ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57
visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239

Brest-Kuyavsk, name explained, I 75
anti-Jewish riot in, I 75
home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133

Brest-Litovsk, name explained, I 75
Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73
Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals, I 110;
and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112
Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94
Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72
Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104
supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 173
Jews expelled from (1495), I 65
Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81
Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94
Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243
Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190
Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections, I 192
pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119

Briskin, Arye, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl, II 85

British East Africa, see Uganda

British Government, The, see England

Brodski, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade bank, III 25 f

Brody (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists, I 214;
and Hasidim, I 237
Besht settles in, 223
Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II 133
rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321

Bruchsaal (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation at, I 359, 391

Bruhl, Polish Prime Minister, I 180

Brünn, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219

Brussels, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393;
place of publication, II 178

Bryce, James, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting against pogroms, II 290

Buarezm, see Khwarizm

Buchner, Abraham, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f

Buckee, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209

Buda (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49;
ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57

Budak, city in Crimea, I 26

Budberg, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee to consider Jewish legislation, I 347

Budek, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow, I 56

Budny, Simon, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136

Budushchnost ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III 59

Buenos Ayres, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421

Bukovina, The, I 150
Hasidism gains footing in, II 121

Bulan, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25

Bulgar, The, Slav tribe, I 26

Bulgaria, on the way to Khazaria, I 25
called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews, II 202
villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289

Bulgarin, Thaddeus, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139

Bulyghin, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110
Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121
recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122
"the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124

"Bund," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff
holds secret conventions, III 56 f
demands Jewish-national rights, III 57
arranges demonstrations, III 68;
and strikes, III 130
held responsible for pogroms, III 89
boycotts First Duma, III 134
refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148;
see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism

Burghers form estate in Poland, I 44
hostile to Jews, I 70
enter into relations with, I 84 f
receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279
form estate in Russia, I 308
restricted in right of transit, I 322
bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29;
later relieved, II 200
subject to corporal punishment, II 405
artisans included in estate of, II 405
segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I., 142 f

Burgomaster, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425

Burtas, Slav tribe, I 26

Butrymovich (Polish, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f
offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283
his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385

Byelaya Tzerkov (Polish, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651), readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152

Byzantine Sea, The, see Black Sea

Byzantium, Empire of, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris, I 17 ff
Jews persecuted in, I 23 f
Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28
relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff
defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28
relation of, to Russia, I 30
relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24


Cabala, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f
attracts Solomon Luria, I 126
esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133
vies with Rabbinism, I 199
study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214
adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214
studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235
preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382

Cabala, Practical, name explained, I 134
spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff
introduced from Italy, I 208
studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224

Cadets, The, see Constitutional Democrats

Calahora, Arie-Leib, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f

Calahora, Mattathiah, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f

Calahora, Solomon, Polish court physician, I 132

Caliphate, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement of Khazars, I 19
relation of, to Khazars, I 22

Caliphate, of Cordova, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with other lands, I 24

Calvinists, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155

Candia, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134

Campe, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134

Canada, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421
immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10

Candidate, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165

Candle Tax, see Tax

Canterbury, Archbishop of, sends representative to London protest meeting against pogroms, II 289
joins pogrom relief committee, II 291

Cantonists, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19
institution by Nicholas I., II 19
sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f
hunters, or "captors," of, II 23
martyrdom of, II 24 ff
forced conversion of, II 26, 45
institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109
abolished by Alexander II., II 156;
see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

Capistrano, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62

Capitals, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40
Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded from (1865), III 167
admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350
admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III 29

Capiton, Christian martyr, I 17

Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208

Carmelites, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against Jews, I 95
monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100
bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174

Caro, Joseph, author of Beth-Yoseph, I 123
author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh

Carpathian Mountains, The, Besht retires to, I 223

Casimir the Great (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates country, I 50 f
ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f
annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53
grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53
infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f
charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59
referred to as patron of Jews, II 98

Casimir IV., king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy towards Jews, I 61 f
grants Jews new charter, I 61 f
attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62
forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63
fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews, I 64
charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83

Casimir the Just, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during reign of, I 42

Caspian Sea, The, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23
Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26;
dislodged from, I 28

Castellan, title of Polish official, explained, I 287

Catherine I., empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish tax-farmer (1727), I 249

Catherine II., The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183
refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f;
and into Little Russia, I 260 f
attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306 ff
appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f
attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff
lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff
favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366
curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366
endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367
admits Jews to South Russia, I 316
substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320

