expulsion of old settlers objected to by Committee of Ministers, II 311
Jews forbidden to settle anew in, and to acquire property in ("Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882), II 312
remain closed to Jews, II 318
old Jewish settlers expelled from, by peasant communes, II 318 f
peasants encouraged to expel old Jewish settlers from, II 319, 340
Jews in, harassed by Russian officials, II 340 ff
thousands of Jews expelled from, in governments of Chernigov and Poltava, II 341
disabilities of Jews in, commented upon by Pahlen Commission, II 366
discharged Jewish soldiers, being regarded as "new settlers," barred from returning to, II 384
towns transferred into, and barred to Jews (1890), II 385;
reopened to Jews (1903), III 80 f
policy of eliminating Jews from, continued under Nicholas II., III 16 ff
Jews dislodged from, by introduction of liquor monopoly (1894), III 23
privileged Jews, though admitted into Interior, prohibited from acquiring property in (1903), III 81;
exception made for Jews with higher education (1904), III 98
wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1910), III 157
See Expulsion, and Residence, Right of

Villani, Matteo, Italian chronicler, quoted, I 52

Vilna (Polish, Wilna, city), superseded by Warsaw as capital, I 85
conquered by Russians (1654), I 154, 245
surrendered by Poles, I 155
Lithuanian Hetman resides in, I 192
anti-Jewish riots in (under Polish Régime), I 94, 99, 161, 166;
by invading Russian troops, I 245
Jews of, permitted to engage, in petty trade, I 99
Jews of, restricted to "Jewish Street" and placed under jurisdiction of Municipal Courts (1633), I 99
Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112
Kahal of, engaged in litigation with rabbi of, I 275 f
Jews of, support Polish troops fighting against Russians (1792), I 292
Christian burghers of, protest to Alexander I., against admission of Jews to city-government (1805), I 370
Jews of, barred from city-government in (1805), I 370
exclusion of Jews from city-government of, confirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41
hasidic societies secretly organized in, I 237
visited by Shneor Zalman to request interview with Gaon, I 238
Kahal of, excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237, 371;
(1796), II 371, 373
Hasidim reside "illegally" in, I 372
Kahal of, sends out messengers to stir up anti-hasidic agitation, I 373
Hasidim of, rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375
Kahal elders of, vow to avenge insult to Gaon, I 375;
and denounce Hasidism to Government, I 375 f
Hasidim arrested in, I 376
Hasidim of, depose Kahal elders, I 377
conference of Jewish deputies at (1815), I 393 f
Kahal of, pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36
Kahal of, complains to Council of State about Jewish disabilities, II 38;
and begs permission to send spokesmen to St. Petersburg, II 39
printing-press in, II 42, 127
censorship committee in, II 44
visited by Max Lilienthal, II 54
Maskilim of, promise support to Lilienthal, II 55;
and form his mainstay, II 136
Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174;
closed (1873), II 177;
graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212
Teachers' Institute in, II 177
pupils of both Institutes form revolutionary circle in, II 223
visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68
center of Haskalah, II 132 ff
Maskilim circle in, II 136 ff
residential restrictions in, abolished by Alexander II., II 172
Brafman carries on anti-Jewish agitation in, II 187 ff, 240
pauperism among Jews of, III 24
Blondes, Jewish barber in, accused of ritual murder, II 37
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
"Bund" holds convention in (1897), III 56
Lekkert, Jewish workingman in, assails governor of Vilna, III 66 f
Dr. Herzl enthusiastically received by Jews of, III 84
Jews of, assured by Svyatopolk-Mirski of just treatment, III 99
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108;
and demands self-determination, III 109
league for Attainment of Equal Rights formed in (1905), III 111
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 f
place of publication, II 115, 126, 131, 134, 136, 226
ha-Karmel, published in, II 217
ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily, published in, III 162
Sabbatai Cohen (Shak), famous Talmudist, native of, I 130, 157 f
Budny, Christian theologian, of, I 136
Moses Rivkes, Talmudist, of, I 200
Elijah of; see Elijah of Vilna Masalski, bishop of, employs Berek Yoselovich, I 294
Saul Katzenellenbogen, rabbi of, II 115
M. A. Ginzberg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133
Abraham Baer Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, resident of, II 134 f
Micah Joseph Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, native of, II 226
Levanda, Russian-Jewish writer, resident of, II 239
S. M. Dubnow, author of present work, resident of, III 112
See Vilna (government)

