[615] Nov. Org. i. 89.

[616] Ib. i. 65.

[617] Nov. Org. i. 63; cf. also 71.

[618] Ib. i. 45.

[619] Nov. Org. ii. 15. It was a scholastic distinction; E. and S. illustrate it from Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae, I^ma, q. 45 (E. and S. i. p. 259).

[620] Ib. ii. 1.

[621] E.g. ib. i. 66, where are added “the appetite a thing has to return to its natural dimension or extension (viz. Elasticity), the appetite to conjugate with masses of its own kind, as the dense to the sphere of the earth, the rare to the sphere of the sky.” These are described as really “physical” kinds of motion, not, as Aristotle’s are, “logical” and “scholastical.” Cf. the Natural History, E. and S. ii. 600, 602; and Bruno, supra.

[622] Nov. Org. ii. 8.

[623] Vide Bacon’s Essay on the Vicissitude of Things; and for his Atomism, the Historia Densi et Rari (E. and S. vol. ii.), and Cogit. de Natura Rerum (ib. vol. iii.).

[624] Nov. Org. i. 48.

[625] De Augm. vi. ch. 2.

[626] Ib. v. ch. 5.

[627] Berti, Vita di G. B. p. 9.

[628] Vide Cay von Brockdorff, Galilei’s Philosophische Mission (Vierteljahrschrift für Wiss. Philos. und Sociol., 1902).

[629] Vide the Discorsi: and cf. the truculent Brunnhofer: “Galileo, der Bruno Zugleich ausbeutete und ignorirte” (op. cit., p. 69).

[630] Vide Sigwart, Kleine Schriften, vol. i., on Kepler: he refers to Opera, i. p. 688, and vi. p. 136.

[631] Fiorentino, in Bruno, Op. Lat., vol. i. p. xix. The full title of Vanini’s work is, “Amphitheatrum aeternae providentiae divino-magicum, christiano-physicum, necnon astrologo-catholicum, adversus veteres philosophos, Atheos, Epicureos, Peripateticos et Stoicos. Auctore Julio Cæsare Vanino, Philosopho, Theologo, ae Juris utriusque Doctor. Lugduni, 1615.” With his remark compare Campanella, Quidam Nolanus (Metaphys. ii. 1. 5).

[632] Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae, 1689.

[633] Op. Lat. i. 3. 4.

[634] Contre l’impiété des désistes, athées et libertins de ce temps (1624, p. 229, 234, etc.).

[635] Vide Bartholmèss, i. pp. 257, 259. Descartes, like Galilei, was careful not to prejudice himself in the eyes of the Church. For Gassendi, v. Gentzken, Hist. Phil., p. 154.

[636] Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos.

[637] Cf. Brunnhofer, p. xix: “The longer I consider the question, the more probable it appears to me that Spinoza would have been impossible, historically, if Bruno had had time to develop the rich fulness of his ideas in a systematic form.” Cf. p. 81, where, however, he lays too much stress on verbal analogies between Bruno’s Summa and the Ethica of Spinoza.

[638] Spinoza’s Neuentdeckter Tractat von Gott, dem Menschen, und dessen Glückseligkeit, Gotha, 1866, and his translation of this, Kurzer Tractat, with introduction and notes. Tübingen, 1870.

[639] Die Beiden Ersten Phasen des Spinozischen Pantheismus. Leipzig, 1868.

[640] Moritz Carrière, Weltanschauung der Reformationszeit, p. 470.

[641] Cf. Tocco, Conferenza, p. 15; Sigwart, Neuentdeckter Tractat, pp. 110–113.

[642] E.g. Bruno’s Acrot. (Op. Lat. i. 1, 108).

[643] Short Tractate, ch. i. § 9, and Bruno’s Causa, Dial. v. Sigwart, Neuent. Tract., pp. 115, 116.