Caucasus, The, ancient trade route leading through, I 23
Khazars originate from, I 19
Khazars occupy cities in, I 26
Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342;
but not in villages of, I 343
"Judaizers" deported to, I 403
ritual murder trial in, II 204

Censorship, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four Lands, I 195 f
Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281
disregard of, severely punished, II 123
enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130
hasidic books subjected to, II 212
Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136
interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f
suppresses ha-Emet, II 223;
Voskhod, 407, III 98;
Novosti, II 407
rages throughout Russia, II 371
suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358;
and of Moscow expulsion, II 407
prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews, II 387
forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning Jews, II 387
confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388
grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31;
see also Printing

Census, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197
in White Russia (1772), I 307
in Russia (1816-1819), I 390
Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166;
see Statistics

Central Committee, see Committee

Champagny, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with Polish Government, I 299

Charles IX., French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I 89

Charles XII., Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169

Charnetzki, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f

Charter, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905), I 40
issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff
included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71
ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f;
burned, I 61
issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f
granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f
granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81
ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f
old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89;
by Vishniovetzki, I 160;
by Augustus II., I 168;
by Augustus III., I 168, 180
Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105 ff
Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243
granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159
"Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I 183
Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84
offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III 84;
see also Statute

Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335
chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland, II 89, 91
opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93

Chatzki, Thaddeus, Polish historian, makes special study of Jewish problem, I 263 ff
proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288
suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385

Chatzkin, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207

Chazars, see Khazars

Chekhovich, Martin, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136 f

Chenstokhov (Polish, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov, Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f
occupied by Russian troops, I 219
pogrom at, III 36 f

Cherkaski, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation of Jews in municipal government, II 199

Cherkassy (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

Chernigov (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149
pogrom at, III 128
ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247
home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33
home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38

Chernigov (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140
closed to Jews (1649), I 151
opened again to Jews (1651), I 152
Jews of, exterminated, I 157
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
few Jews left in, I 246
made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40
pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129
court of, sentences rioters, II 315
Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341
governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays, II 411
localities in:
Gorodnya, I 247
Karpovich, II 315
Konotop, II 257
Nyezhin, II 267, III 129
Semyonovka, III 129
Starodub, II 411

Chernikhovsky, Saul, Hebrew poet, III 64

Chernobyl (government of Kiev), hasidic center, I 232, 382
"dynasty" of, widely ramified, I 382, II 119 ff

Chernovitz (Bukowina), Sadagora, in neighborhood of, hasidic center, II 121

Chernyshev, Count, governor-general of White Russia, assures Jews of former liberties, I 306 f
sets apart Jews as an estate, I 309

Chernyshevski, radical Russian author, influences Jewish Intelligenzia, II 207, 209
effect of, on Lilienblum, 237

Chersonesus, near Sevastopol, bishops of, force Jews into baptism, I 17
scene of rivalry between Jews and Byzantines, I 30

Chetvertinski, Count, betrays Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f

Chiarini, Abbé, Polish anti-Semitic writer, II 104

Chigirin (province of Kiev), home of Khmelnitzki, I 144

Chikhachev, Russian Navy Minister, favors emigration of Jews from Russia, II 419

Chikhachev, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise, III 12

Chlenov, Zionist leader, III 47

Chmelnicki, see Khmelnitzki

Chresta, name of Greco-Jewish woman, I 15

Christianity, propaganda of, in Tauris, I 17 f;
among Khazars, I 20
fusion of Judaism and Ch. attempted by Jewish sect in Russia, II 335;
see Church and Conversion

Chudnov (Volhynia), young Jews of, martyred, III 117

Chufut-Kale (Crimea), harbors old Karaite community, I 35

Church, the Greek-Orthodox, persecutes Jews in Byzantine empire, I 18
Pobyedonostzev reports on affairs of, III 9

Church, the Roman-Catholic, in Poland, spreads hatred of Jews, I 44, 47 ff
gains strength under Yaguello, I 54 f
opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f
hostile to Jews during Reformation, I 79, 85 f
agitates against Jews, I 99 ff
prompts anti-Jewish legislation of Polish Diets, I 160
responsible for anti-Jewish riots, I 161
Jews forbidden to leave houses during Ch. processions, I 160

Church Council, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical laws into Poland, I 47 f
of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49
of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57
of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against Jews, I 57 f
of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82 f, 171
of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171
of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering, I 171

