[1]Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites (Edin. 1889), p. 84.
[2]Goblet d’Alviella, The Migration of Symbols (London, 1894), p. 119.
[3]Op. cit. chap. iv.
[4]J. Menant, Les Pierres gravées de la Haute-Asie (Paris, 1886), Part II. p. 63.
[5]Les Origines de l’Histoire (Paris, 1888), vol. i. p. 88.
[6]A. H. Sayce, Religion of the Ancient Babylonians (London, 1887), Lect. IV.
[7]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 169.
[8]Cf. Ex. xxxiv. 13; Deut. vii. 5, xii. 3, xvi. 21; Judges iii. 7, vi. 25; 1 Kings xiv. 15; 2 Kings xvii. 16; cf. also Isaiah i. 29, lxv. 3, lxvi. 17.
[9]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 172.
[10]Eusebius, Praepar. Evang., lib. i. cap. 10.
[11]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 125.
[12]Ezek. xli. 18.
[13]1 Kings vi. 29-35.
[14]G. Maspero, The Dawn of Civilisation (London, 1894), p. 122.
[15]Slatin Pasha, Fire and Sword in the Sudan (London, 1896), p. 114.
[16]J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1890), vol. i. p. 60.
[17]Duff Macdonald, Africana (London, 1882), vol. i. p. 60.
[18]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 307.
[19]A. H. Sayce, op. cit. p. 238.
[20]Encyclop. Brit., 9th edition, vol. xviii. p. 850.
[21]Isis et Osiris, 46.
[22]Lajard, Le Culte du cyprès pyramidal (1845), p. 148.
[23]Sir. W. Ouseley, Travels (London, 1819), vol. iii. p. 83.
[24]Herodotus, vii. 31.
[25]R. Folkard, Plant-lore, Legends, and Lyrics (London, 1892), p. 239.
[26]M. D. Conway, Demonology and Devil-lore (London, 1879), vol. i. p. 299.
[27]Quintus Curtius, De Gestis Alex. viii. 33.
[28]Folkard, op. cit. p. 4.
[29]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 130.
[30]Murray’s Handbook for Japan (London, 1884), p. 66.
[31]E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture (London, 1871), vol. ii. pp. 196, 198.
[32]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 131.
[33]Müller, Amerikanische Urreligionen (Basel, 1855), p. 494.
[34]E. B. Tylor, Anahuac (London, 1861), pp. 215, 265.
[35]Carl Bötticher, Der Baumkultus der Hellenen (Berlin, 1856).
[36]L. R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896), vol. i. p. 14.
[37]Arthur Evans, in the anthropological section of the British Association, Times, 23rd Sept. 1896.
[38]Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1844), vol. i. p. 60.
[39]Der Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin, 1875); Antike Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877). These volumes will be referred to as Mannhardt I. and II.
[40]A. Castren, Ethnologische Vorlesungen (St. Petersburg, 1857), p. 141.
[41]Boecler, Der Esthen abergläubische Gebräuche, etc. (St. Petersburg, 1854), quoted in Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship.
[42]Lucan, Pharsalia, iii. 405.
[43]Jacob Grimm, op. cit. vol. i. p. 67.
[44]Pliny, Nat. Hist. lib. xvi. 95.
[45]Mannhardt I. p. 70.
[46]Hall’s Chronicle (London, 1809), p. 580.
[47]Ibid. pp. 515, 520.
[48]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 534.
[49]E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 202.
[50]Op. cit. Lecture III.
[51]The Attis of Catullus (London, 1892), Excursus II.
[52]Deuteronomy xxxiii. 16.
[53]1 Esdras ii. 5.
[54]Maspero, op. cit. p. 84, note 1.
[55]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. chap. iii.
[56]Ibid. vol. i. p. 66.
[57]Ibid. vol. ii. p. 429.
[58]Ibid. vol. ii. p. 432.
[59]Pausanias, 8, 23, 6.
[60]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. p. 185.
[61]Ibid. vol. i. p. 212.
[62]Ibid. vol. ii. p. 644.
[63]Ibid. vol. i. p. 9.