Vilna (province or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I 297
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), I 39
includes later government of Kovno, I 317
Jews of, invited to elect deputies (1807), I 349
Poles threaten to massacres Russians and Jews in, I 357
Samuel Epstein elected Jewish deputy from, I 393
Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estate in (1864), II 173
placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188
Friesel, governor of, suggests Jewish reforms, I 325 ff
governor of, testifies to loyalty of Jews to Russia (1812), I 357
governor-general of, opposes admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168
Muravyov, governor-general of, pursues policy of Russification, II 183, 239
Totleben, governor-general of, favors forbidding Jews to settle in villages, II 276
Kakhanov, governor-general of, insults Jewish deputation of welcome, II 383
governor of, favors abrogation of Pale (1895), III 11
Pahlen, governor of, favors mitigation of restrictive laws, III 93
Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general, promises Jewish deputation favorable treatment of Jews, III 99
Localities in:
Ilya, II 114
Mikhailishok, II 134
Troki, see Troki
Volozhin, I 380, II 57, 113

Vinaver, M., Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 92;
and Homel pogrom, III 102
member of Central Bureau of League for Equal Rights, III 112
elected president of League for Equal Rights, III 134
deputy to First Duma, III 134
leader of Constitutional Democratic party, III 134
denounces in Duma oppression of Jews, III 136; and pogroms, III 139
head of Jewish People's Group, III 146

Vinchevski, M., publishes Hebrew periodical Asefat Hakamim, II 223

Vinnitza, Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidim, I 373

Virgil, Aeneid of, translated into Hebrew, II 226

Visconti, papal nuncio at Warsaw, ordered to report on ritual murder trial in Poland, I 179

Vishniovetzki (Polish, Wisniowiecki), Count Jeremiah, Polish commander, protects Jews against Cossacks, I 149, 161

Vishniovetzki (Polish, Wisniowiecki), Michael, Polish king (1669-1673), son of former, ratifies Jewish privileges, I 160

Vistula, river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39
provinces on banks of, invaded by Swedes, I 154
Plotzk, on banks of, I 243
Poles perish in, defending Warsaw against Russians, I 296
Hasidism established on banks of, I 384
Gher, or Goora Kalvarya, on left bank of, II 122
Poles admit only "one nation on banks of," III 168

Vital, Hayyim, Cabalist, I 134

Vitebsk (city), Jews of, defend city against invading Russians, I 154
Jews of, robbed by Cossacks and maltreated or exiled, I 154
Jews of, made prisoners of war by Russians, I 245
Mendel of, hasidic leader, I 234, II 117
Dyerzhavin writes "Opinion" on Jews in, I 330
pogrom at, III 101
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121
See Vitebsk (government)

Vitebsk (government), annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262
Jews from, made prisoners of war by Russia, I 245
formerly called government of Polotzk, I 307, 315, 317
forms part of White Russia, I 307, 315
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 40
Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315
Jews of, invited to elect deputies, I 349
Jewish deputies from, I 393
expulsion of Jews from villages of, begun (1808), I 351
Jews, expelled from villages of, economically ruined, I 364
Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368
expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406
Supreme Court acquits Velizh Jews accused of ritual murder, II 76
placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:
Kreslavka, I 331
Polotzk, I 243
Velizh, II 75
See Vitebsk (city), and Russia, White

Vitovt (also Vitold, or Witold; Polish, Witowt), grand duke of Lithuania (1388-1430) protects Jews of Lithuania, I 35
grants Jews charter (1388) and additional privileges (1389), I 59