Chwolson, Daniel, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee to investigate ritual murder, II 151
disproves ritual murder, II 205
member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214

Cilicia (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14

Cimmerian Bosporus, see Bosporus

Cincinnati, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59

"Circular Jews," name explained, II 404
privileges of, withdrawn, II 428

City Government, see Municipalities

Civil Service, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49
Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29
possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165
Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27
Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26;
see Tax-Farmer

Clement XIII., pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180

Clement XIV., see Ganganelli

Cohen, Jacob Joseph, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f
stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237

Cohen, Joshua Falk, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f
presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128
head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128

Cohen, Naphtali, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters into relations with Sabbatians, I 204

Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic propagandist, I 207

Cohen, Sabbatai, called Shak, of Vilna, author of commentary on Shulhun Arukh, I 130
issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f

Colchians, tribe, I 15

Colonies, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418
pogroms in, II 271; III 35

Colonization, of Jews, undertaken by Russian Government in New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff;
checked by Government, II 365
in White Russia, II 72
in Siberia, II 71
in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49;
promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375
in United States, II 328, 374
in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415;
and by ICA of Paris, III 10;
but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f
in Argentina, II 416, 421;
see Agriculture

Commerce, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I 23
Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39
Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f
Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85
Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93
Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f;
Lemberg, I 75;
Cracow, I 98;
Vilna, I 99
restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538), I 78;
(1768), I 182;
(1643), I 99
anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82;
and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281
Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff
Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of, I 260 f
Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366
deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126;
and other Maskilim, II 137
attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185
Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904), III 98;
see also Economic Life and Merchants

Commission, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet (1790), I 287 ff
project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289
resumes labors but fails, I 290
Butrymovich, member of, I 264
project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna, I 326 f

Commission, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336
composition of, II 336
examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363
futility of, II 337
serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338
discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school norm"), II 339;
votes against them, II 349
conclusions of, II 363 ff
deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366
refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f
criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365
describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f;
favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f
minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369;
supported by Alexander III., II 370
invites Jewish experts, II 369 f
disbanded, II 380

Commissions, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff
circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273;
quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289
anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275
influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277, 309
material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II 337, 363
charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307

Commission, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission

Committee, to consider Jewish questions, appointed by Polish Government (1815), II 89 f;
(1825), II 103 f
to investigate ritual murder (1864), II 151
to investigate Brafman's charges against Kahals (1866), II 189 f, 240
Russo-Jewish C. in London, II 388 f
Central C. of ICA in St. Petersburg, II 420
secret C. under Plehve plans Jewish counter-reforms (1891), II 399
C. of governors and high officials appointed with anti-Semitic instructions (1904), III 93

Committee for Amelioration of Jews, called "Jewish Committee" (1802), I 335 ff
appointment of, causes alarm among Jews, I 336
invites deputies from Jewish Kahals, I 337
Nota Shklover invited to assist, I 338
elaborates plan of Jewish reform, I 338;
and submits it to Kahals, I 339
conflicting tendencies within, I 339 f
submits report to Alexander I., I 341 f
supplies basis for Statute of 1804, I 342
reappointed 1809, advises against expulsion of Jews from villages, I 352 ff, 405
reappointed 1823, plans to reduce number of Jews in Russia, I 407 f
drafts principal enactments concerning Jews, II 31
suggest expulsion of Jews from Courland, II 32
frame Statute of 1835, II 34
appointed 1871, II 191
charged to consider Kahal organization and economic exploitation, II 193 ff

Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews, appointed 1840, II 49 f, 157
presided over by Kisselev, II 50, 157
considers plan of "assorting" Jews, II 64 ff
Moses Montefiore permitted to communicate with Nicholas I. through, II 68
suggests modification of conscription system, II 155
resuscitated (1856), II 161
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff, 169
favors opening of Interior to retired soldiers, II 171
suggests law demanding secular education of teachers and rabbis, II 175

Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, appointed 1881, II 277
suggests unpopulated localities for Jewish settlement, II 285
plans expulsion of Jews from villages, II 285
frames "Temporary Law" of 1882, II 309 ff

Committee of Ministers approves measures against "Judaizers," I 402
approves expulsion of Jews from villages of White Russia, I 406
instructed to provide relief for expelled Jews, I 406
advised to stop expulsion, I 407
formulates function of "Jewish Committee," I 408
question of admitting artisans into Interior transferred to, II 169 f
modifies "temporary Rules" of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318
objects to pogroms, II 312 f
advocates school norm for Jews, II 339, 349
discusses emigration to Argentina, II 419
entrusted by Nicholas II. with execution of constitutional reforms, III 106
presided over by Witte, III 107
discusses Jewish question, III 123;
see Council of Ministers

