CONTENTS

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Introduction 3

WOMAN IN THE PAST.

• Chapter I.—The Position of Woman in Primeval Society 9
  • 1. Chief Epochs of Primeval History 9
  • 2. Family Forms 14
  • 3. The Matriarchate 20
• Chapter II.—Conflict between Matriarchate and Patriarchate 28
  • 1. Rise of the Patriarchate 28
  • 2. Traces of the Matriarchate in Greek Myths and Dramas 34
  • 3. Legitimate Wives and Courtesans in Athens 37
  • 4. Remnants of the Matriarchate in the Customs of Various Nations 44
  • 5. Rise of the State—Dissolution of the Gens in Rome 50
• Chapter III.—Christianity 56
• Chapter IV.—Woman in the Mediaeval Age 63
  • 1. The Position of Women among the Germans 63
  • 2. Feudalism and the Right of the First Night 66
  • 3. The Rise of Cities—Monastic Affairs—Prostitution 69
  • 4. Knighthood and the Veneration of Women 75
• Chapter V.—The Reformation 78
  • 1. Luther 78
  • 2. Results of the Reformation—The Thirty Years’ War 83
• Chapter VI.—The Eighteenth Century 88
  • 1. Court Life in Germany 88
  • 2. Commercialism and the New Marriage Laws 90
  • 3. The French Revolution and the Rise of Industry 93

WOMAN AT THE PRESENT DAY.

• Chapter VII.—Woman as a Sex Being 96
  • 1. The Sexual Impulse 96
  • 2. Celibacy and the Frequency of Suicide 100
• Chapter VIII.—Modern Marriage 104
  • 1. Marriage as a Profession 104
  • 2. Decline of the Birthrate 106
  • 3. Mercenary Marriage and the Matrimonial Market 110
• Chapter IX.—Disruption of the Family 116
  • 1. Increase of Divorce 116
  • 2. Bourgeois and Proletarian Marriage 124
• Chapter X.—Marriage as a Means of Support 132
  • 1. Decline of the Marriage Rate 132
  • 2. Infanticide and Abortion 135
  • 3. Education for Marriage 140
  • 4. The Misery of Present Day Marriages 147
• Chapter XI.—The Chances of Matrimony 153
  • 1. The Numerical Proportion of the Sexes 153
  • 2. Obstacles to Marriage—The Excess of Women 164
• Chapter XII.—Prostitution a Necessary Social Institution of Bourgeois Society 174
  • 1. Prostitution and Society 174
  • 2. Prostitution and the State 178
  • 3. The White Slave Trade 188
  • 4. The Increase of Prostitution—Illegitimate Motherhood 193
  • 5. Crimes Against Morality and Sexual Diseases 204
• Chapter XIII.—Woman in Industry 209
  • 1. Development and Extension of Female Labor 209
  • 2. Factory Work of Married Women—Sweatshop Labor and Dangerous Occupations 222
• Chapter XIV.—The Struggle of Women for Education 233
  • 1. The Revolution in Domestic Life 233
  • 2. The Intellectual Abilities of Women 239
  • 3. Differences in Physical and Mental Qualities of Man and Woman 245
  • 4. Darwinism and the Condition of Society 253
  • 5. Woman and the Learned Professions 258
• Chapter XV.—The Legal Status of Women 272
  • 1. The Struggle for Equality Before the Law 272
  • 2. The Struggle for Political Equality 280

THE STATE AND SOCIETY.

• Chapter XVI.—The Class-State and the Modern Proletariat 307
  • 1. Our Public Life 307
  • 2. Aggravation of Social Extremes 315
• Chapter XVII.—The Process of Concentration in Capitalistic Industry 319
  • 1. The Displacement of Agriculture by Industry 319
  • 2. Increasing Pauperization—Preponderance of Large Industrial Establishments 323
  • 3. Concentration of Wealth 333
• Chapter XVIII.—Crisis and Competition 338
  • 1. Causes and Effects of the Crises 338
  • 2. Intermediate Trade and the Increased Cost of Living 343
• Chapter XIX.—The Revolution in Agriculture 347
  • 1. Transatlantic Competition and Desertion of the Country 347
  • 2. Peasants and Great Landowners 349
  • 3. The Contrast Between City and Country 358

THE SOCIALIZATION OF SOCIETY.

• Chapter XX.—The Social Revolution 363
  • 1. The Transformation of Society 363
  • 2. Expropriation of the Expropriators 366
• Chapter XXI.—Fundamental Laws of Socialistic Society 370
  • 1. Duty to Work of All Able-bodied Persons 370
  • 2. Harmony of Interests 375
  • 3. Organization of Labor 380
  • 4. The Growth of the Productivity of Labor 383
  • 5. Removal of the Contrast between Mental and Manual Work 392
  • 6. Increase of Consumption 396
  • 7. Equal Duty to Work for All 399
  • 8. Abolition of Trade—Transformation of Traffic 405
• Chapter XXII.—Socialism and Agriculture 407
  • 1. Abolition of the Private Ownership of Land 407
  • 2. The Amelioration of Land 409
  • 3. Changed Methods of Farming 414
  • 4. Agriculture on a Large and Small Scale—Electric Appliances 415
  • 5. Vine-Culture of the Future 424
  • 6. Measures to Prevent Exhaustion of the Soil 427
  • 7. Removal of the Contrast between City and Country 431
• Chapter XXIII.—Abolition of the State 434
• Chapter XXIV.—The Future of Religion 437
• Chapter XXV.—The Socialist System of Education 440
• Chapter XXVI.—Literature and Art in Socialistic Society 451
• Chapter XXVII.—Free Development of Individuality 455
  • 1. Freedom from Care 455
  • 2. Changes in the Methods of Nutrition 457
  • 3. The Communistic Kitchen 461
  • 4. Transformation of Domestic Life 463
• Chapter XXVIII.—Woman in the Future 466
• Chapter XXIX.—Internationality 473
• Chapter XXX.—The Question of Population and Socialism 478
  • 1. Fear of Over-Population 478
  • 2. Production of Over-Population 481
  • 3. Poverty and Fecundity 484
  • 4. Lack of Human Beings and Abundance of Food 487
  • 5. Social Conditions and Reproductive Ability 494

Conclusion 500