[64]Theocritus, Idyll. xviii. 48.
[65]Bötticher, op. cit. pp. 103, 229.
[66]Ibid. pp. 217, 220.
[67]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. p. 14.
[68]Wisdom xiii. 11 (Revised Version).
[69]Theocritus, Epigram. IV.
[70]Maximus Tyrius, viii. 1.
[71]Apuleius, Florid. i. 1.
[72]Maspero, op. cit. p. 84, note 3, and p. 130.
[73]Folkard, op. cit. p. 467.
[74]De Gubernatis, Mythologie des Plantes, vol. ii. p. 26 et seq.
[75]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 108-110.
[76]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 345.
[77]Clemens Alex., Protrepticus, cap. 1, sect. 10.
[78]Folkard, op. cit. p. 407.
[79]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 351.
[80]Ibid. p. 445.
[81]Theocritus, Idyll. vi. 7.
[82]Fortnightly Review, February 1870.
[83]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. p. 292.
[84]Euripides, Troades, 795.
[85]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. p. 325.
[86]Pliny, xvi. 60; Servius ad Virgil. Aen. iv. 507.
[87]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 175.
[88]Tiele, Religion de l’Egypte, etc. p. 83.
[89]A. Cunningham, The Stûpa of Bharhut (London, 1879), p. 113.
[90]A. Cunningham, op. cit. p. 114.
[91]Folkard, op. cit. p. 245.
[92]C. F. Keary, The Vikings of Western Christendom (London, 1891), pp. 36, 52, 53.
[93]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 64.
[94]J. Grimm, op. cit. vol. i. p. 369.
[95]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 169.
[96]Sir W. Ouseley, Travels, vol. i. p. 369.
[97]Statius, Theb. ix. 585.
[98]Apollon. Rhod. Argonaut. 2.
[99]Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, viii. 743.
[100]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 79.
[101]Orelli, No. 1266.
[102]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 88.
[103]Ibid. chap. xxi.
[104]Ibid. p. 385.
[105]Bötticher, chap. xxv.
[106]Ibid. p. 398.
[107]Sayce, op. cit. pp. 536, 539.
[108]Leviticus xxiii. 40.
[109]2 Maccabees xiv. 4.
[110]Bötticher, op. cit. pp. 321, 322.
[111]Pausanias, vii. 2, 4.
[112]Herodotus, vi. 75.
[113]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 35.
[114]Pausanias, ii. 13, 3.
[115]Sayce, op. cit. p. 493.
[116]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 125.
[117]Nineteenth Century, October 1895, p. 607.
[118]Isaiah xiii. 21; xxxiv. 14.
[119]Leviticus xvii. 7.
[120]Maspero, op. cit. pp. 83, 84.
[121]Mannhardt II. chap. ii.
[122]Mannhardt II. p. 139.
[123]Aeneid, viii. 601.
[124]Mannhardt II. p. 31.
[125]Hymn. Homer. Aphrod. 259-273.
[126]Plutarch, De Defect. Orac. 11.
[127]Hymn. in Cererem. 41.
[128]Apollonius Rhod., Argonaut. i. 471 et seq.
[129]Mannhardt II. p. 1.
[130]Lucian, Verae Historiae, lib. 1.
[131]W. R. S. Ralston, Contemporary Review, vol. xxxi. p. 521.
[132]Ibid. vol. xxxi. p. 525.
[133]Robertson Smith, op. cit. pp. 126, 213, 461.
[134]Aeneid, iii. 27-34.
[135]Metamorphoses, viii. 741, 774, translated by Henry King (London, 1871).
[136]Mannhardt I. pp. 34 et seq.
[137]Folkard, op. cit. p. 79.
[138]Ibid. p. 79.
[139]Ibid. p. 79.
[140]Folkard, op. cit. p. 79.
[141]Folkard, op. cit. p. 83.
[142]Mannhardt I. p. 146.
[143]Mannhardt II. p. 39.
[144]Ibid. I. p. 75.
[145]Mannhardt I. p. 89.
[146]Ibid. I. p. 93.
[147]Ibid. I. p. 117.