Committee on Freedom of Conscience, appointed by Second Duma, favors Jewish emancipation, III 142

Conference of Jewish Notables, in St. Petersburg (September, 1881), II 277;
(April, 1882), II 304 ff
refuses to regulate emigration, II 307
disastrous results of decision of, II 321

Congregation of New Testament Israelites, Judeo-Christian sect in Kishinev, II 335

Congregational Board, supersedes Kahal in Poland, II 102 f
(of Warsaw), objects to separate Jewish regiment, II 106
sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights, II 110
president of, arrested by Russian Government, II 181

Congress, of Aix-la-Chapelle, discusses Jewish question, I 398 f
of Berlin, demands equal rights for Balkan Jews, II 202
of Vienna, see Vienna, Congress of
Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker, II 331
of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15
Zionist C., III 41, 44 f, 84 f, 144
of United States, see United States
of Poland, see Poland, kingdom of

Congressional Record, quoted, II 294, 296, 395

Conscription, see Cantonists, Military Service, and Recruits

Constance, Synod of, attended by Polish clergy, I 57

Constantine, Old, see Constantinov

Constantine Pavlovich, grand duke, Russian heir-apparent, II 13, 129
proclaimed emperor but resigns, II 13
appointed commander of Poland, II 13, 16, 91
suggests expulsion of Jews from border zone, I 408
expels Jews from villages, II 31
Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits memorandum to, II 129

Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, I 17
captured by Turks, I 35
patriarchs of, carry on Christian propaganda in Tauris, I 18
Church of, hopes for conversion of Khazars, I 20
Spanish exiles in, I 27
Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, in neighborhood of, I 206
Jewish pilgrims on way to Palestine arrive in, I 209
Ignetyev, Russian ambassador at, II 259

Constantinov, Old, or Staro-(Volhynia), Cossack massacre at, I 149
"protest" against conscription at, II 21 f

Constitution, "anti-Jewish C.," passed by Polish Diet of 1538, 1 77 f
adopted by Piotrkov Church Council of 1542, I 82 f
Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f.
introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 398
violated by Government of duchy, I 299 ff
"Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff

Constitutional Democratic Party, the (Cadets), in Russia, mistrusts Government, III 130
forms majority in First Duma, III 135
loses in Second Duma, III 142
weak in Third Duma, III 153
Jews in, III 119
Vinaver, leader of, III 134
majority of Jewish deputies belong to, III 135

Contra-Talmudists, name for Frankists, I 214 f

Conversion, of Jews, to Christianity, recommended by patriarch of Constantinople and bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20
forced upon Jews of Byzantium, I 23
forcible C. of children punished by Polish law (1264), I 47
of Jewish Messianic pilgrims in Palestine, I 210
of Jacob Frank and followers, I 217 f;
deplored by Besht, I 229
carried on through military service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f
feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f
endeavors of Russians towards, stopped, II 173 f
of Haskalah pioneers, II 132
of disillusioned intelligenzia, II 327
as result of expulsions in St. Petersburg, II 344;
and Moscow, II 425;
see Society of Israelitish Christians
C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388
forced by Ivan the Terrible upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154;
and upon Jews of Polotzk, I 243
Russian Government aims at, I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188
of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20
attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30
of Turkish Sabbatians, to Mohammedanism, I 210

Converts, to Christianity, permitted by King John Casimir to return to Judaism, I 151
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 173 f; II 73, 80
inform against Hebrew books, II 42
in city of Saratov, II 150
individual converts:
Abraham Yosefovich, I 73
Berthenson, II 214
Bogrov, II 242
Brafman, II 187 ff
Briskin, II 85
Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214
Efron-Litvin, III 38
Grudinski, II 80
Horvitz, II 202, 244
Kronenberg, II 178
Nyevakhovich, I 388
Peretz, I 388
Pfefferkorn, II 189
Priluker, II 335
Savitzki, II 73
Serafinovich, I 173 f
See also, Judaizers

Cordova, Caliphate of, see Caliphate

Coronation Diets, see Diets, Coronation

Cosmopolitanism, advocated by Jewish socialists, II 222;
by Levanda, II 240;
by Bogrov, II 241

Cossacks, name explained, I 142
origin of, I 142 ff
Ukrainian C's., I 142
Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporozhians
massacre Jews (1637), I 144;