–1380), rabbi of Barcelona.
1342. Levi ben Gerson (Gersonides, Maestro Leon de Bagnols, 1288–1345), physician and philosopher.
1348. Persecution of the Jews in Europe on account of the Black Death. Pope Clement VI issues two bulls protecting the Jews.
1350. Moses ben Joshua Narboni (Maestro Vidal, 1300–1362), philosopher.
1350. Aaron II ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher.
  Santob de Carrion (1300–1350), Jewish-Spanish troubadour.
  Samuel Abulafia, minister to Pedro the Cruel of Castile.
1351. The cortes of Valladolid ask the abolition of the judicial autonomy of Spanish-Jewish communities.
1355. The “Golden Bull” by Emperor Charles IV confers the privilege of holding Jews on the Electors.
1357. Completion of the synagogue at Toledo built by Samuel Abulafia.
1360. Samuel Abulafia dies under torture on the charge of peculation.
  Participation of the Jews of Castile in the civil war (1360–1369) between Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, chiefly on the side of the former.
  Manessier de Vesoul obtains from King John a decree permitting Jews to dwell in France.
1370 (about). Meïr ben Baruch Halevi of Vienna introduces the conferring of authorization for the exercise of rabbinical functions (Morenu). He and his disciples, principally Isaac of Tyrnau, compile the customs (Minhagim) of the communities.
1371. The Jews of Castile under Henry II compelled to wear badges and give up Spanish names.
1375. Disputation at Avila between the apostate John of Valladolid and Moses Cohen de Tordesillas.
1376. Disputation at Pampeluna between John of Valladolid and Shem-Tob ben Shaprut.
  Samuel Abrabanel at court under Henry II of Castile.
  Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310–1380), innovator; Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbinical author; Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310–1409), Talmudist; Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher.
1379. Joseph Pichon, receiver-general of taxes in Seville, murdered, probably at the instigation of Jews, against whom the fury of the populace is turned.
1380. Juan I restricts the judicial autonomy of the Castilian Jewish communities.
1381. A synod at Mayence regulates the rabbinical marriage laws (Tekanoth Shum).
1385. Juan I of Castile revives the canonical restrictions against the Jews.
1389. The charge of host desecration leads to the massacre of the Jews of Prague.
1391. Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews of Seville. The massacre and plunder of the Jews spreads from Castile to Aragon, Majorca, and other parts of Spain. Many Jews converted to Christianity: Marranos. Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria, 1350–1435), begins his machinations against Judaism.
1392. Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion of Jews.
1394. Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France, under Charles VI.
1396 (about). Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï Crescas, and Profiat Duran.
1399. Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen among the sufferers.
1408. Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived under Juan II of Castile.
  Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on the charge of host desecration.
  Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain.
1408. Simon Duran (1361–1444), rabbi of Algiers.
1410. Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic work.
1412. Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles designed to reduce the social prestige of the Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the synagogues, and inflames the populace against the Jews. Second general massacre of Jews in all the Spanish provinces. Numerous Jews submit to baptism.
1413. Religious disputation at Tortosa arranged by Pope Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and Joseph Albo. Many Jews submit to baptism.
1415. Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and ordains the Jew badge and Christian sermons for Jews.
1419. Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced conversion of Jews.
1420. Persecution of the Jews of Austria.
1421. Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiler of the German synagogue liturgy and melodies.
1426. The Jews of Cologne banished.
1428. Joseph Albo (1380–1444) publishes his philosophical work Ikkarim.
1431. The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of the blood accusation.
1431. Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce proceedings.
1432. A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior provides for an educational system for Jewish Spain (the law of Avila).
  Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388–1451), Italian Jewish poet and physician.
1434. The Council of Basle renews old and devises new canonical restrictions against Jews.
  Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca.
1441. The Jews expelled from Augsburg.
1442. Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon and Castile.
1445. The first Hebrew concordance by Isaac ben Kalonymos Nathan.
1447. Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to Italian Jews.
  Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to Jews.
1450. The Jews of Bavaria persecuted.
1451. Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges in Germany.
  Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of inquisitors for Marranos.
1453. The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano.
  The Jews favored in Turkey. Moses Kapsali chief rabbi.
1454. The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked.
1460. Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism.
1468. The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood accusation.
1470. The Marranos of Valladolid attacked.
1472. The Marranos of Cordova attacked.
1474. The Marranos of Segovia attacked.
1475. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in Italy.
  The Jews charged with the murder of Simon of Trent for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of Ratisbon follows.
1480 (about). Pico di Mirandola the first Christian scholar to devote himself to Hebrew literature.
1480. The Inquisition against the Marranos established in Seville and at other places in Castile.
1482. Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition.
1482. The Inquisition against Marranos established in Aragon, Thomas de Torquemada chief inquisitor.
  Elias del Medigo (1463–1498), scholar.
1483. Torquemada made inquisitor-general of Spain.
1484. Isaac ben Jehuda Abrabanel (1437–1509), minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella.
1492. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain.

XIX. FROM THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN TO THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND.
(1492–1648 C. E.)