Vladimir (Polish, Wlodzimierz Volhynia), early Jewish community in, I 59

Vladimir, prince of Kiev, receives Khazar Jews (986), I 30

Vladimir, Monomakh, prince of Kiev, stops anti-Jewish riots, I 32

Vladimir, grand duke, brother of Alexander III., holds Russian revolutionaries responsible for pogroms, II 260

Vladimir, archbishop (Mitropolit) of St. Petersburg, encourages pogroms, III 125

Vladislav (also Wladislaus and Leidislaus; Polish, Wladyslaw), Lokietek, Polish ruler, unites Great Poland and Little Poland, and assumes royal title (1319), I 42, 50

Vladislav (Polish, Wladyslaw) IV., Polish king (1632-1648), I 91
tolerant to other creeds, I 97
confirms Jewish privileges, I 98
makes erection of synagogues and establishment of cemeteries dependent on royal permission, I 98
restricts Jews in response to anti-Jewish petitions, I 98 f
uprising of Khmelnitzki during reign of, I 144
dies during uprising, I 145
offered, as crown prince, Russian throne (1610), I 244

Voislovitza, near Lublin, Jews of, accused of ritual murder, I 178 f

Volfovich, Simeon, denounces abuses of Vilna Kahal, I 276
persecuted and imprisoned, I 276
advocates abolition of Kahal, I 276

Volga, river, Khazars move towards banks of, I 19
Khazar capital situated at mouth of, I 23, 26, 28
called Ityl by Khazars, I 26, 28
bodies of alleged ritual murder victims found in, II 150

Volhynia (Polish, Volyn), forms part of Lithuania, I 59
ceded to Poland (1569), I 110
controlled economically by Polish magnates, I 140
uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145
returned to Poland (1667), I 159
annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
included in Pale (1794), I 317, (1804), I 342;
(1835), II 39
called formerly government of Izyaslav, I 317
Cossack massacres in (1648), I 148 f
Jews decimated in, I 157
Jews of, slain by haidamacks (18th century), I 182 f
Jewish arendar of, oppressed by Polish squire, I 266
Jews of, suffer from Polish civil war (1792), I 292
Polish nobility of, advocates anti-Jewish restrictions, I 324
Jews of, hold conference and decide to appeal to Tzar (1798), I 324 f
Jews of, invited by Alexander I. to elect deputies, I 349
woolen mills established by Jews in, I 363
Jews of, indifferent towards Polish revolution (1831), I 107
statistics of Jews in, II 194
pogroms in, II 256
represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
Jewish Provincial Assembly (or Dietine) of, I 113; called "Volhynia Synagogue," I 196
Talmudism deteriorates in, I 199
intellectual development of Jews of, differs from that in North-west, I 221
Besht travels about in, I 224
Baer of Mezherich, hasidic preacher in, I 227
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
becomes hasidic headquarters, I 229 f
Hasidism triumphant in, I 371, II 119 f
Gubernatorial Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon, against Hasidism, I 373
Isaiah Horowitz (Shelo), Cabalist, rabbi in, I 135
Levi Itzhok of Berdychev, leader of Hasidim in, I 382
Menashe Ilyer, Talmudist and writer, resides in, II 115
Isaac Baer Levinsohn, native of, II 125 ff
rabbis of, request Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II 131
Localities in:
Chudnov, III 117
Kremenetz, II 125[65]
Old (Staro-)-Constantinov, II 21 f
Ostrog, I 125
Rovno, III 99
Slavuta, II 42, 123
Troyanov, III 116
Zaslav, I 116, 177
Zhitomir, see Zhitomir

Volkspartei, see Jewish National Party

Volozhin (government of Vilna), yeshibah of, established by Hayyim Volozhiner, pupil of Vilna Gaon (1803), I 380 f
sends forth large number of pupils, II 113
Itzhok Itzhaki, president of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57

Volozhiner, Hayyim; see Volozhin

Voltaire, praises polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138

Vorontzov, governor-general of New Russia, protests against proposed "assortment" of Jews by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 142

