The History of Pottery, Volume 1 by Henry Beauchamp Walters, a Project Gutenberg eBook

306. v. 5, 4; x. 35, 5 and 4, 3; ii. 27, 7 (ὠμῆς τῆς πλίνθου: see Frazer’s note ad loc.); Nissen, Pompeian. Studien, p. 24.

307. Vitr. ii. 8, 9.

308. Xen. Hell. v. 2, 5; Paus. viii. 8, 5.

309. ἀγάλματα ἐκ πηλοῦ, i. 2, 5.

310. xxxv. 155; see Milchhoefer in Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr. p. 50.

313. See on the subject generally Dörpfeld and others, Die Verwendung von Terrakotten, Berlin, 1881.

314. Ath. Mitth. xxiv. (1899), p. 350; Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1903, pls. 2–6, p. 71 ff. Cf. the painted terracotta panels in wooden frames at Sparta, mentioned by Vitruvius (ii. 8, 9).

315. See a passage in Xenophon (Mem. iii. 1, 7) bearing on the different materials used in Greek domestic architecture.

316. See Dörpfeld, Die antike Ziegelbau u. sein Einfluss auf d. dor. Styl, in Hist. u. Phil. Aufsätze E. Curtius gewidmet, p. 139 ff.

317. Diod. Sic. xvii. 115.

320. Blümner, Technologie, ii. p. 11; Olympia (Ergebnisse), ii. p. 129 ff.

321. Inscr. Gr. (Atticae), ii. 167.

322. Αἰγύπτιοι πλινθοφόροι (l. 1133).

323. An obviously incorrect rendering of πηλός; Tr. pêlos the process of making sun-dried bricks is certainly here referred to, as the allusion to Αἰγύπτιοι πλινθοφόροι implies.

326. ii. 2, 1, 2. For further details see Chapter XIX.

327. Ar. Ran. 800, quoted by Pollux, x. 148: cf. Plut. Vit. Sol. 25.

328. For representations of this process in Egyptian wall-paintings see Rosellini, Mon. Civili, ii. p. 255, pl. 49, 1, and Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, i. p. 344.

329. Isid. Orig. xix. 10, 16: lateres ... inde nominati sunt quod lati ligneis formis efficiuntur. Cf. ibid. xv. 8, 16.

330. See on the subject generally, Dörpfeld, Die Verwendung von Terrakotten, 1881, and Borrmann’s excellent treatise in Durm’s Handbuch d. Architektur, Die Keramik in d. Baukunst (1. Theil, Bd. 4), p. 28 ff.; also Wiegand, Puteol. Bauinschr. pp. 719, 756 ff.

331. On the origin of ἀκρωτήρια see Benndorf in Jahreshefte, 1899, p. 1 ff.

332. Cf. B.M. Cat. of Terracottas, C 904.

333. Rayet and Collignon, pl. 16.

334. Cat. of Terracottas, D 707–8.

335. Boeckh, Urkunde über Scewesen (Staatshaushaltung, iii.), p. 406.

336. H.N. xxxv. 151.

337. H.N. xxxv. 152.

339. The use of the word ἄγαλμα also seems to point to this conclusion.

340. Arch. Zeit. 1882, pl. 15.

341. J.H.S. xiii. p. 315. See generally, Minervini, Terrecotte del Museo Campano.

342. See Furtwaengler, Meisterwerke, p. 250.

343. Cat. of Terracottas, C 910 ff.

344. A good example of a painted tile from Aegion in Achaia is in the British Museum (Cat. of Terracottas, C 908).

345. Cf. also the tiles from the temple at Elateia in Boeotia, described by M. Paris, Élatée, p. 106.

346. v. 10, 3. It is noteworthy that Pausanias here uses the word κέραμος, although the tiles are not of terracotta, indicating that it had become by long usage the generic word for tiles of all kinds. Cf. St. Luke v. 19.

347. See Dörpfeld, etc., Verwendung von Terrakotten, pls. 1–4; Olympia, ii. p. 193 ff.

348. See Builder, 4 March 1899, p. 219.

349. Fatture di argille in Sicilia, pp. 27, 31.

350. Becker in Mélanges Gréco-Romaines, i. (1854), p. 482 ff.

351. Inscr. Gr. ix. p. 164.

352. Antiqs. of Kertch, pp. 72, 75, pl. 7.

353. See Brit. Mus. Cat. of Terracottas, E 131 ff., E 186.

354. Boeckh, C.I.G. i. 541.

355. Élatée, p. 110.