[148]Mannhardt I. pp. 126 et seq.
[149]Mannhardt I. pp. 138 et seq.
[150]F. Rinder, Old-World Japan (London, 1895), p. 137.
[151]Mannhardt I. p. 143.
[152]H. W. Bates, The Naturalist on the Amazon (London, 1863), vol. i. p. 73.
[153]The Prose or Younger Edda, translated by G. W. Dasent (Stockholm, 1842), p. 10.
[154]Mannhardt I. p. 7.
[155]Catlin, Letters, etc., on North American Indians, vol. ii. p. 169.
[156]Works and Days, v. 143.
[157]Odyssey, xix. 162.
[158]Aeneid, viii. 315.
[159]F. Galton, Narrative of an Explorer, etc. (London, 1853), p. 188.
[160]Folkard, op. cit. p. 117.
[161]Alex. v. Humboldt, Examen Critique, vol. i. p. 52.
[162]Apollod. iii. 14, 3.
[163]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 142.
[164]Folkard, op. cit. p. 116.
[165]Diodor. v. 66.
[166]Pausanias, ix. 22, 2.
[167]Ibid. vii. 4, 4; viii. 23, 4.
[168]Servius ad Virgil. Aeneid, iii. 91.
[169]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 338.
[170]Metamorphoses, ii. 346-366, translated by Henry King (London, 1871).
[171]Metamorphoses, viii. 711-724. The story is told by Lelex of Troezene at a feast given to Theseus by Achelous, the river-god.
[172]Bion, Idyl. i. 63.
[173]Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act ii. Sc. 2.
[174]Folkard, op. cit. p. 268.
[175]Ibid. p. 389.
[176]Percy’s Reliques.
[177]Old-World Japan, p. 115.
[178]Folkard, op. cit. p. 274.
[179]Folkard, op. cit. p. 325.
[180]Old-World Japan, p. 127.
[181]Op. cit. vol. ii. p. 786.
[182]Frazer, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 328.
[183]Selections from the Talmud (London, 1889), p. 318.
[184]Moore’s Life of Lord Byron, vol. i. p. 101.
[185]Mannhardt I. p. 32.
[186]Ibid. p. 53.
[187]Ibid. p. 182.
[188]Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. xvi. 27.
[189]Tacitus, Annal. xiii. 58.
[190]Pliny, op. cit. lib. xv. 36.
[191]The late General Gordon, in Times for 5th January 1885.
[192]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 142.
[193]Farnell, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 695.
[194]J. Menant, op. cit. vol. i. p. 220.
[195]Ibid. vol. i. p. 170 et seq.
[196]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 145 et seq.
[197]Lajard, op. cit. Pl. i.
[198]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 70.
[199]Mannhardt I. p. 222.
[200]Ibid. p. 46.
[201]Virgil, Georg. ii. 291; Servius ad Virgil. Aeneid, iv. 446.
[202]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 169.
[203]Pausanias, x. 5, 3.
[204]Encyclop. Brit., 9th edition, vol. xvii. p. 808.
[205]Sayce, op. cit. p. 241.
[206]Ibid. p. 240.
[207]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 179.
[208]2 Samuel v. 24.
[209]Hosea iv. 12 (R. V.).
[210]Odyssey, xiv. 327.
[211]Scholiast on Sophocles, Trachiniae 1169.
[212]Herodotus, ii. 52, 57.
[213]Clem. Alex., Protrept. ii. 11.
[214]Silius Ital. vi. 691.
[215]Pausanias, viii. 23, 4; i. 17, 5.
[216]Philostrat. Imag. ii. 33.
[217]Servius ad Virgil. Aen. iii. 466.
[218]Encyclop. Brit., 9th edition, vol. xvii. p. 809. Cf. also Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. p. 40.
[219]Metam. vii. 622-654.
[220]Apollod. i. 9, 16; Philostrat. Imag. ii. 15.
[221]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 341.
[222]Euripides, Hecuba, 456.
[223]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 344.
[224]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 344.
[225]Moses Choren, Hist. Armen. i. 15, 19.
[226]F. Lenormant, La Divination chez les Chaldéens (Paris, 1875), p. 85.