Voronyezh (city and government), "Judaizers" spread in, I 401
archbishop of, reports to Government on "Judaizers," I 401 f
Senate refers to "Judaizers" in, I 404
pogrom in city of (1905), III 130

Voskhod ("The Sunrise"), Jewish weekly and monthly, in Russian, published in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277, 332, 372, III 162
opposes organizing of emigration, as subversive of emancipation, II 298 f
protests against anti-Semitic speech of governor-general of Kiev, II 317
opposes "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
suppressed by censor, II 407
publishes Dubnow's "Letters on Old and New Judaism," III 52
leaning towards nationalism, III 59
suppressed for protesting against Kishinev massacre, III 77
appeals to patriotism of Jews in Russo-Japanese War, III 94
warns against impending pogroms, III 96
confiscated by censor, III 98
points out rightlessness of Jews, III 124

Voyevodas (Polish, Wojewoda), high Polish officials, name and functions of, explained, I 46
correspond to Starostas in Lithuania, I 60
exercise, as representatives of sovereign, special jurisdiction over Jews, I 46, 94
V. courts, see Courts
Jewish Dietines assemble by order of, I 196 f
instructed by Stephen Batory to protect Jews, I 89
accept bribes, I 76
begin to oppress Jews, I 169
V. of Cracow accepts bribes from Jews and their opponents, I 76
V. of Kiev owns city of Uman, I 184
V. of Lemberg, or Red Russia, upholds prestige of Kahal, I 190;
grants constitution to Kahal of Lemberg (1692), I 191
V. of Vilna sides with Kahal against rabbi, I 276;
imprisons Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Kahal, I 276

Voyevodstvo (Polish, Wojewodstwo), name for Polish province, term explained, I 46, 76

Voznitzin, Alexander, captain in Russian navy, converted by Borukh Leibov to Judaism, I 251 f
burned at stake in St. Petersburg (1738), I 253

Vperyod ("Forward"), Russian revolutionary periodical in London, II 223

Vratislav, prince of Bohemia, robs Jews fleeing to Poland, I 41

Vyatka (government) cantonists carried to, II 24

Vyborg (Finland), V. Manifesto, protesting against dissolution of First Duma, signed by Jewish deputies, III 139
signatories to, prosecuted, III 142

Vyelepolski, Marquis, Polish statesman, secures assent of Alexander II. to Act of Emancipation of Polish Jews (1862), II 181, 195

Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev ("Herald of Russian Jews"), Russian Jewish periodical, II 221


Waad Arba Aratzoth ("Council of Four Lands"), central organization of Polish Jewry, pronunciation of word Waad, I 108
grows out of conferences of rabbis and Kahal leaders, I 108 f;
which meet at fair of Lublin, I 109;
at initiative of Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin, I 123;
exercising judicial as well as administrative and legislative functions, I 109 f
presided over by Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
presided over by Joshua Falk Cohen, I 128
meets periodically at Lublin and Yaroslav, I 110, 194
composition of, I 110
provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196 f
oligarchic character of, I 195
acts as court of appeals, I 111
decides litigations between Kahals, I 193
activities of, stimulate rabbinical learning, I 126 f
regulates inner life of Jews, I 111 f, 152, 188 f
concerned about maintenance of Talmud Torahs and yeshibahs, I 195
exercises censorship over Hebrew books, I 195 f
issues herem against Frankists, I 214
appoints Shtadlans to represent Jews before Government, I 111, 193
apportions head-tax among Kahals, I 181, 189 f, 194
authority of, in apportioning head-tax upheld by King Sobieski (1687), I 194
authority of, undermined by withdrawing right of apportioning head-tax (1764), I 181, 197
meetings of, forbidden by diet; of 1764, I 198

Waad Kehilloth Rashioth Di-Medinath Lita ("Council of the Principal Communities of the Province of Lithuania"), central organization of Lithuanian Jews, formed in 1623, I 112
provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196
meets periodically, I 194
functions of, I 112 f
cultivates Jewish education, I 195
appoints Shtadlans to represent Jews before Government, I 193
apportions head-tax among Jews, I 181