[644] “Il desio di conservarsi” of Bruno. Pollock (Spinoza, p. 109) refers to Descartes, Prin. Phil. 2, chs. 37 and 43, and Spinoza’s Cog. Met. (pt. i. ch. 6, § 9), where the “effort” is “the thing itself,” whereas in the essay it is providence, i.e. God. Cf. part i., ch. 5, with Ethica, iii. 6 and 7.

[645] Sigwart, Neuent. Tract., pp. 120–124.

[646] Ib. p. 129.

[647] Cf. Carrière. Op. cit. p. 471 ff.

[648] Thesauri Epistolici la Croziani, 1746; Hansch, Prin. Philos. Leibn., 1728; Thes. ix., xxxi., lxxi. Cf. Steffens, Clemens, Dühring, Brunnhofer, op. cit., and also in G.B.’s Lehre vom Kleinsten, als die Quelle der prä-establirten Harmonie von Leibniz, 1890; also Tocco, etc.

[649] Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Leibnizschen Philosophie (1890), v. pp. 197 ff.

[650] In Dutens, v. 492; cf. also a letter of 1st May (p. 493).

[651] In Dutens, v. 385 (June 1712), and v. 369.

[652] It appears that the term Monas Monadum used by Bruno of God does not occur in Leibniz at all.

[653] In Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) Brunus appears with Copernicus as author of “some prodigious tenent or paradox of the earth’s motion, of infinite worlds in an infinite waste” (vol. i. p. 11 of Shilleto’s edition). In the “Digression on Air,” the Cena is referred to (ii. p. 46),—the changes of sea and land, the fixed stars as suns with planets about them, the air of the heavens as identical with that of the earth, the infinite worlds in an infinite ether (ib. 47, 57, 62). Bruno, infelix Brunus as Kepler had called him, is classed with atheistical writers in a later part of the work (vol. iii. p. 447).

[654] Bartholmèss, i. pp. 261, 262.

[655] Vide Quarterly Review, October 1902: “Giordano Bruno in England,” and the biography of Carew in Encycl. Britan. (by R. Adamson).

[656] Cf. Bartholmèss, i. p. 263.

[657] Vide Rixner und Siber, op. cit. heft v. p. 234.

[658] Janius Junius Toland (1669–1722); v. Leslie Stephen’s English Thought, etc., vol. i. ch. 3.

[659] Vide Collection of several pieces of Mr. John Toland, with some memoirs of his life and writings, London (1726), vol. i.

[660] According to the British Museum Catalogue. No name is on the title page of the work—“Spaccio, etc., or the Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast.” To the chequered history of this title and its various interpretations may be added a modern instance from the Dictionary of National Biography, sub Vautrollier: “Bruno’s Last Tromp”!

[661] Vide Toland’s Miscellaneous Works, London (1747), vol. i.

[662] Acta Philosophorum (1715 ff.), parts iii. ix. xi. xv., cf. Zimmermann in Mus. Helvet. T. v.

[663] Kurze Fragen aus der Phil. Hist. (1736), and Hist. Crit. (1742–1744).

[664] Cf. his Werke, t. iv. pt. 2.

[665] Cf. Carrière, op. cit. p. 475.

[666] Brunnhofer has suggested an active influence of Bruno upon Goethe—v. Göthe—Jahrbuch (1886), Göthe’s Bildkraft (1890), Leipzig; also Carrière, p. 487.

[667] Geschichte des neueren Philosophie, 6 vols., Göttingen (1800–1805), vol. 2.

[668] History of Philosophy, 11 vols. (1798–1819), vol. 9, pp. 372–429.

[669] Beiträge, vii. 4 and xi. 1.

[670] 2 vols., Paris, 1846, 1847.

[671] Stuttgart, 1847, pp. 365–494. 2nd edition, enlarged, Leipzig, 1887, 2 vols. Both of the above works were preceded by a translation into Italian (by Florence Waddington) of Schelling’s Dialogue, with an introduction by Terenzio Mamiani (on Bruno), Firenze, 1845; 2nd edition, 1859.

[672] Op. cit., Vorrede, xi. A bibliography of the more recent works on Bruno is given at the beginning of this volume.