[227]Sir W. Ouseley, Travels, vol. i. p. 369.
[228]The Sháh Námeh, Chandos Classics, p. 336.
[229]Ovid, Fasti, iii. 294.
[230]Ibid. iv. 650; Virgil, Aeneid, vii. 81.
[231]Cicero, De Divinat. ii. 40.
[232]Dion. Halic. i. 14.
[233]Bötticher, op. cit. chap. xi.
[234]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 164.
[235]Cicero, De Divinat. i. 45.
[236]Dion. Halic. v. 16.
[237]Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 126.
[238]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 113, note 22.
[239]Herodotus, iv. 67.
[240]Ammian. Marcell. L. 31.
[241]Tacitus, Germ. x.
[242]E. Davies, Celtic Researches, p. 812; British Druids, p. 43.
[243]R. Smith, op. cit. p. 179, note 5.
[244]The whole subject is very fully treated by Bötticher, op. cit. chap. xvi.
[245]Mannhardt I. p. 303.
[246]De Vallemont, Physique occulte (1696), p. 10.
[247]Folkard, op. cit. p. 113.
[248]John O’Neill, The Night of the Gods, vol. i. p. 53.
[249]Frazer, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 367.
[250]Folkard, op. cit. p. 114.
[251]A. de Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. i. p. 99.
[252]J. Brand, Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (London, 1849), vol. i. p. 58.
[253]W. Hone, Year Book (1878), p. 588.
[254]W. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties, pp. 110, 111.
[255]J. O. Halliwell, Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales (1849), pp. 219, 220.
[256]C. H. Poole, Customs, Legends, and Superstitions of Staffordshire, p. 74.
[257]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 169.
[258]Ibid. p. 171.
[259]Sir G. Grey, Polynesian Mythology (London, 1855), p. 1.
[260]A. H. Sayce, op. cit. p. 238.
[261]A. H. Sayce, op. cit. p. 362.
[262]Isaiah xiv. 13.
[263]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. i. p. 45.
[264]The Prose or Younger Edda, translated by G. W. Dasent, p. 16.
[265]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. i. p. 80.
[266]C. P. Tiele, History of the Egyptian Religion (London, 1882), p. 46.
[267]Lethaby, Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth (London, 1892), p. 120.
[268]Ibid. p. 111.
[269]Babylonian and Oriental Record (June 1888), pp. 149-159.
[270]Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1894).
[271]Revelation xxii. 2.
[272]Lethaby, op. cit. p. 107.
[273]Ibid. p. 102.
[274]Herodotus, ii. 44.
[275]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. i. p. 102.
[276]Mannhardt I. 307.
[277]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. pp. 107, 113.
[278]Kalevala, Second Rune.
[279]W. F. Kirby, The Hero of Esthonia (London, 1895), vol. i. p. 48.
[280]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 516.
[281]Ibid. p. 518.
[282]Pliny, xxiv. 102.
[283]Folkard, op. cit. p. 378.
[284]Windischman, quoted by Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 375.
[285]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 350.
[286]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 351.
[287]J. Muir, Metrical Translations from Sanskrit writers (London, 1879), p. 168.
[288]Folkard, op. cit. p. 548.
[289]Athenaeus, 473 C.
[290]Bacchae, 284.
[291]Bacchae, 297.
[292]W. Pater, Greek Studies (London, 1895), p. 7.
[293]Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 377.
[294]De Gubernatis, op. cit. vol. i. p. 261.
[295]De Gubernatis, vol. i. p. 262.
[296]Ibid. p. 182.
[297]Folkard, op. cit. p. 9.
[298]G. Smith, Chaldaean Account of Genesis, pp. 88, 89.
[299]J. Menant, op. cit. vol. i. fig. 121.
[300]Sayce, op. cit. p. 240.
[301]Homer, Odyssey, iv. 563; Hesiod, Works and Days, 166.
[302]Encyclop. Brit., 9th edition, vol. viii. p. 536.
[303]2 Esdras ii. 18.
[304]Ibid. ii. 12.