Waddington, English representative at Berlin Congress, favors emancipation of Jews, I 202

Wagenseil, German professor, publishes Isaac Troki's Hizzuk Emuna, I 138

Wahl, Saul, legendary king of Poland, I 94

Wahl, Von, governor of Vilna, flogs Jewish workingmen, I 67

Wallachia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 212
Besht born on border of, I 222;
see Moldavo-Wallachia

Warsaw (Polish, Warszawa), capital of Poland, I 85, 111
capital of duchy of Warsaw, I 298
meeting-place of Polish diet, I 76, 98, 99, 111, 160, 165, 169, 171, 181, 278, II 96;
see Diet
Khmelnitzki moves towards, I 151
conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154
Russia maintains Resident at, I 279
besieged by Russian troops (1794), I 293
stormed by Suvarov, I 296
annexed by Prussia (1795), I 296;
held by it (1796-1806), I 385
granted right of excluding Jews, I 85, 268
Jews permitted temporary visits to, I 111, 268
Serafinovich, converted Jew, invited to disputation in, to prove blood accusation, I 173 f
Jews of, appeal to Polish king on behalf of Posen Jews, I 176
Visconti, papal nuncio at, instructed to report on ritual murder cases, I 177
Jacob Frank, baptized at, I 217 f;
arrested at, and exiled to Chenstokhov, I 218;
returns to, I 219
Jews permitted to stay in, during sessions of diet (1768), I 268
procedure in admitting Jews to, I 269
Jews pay tax for sojourn in, I 269, II 95
Polish dignitaries rent houses to Jews in outskirts of, I 269
"New Jerusalem," district in, I 269
Jews expelled from (1775), I 269
Jews return surreptitiously to, I 269 f, 285
burghers of, demand expulsion of Jews, I 285 f
anti-Jewish riot at (1790), I 286 f
Jews expelled from (1790), I 287
Jews volunteer in defence of, I 293
siege of, arouses patriotism of Berek Yoselovich, I 294;
appeal for special Jewish regiment, II 295
Jews display heroism in defence of, I 296
Jews barred from principal streets of, (1809), I 300, II 94;
exception made for widow of Berek Yoselovich, I 304
assimilated Jews of, plead for special privileges, I 300
representatives of Jewish community of, complain about disabilities, I 301 f
"Enlightenment" among Jews of, I 385
visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68
visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69
Tugendhold, Jewish assimilator in, II 98
Jewish assimilators in, II 100 ff
Congregational Board of, objects to special Jewish regiment, II 106
Jewish militia participates in defence of (1831), II 106
Congregational Board of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights, II 110
adherents of hasidic dynasty of Gher numerous in, II 122
assimilation in, II 177 f;
assumes menacing proportions, II 213
Jews of, display Polish patriotism in uprising against Russia (1861-1863), II 179 ff
pogrom at (1881), II 280 ff
archbishop of, endeavors to check pogrom, II 283
prominent Poles of, offer to organize civil guard for protection of Jews, II 283;
offer refused by governor-general of, II 283
number of writers arrested at, II 291
effect of pogrom in, upon Western Europe and America, II 283, 287
governor-general of, reports to Tzar on pogroms in, II 284
pogrom in, welcomed by Central Jewish Committee, II 310
center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
economic progress of Jews in, III 166
Jews of, instrumental in election of socialistic deputy to Duma, III 167
Hebrew papers and periodicals published in, II 333, 372, III 58, 60, 162
Yiddish papers and periodicals published in, III 59, 162
Goora Kalvarya (Gher), in vicinity of, II 122
Kotzk, in vicinity of, I 303, II 122
Praga, suburb of, I 294

Way, Lewis, representative of London Bible Society, I 397
submits memorandum to Alexander I. pleading for Jewish emancipation, I 398
memorandum of, laid before Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

Weber, United States Commissioner to Russia, II 407

Wertheimer, banking house of, in Vienna, exerts influence over Polish king, I 176

Wessely, Naphtali Hirz, Hebrew poet, compared with A. B. Lebensohn, II 135

Western Europe, Jewish diaspora in, I 13
emigration from, into Poland, I 39 ff
leading Jews of, invited by Russian Government to participate in work of enlightenment, II 67
Jews of, intercede on behalf of Russian Jews, II 67 ff
public opinion of, influences Russia, II 262
effect of Warsaw pogrom on, II 283, 287
emigration from Russia to, II 321, 408, 413
Political Zionism originates in, III 42, 46
Jews of, deny Jewish nationalism, III 53
public opinion of, agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78

"Western Region," term explained, II 16
number of Jews in, II 168
Jews form majority of population in cities of, III 11

Westminster, duke of, addresses Guildhall meeting in London against oppression of Russian Jews, II 390 f

White, Arnold, member of English parliament, sent by Baron Hirsch to Russia, II 417
discusses Jewish question with Russian dignitaries, II 417
visits Pale and is favorably impressed by Jews, II 418
recommends regulation of emigration, II 418
dispatched to Russia a second time, II 419

White Russia, see Russia, White

Wine grown by Jews in Palestine, II 376;
see Liquor

Witsen, burgomaster of Amsterdam, petitions Peter the Great to admit Jews into Russia, I 246

Witte, Russian Minister of Finance, advocates liquor monopoly as means of dislodging Jews from villages, III 17;
and eliminating Jewish "exploitation," III 22
favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 107 f
Jews address petitions for equal rights to, III 108 f
receives, as president of Council of State, memorandum on pogroms, III 125
appointed Prime Minister, author of manifesto of October 17, 1905, III 127
adopts policy of oppression, III 131
League for Equal Rights votes down proposal to send delegation to, III 131

Wolff, Sir H. D., member of English parliament, interpellates Government concerning pogroms, II 262

Worms, Baron Henry De, member of English parliament, interpellates Government concerning pogroms, II 262
Gladstone replies to interpellation of, II 292


Yadviga (Polish, Jadwiga), Polish queen, marries Yaguello, grand duke of Lithuania (1386), I 54
Yaguello, Vladislav II. (Polish, Wladyslaw Jagiello), king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania (1386-1434), I 54
converted from paganism to Catholicism, I 55
restricts commercial operations of Jews, I 58
Lithuania ruled by Vitovt, as representative of, I 59
extinction of Y. dynasty, I 88 f, 91

Yalta, health resort in Crimea, Jews expelled from, II 428 f, III 18 f

Yampol (Volhynia), ritual murder trial at, I 178

Yaroshevski, Russian-Jewish novelist and physician, protests against affront to Jewish army surgeons, II 320

Yaroslav (Polish, Jaroslaw; Galicia), meeting-place of Council of Four Lands, I 110, 194

Yekaterinoslav (city), Orshanski, Russian-Jewish writer, native of, II 238
pogrom at (1883), II 358 ff;
(October, 1905), III 128

Yekaterinoslav (government), territory of, raided by Turks and defended by Cossacks, I 143
territory of, opened to Jews (1791), I 316
tract of land in, set aside for Jewish converts (1820), I 400
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 403
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72
Rostov and Taganrog transferred from, to territory of Don army and barred to Jews (1887), II 346
pogroms in (1883), II 360

Yelisavetgrad (government of Kherson), Government agents appear in, to prepare pogroms, II 248
pogroms at (1881), II 249 ff, 333; (October, 1905), III 128
"Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood," heterodox Jewish sect, founded by Jacob Gordin in (1881), II 333 f

Yellow Waters (Polish, Zolte Wody), Polish army defeated by Cossacks near, I 145

Yemetyanov, Theodore, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 75 f

Yeremyeyeva, Russian woman, accuses Jews of Velizh of ritual murder, II 75
convicted by Council of State, II 82