[305]Eisenmenger, Entdecktes Judenthum (1700), Bd. II. p. 318.
[306]Folkard, op. cit. p. 10.
[307]A. H. Sayce, op. cit. p. 48.
[308]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 171.
[309]E. B. Tylor, Early History of Mankind (London, 1878), p. 358.
[310]W. F. Warren, Paradise Found (London, 1885), p. 144.
[311]J. Theodore Bent, Nineteenth Century (October 1895), p. 607.
[312]Iliad, xi. 76.
[313]Sayce, op. cit. p. 360.
[314]Paradise Lost, Book IV. 133-147.
[315]Hesiod, Theogn. 215 et seq.
[316]Early Travels in Palestine (London, Bohn, 1848), p. 276.
[317]S. Baring-Gould, Curious Myths of the Middle Ages (London, 1866), p. 236.
[318]Plato, Timaeus, iii.
[319]W. F. Warren, op. cit. p. 12.
[320]Select Letters of Columbus (Hakluyt Society), p. 137.
[321]Old-World Japan, p. 79.
[322]Goblet d’Alviella, op. cit. p. 176.
[323]Lethaby, op. cit. p. 97.
[324]Decline and Fall, chap. lii.
[325]Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. p. 217.
[326]Court of Love, vv. 1431-35.
[327]Anatomie of Abuses (1585), p. 94.
[328]J. Northbrooke, Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing, etc., are Reproved (1577), p. 140.
[329]Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. p. 244.
[330]Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vol. vii. p. 425.
[331]Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. p. 219.
[332]Mannhardt I. p. 315.
[333]Mannhardt I. p. 160.
[334]Camden, quoted in Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. p. 227.
[335]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 78.
[336]Ibid. p. 77.
[337]Mannhardt II. p. 212.
[338]Ibid. p. 214.
[339]Bötticher, op. cit. p. 393.
[340]Knights, v. 729.
[341]Wasps, v. 398.
[342]Plutus, v. 1054.
[343]Mannhardt II. p. 257.
[344]Aeneas Sylvius, Opera (Bale, 1571), p. 418.
[345]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 73.
[346]Ibid. p. 74.
[347]Mannhardt I. p. 167.
[348]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 100.
[349]Farnell, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 185, 189.
[350]Mannhardt I. p. 169.
[351]Mannhardt I. p. 174.
[352]Ibid. p. 218.
[353]Mannhardt I. p. 315.
[354]Ibid. p. 313.
[355]Mannhardt I. pp. 341 et seq.
[356]Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. pp. 253-261.
[357]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 240.
[358]Mannhardt I. p. 360.
[359]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 241.
[360]Frazer, op. cit. vol. i. p. 242.
[361]Ibid. vol. i. p. 243.
[362]Mannhardt I. p. 523.
[363]Alexander Tille, Die Geschichte der Deutschen Weihnacht (Leipzig, 1893).
[364]Ibid. p. 2.
[365]J. G. Frazer in Encyclop. Brit., 9th edition, vol. xxi. p. 321.
[366]W. Stukeley, Medallic History of Carausius (1757-59), vol. ii. pp. 163, 164.
[367]Brand’s Antiquities, vol. i. p. 520.
[368]Ibid. pp. 519, 521.
[369]Mannhardt I. p. 240.
[370]Ibid. p. 238.
[371]Tille, op. cit. p. 264.
[372]Goethe, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (Am 20 December).
[373]Schiller und Lotte (Stuttgart, 1856), p. 574.
[374]Tille, op. cit. p. 258.
[375]Ibid. p. 259.
[376]Tille, op. cit. chap. viii.
[377]Tille, op. cit. p. 220.
[378]Ibid. p. 221.
[379]Ibid. p. 226.
[380]Folkard, op. cit. pp. 352, 353.
[381]Mannhardt I. p. 242.
[382]Tille, op. cit. p. 244.
[383]Tille, op. cit. p. 249.
[384]Ibid. p. 250.
[385]Mannhardt I. p. 241.
[386]Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen (Berlin, 1858), p. 470, note.
[387]Tille, op. cit. p. 220.
[388]Mannhardt I. p. 244.