Yeshibah, or Talmudic Academy, imparts higher rabbinical education, I 114 f
secular studies excluded from, I 120, 277
maintained by Council of Four Lands, I 195
sanctioned by Sigismund II. under name of gymnazium, I 115
head of, or rosh-yeshibah, granted wide powers by Polish Kings, I 115 f;
enjoys great distinction, I 119
Y's spread all over Poland and Lithuania, I 115 f
Y's of Lithuania adopt method of Talmud study of Vilna Gaon, I 380 f
important Y's in Lithuania, II 113 f
negative effect of, II 113 f
placed under Government supervision (1842), II 56
Joshua Falk Cohen, head of, in Lemberg, I 128
Moses Isserles, head of, in Cracow, I 123
Nathan Spira, head of, in Cracow, I 135
Isaiah Horowitz (Shelo), studies in, of Lemberg and Cracow, I 135
Eliezer, head of, in Homel, I 150
Abel Gumbiner, head of, in Kalish, I 200
Hayyim Volozhiner, head of, in Volozhin, I 381
Itzhok Itzhaki, head of, in Volozhin, II 57

Yesod Hama'Alah, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375

Yevrey, Russian term for Jew, officially introduced, I 320

Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka ("Jewish Library"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 221
Orshanski contributes to, II 238

Yevreyskaya Starina ("Jewish Antiquity"), Jewish periodical in Russian, III 160

Yevreyski Mir ("Jewish World"), Jewish weekly in Russian, III 162

Yezierski, Polish statesman, chairman of Jewish Commission of Polish Diet, I 287
recognizes economic importance of Polish Jews, I 287 f
defends Jews in Diet, I 289

Yiddish, brought by Jews from Germany, I 43, 114
translations of prayers in, used by women, I 121
read by women and lower classes, I 202
Mendel Lewin translates Bible into, I 388; attacked by Tobias Feder, I 388
Y. press, II 217 f, III 58 f, 162
Y. literature, III 61 ff, 162
Mendele Mokher Sforim turns to, II 232
Gordin writes plays in, II 335
Frug, Russian-Jewish poet, writes in, III 63, 78
used as propaganda means by Jewish Labor movement, III 56 f
position of, hotly discussed, III 161
adherents of (Yiddishists), III 161

Yosefovich, Hirsh, rabbi of Khelm, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283

Yosefovich, Abraham, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 73
converted to Christianity and appointed Chancellor of Lithuanian Exchequer, I 73

Yosefovich, Michael, brother of former, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, 172 f
appointed by Sigismund I. "senior" of Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104

Yoselovich (Polish, Joselowicz) Berek, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 293 ff
accompanies Bishop Masalski to Paris, I 294
offers to form special Jewish regiment, I 294 f
regiment of, displays heroism, I 296
flees to France, I 296 f
returns to Poland and dies heroic death, I 303
eulogized by Pototzki, I 303 f
widow of, granted special permission to sell liquor, I 304

Yosko, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 71

Yudich, Saul, Jewish tax-farmer in Lithuania, I 94
possibly identical with Saul Wahl, legendary king of Poland, I 94

Yurkevich, Peter, accused of stealing host for Jews, I 101 f

Yurkovski, Moscow police commissioner, makes raid on Jews, II 403

Yushkevicher, Yankel, of Saratov, accused of ritual murder, II 151
sentenced, with son, to penal servitude, II 152
pardoned by Alexander II. through intercession of Crémieux, II 153


Zadok, Messianic propagandist in Lithuania, I 208

Zaleshkovska, Catherine, suspected of leanings towards Judaism and burned at stake, I 79 f

Zalman Shneorsohn, or Zalman Borukhovich; see Shneor Zalman

Zamyatin, Minister of Justice, defends Jews of Saratov accused of ritual murder, II 152

Zamoiski, Andreas, Polish chancellor, suggests reforms for Jews of Poland, I 271 ff

Zamoshch (Polish, Zamosc), Joel Baal-Shem of, I 203

Zangwill, Israel, founder of Territorialism, III