356. See also Ath. Mitth. 1877, p. 441, for a long inscription from Sparta.

357. Others with ἐπί and a magistrate’s name are in the British Museum (Cat. of Terracottas, E 131–33, 186 ff.): see also Inscr. Gr. ix. 735 ff.

358. B.M. Cat. of Terracottas, E 130.

359. See Benndorf, Gr. u. Sic. Vasenb. p. 50, pl. 29, fig. 10; Jahrbuch d. arch. Inst. ii. (1887), p. 161; Ath. Mitth. 1897, p. 345; Hicks and Hill, Gk. Hist. Inscrs. p. 16.

360. Musée de Sèvres, p. 19.

361. Ath. Mitth. ii. (1877), pl. 8, p. 119; Daremberg and Saglio, Dict. i. p. 1260, fig. 1673.

362. Daremberg and Saglio, i. p. 338, fig. 399.

363. Cf. Stackelberg, Gräber der Hellenen, pl. 7; Dodwell, Tour, i. p. 452.

364. Cat. of Terracottas, B 494 ff.

365. Benndorf in Eranos Vindobonensis, p. 384.

366. Fig. 67.. Cf. also Berlin 2294, and see Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. Caminus.

367. Jahrbuch, vi. (1891), p. 110.

368. B.M. Cat. of Terracottas, E 156 ff.

369. See J.H.S. xiii. p. 80.

370. Cf. Macpherson, Antiqs. of Kertch, p. 103.

371. Boeckh, C.I.G. iii. 5686.

372. For examples of these see B.M. Cat. of Terracottas, E 93 ff.

374. See Daremberg and Saglio, art. Lucerna, init.; Cyprus Mus. Cat. p. 80.

376. Ar. Eccl. 1; Axionikos, quoted by Pollux, x. 122.

377. The words φλόμος and θρυαλλίς seem to denote the material of which the wick was made (cf. Pollux, x. 115).

378. Pollux, vi. 103; x. 115.

379. Loc. cit. supr.

380. Bull. dell’ Inst. 1868, p. 59.

381. Probably an imitation of the projections on bronze lamps, to which chains for suspension were attached. See on this type Amer. Journ. of Arch. 1903, p. 338 ff.

382. Newton, Travels and Discoveries, ii. p. 184=Discoveries, ii. pt. 2, p. 395.

383. Barker and Ainsworth, Lares and Penates, p. 201.

384. See C.I.L. iii. Suppl. No. 7310.

385. Div. Inst. ii. 11.

386. Juvenal, xi. 116; Propertius, v. 1, 5; Ovid, Fast. i. 202.

387. H.N. xxxiv. 34.

388. H.N. xxxv. 151.

389. Leg. pro Christ. 17, 293, ed. Migne; see Blümner, Technologie, ii. p. 129, note 2.

390. H.N. xxxv. 153.

392. Apotheosis, 458. See generally Blümner, ii. p. 140 ff.

393. Pollux, x. 189; Hesych., s.v.; Ber. d. sächs. Gesellsch. 1854, p. 42; Blümner, ii. pp. 42, 117; and cf. p. 153 below.

394. Tertull. Apol. 12; ad Nat. i. 12.

395. Anim. Gener. ii. 6; Hist. Anim. iii. 5.

396. Plut. De profect. in virt. 17, p. 86 A; Quaest. conviv. ii. 3, 2, p. 636 C.

398. Fab. 137 (Teubner).

399. Phil. i. 9, § 47.

400. Anth. P. vi. 280.

402. Brongniart, Traité, i. p. 305.

403. Op. et Di. 60: ἐκλευσε ... γαῖαν ὕδει φύρειν.

404. Anth. P. xvi. 191.

405. Statuettes de Terre Cuite, p. 251.

406. Cat. of Terracottas, E 1 ff.

407. See also for some interesting moulds from Girgenti, Röm. Mitth. xii. (1897), p. 253 ff. Similar specimens have been found at Kertch and Smyrna.

408. See also on the subject C. C. Edgar, Greek Moulds (Cat. du Musée du Caire, viii. 1903), pls. 23–8, 33, p. xiv ff. These moulds are nearly all made of plaster; but the account there given of the technical processes would hold good of terracotta moulds.

409. Op. cit. p. 254.

410. Poplic. 13: see Chapter XVIII.

413. Cat. B 458–59, D 392.

414. See Blümner, Technologie, iv. p. 464 ff.

415. Hirt, Gesch. d. bild. Kunst, p. 165.

416. Pliny (H.N. xxxvi. 189) mentions one Agrippa who painted in encaustic on terracotta: see Chapter XIX. for possible examples of this process.

417. Schöne, Gr. Reliefs, p. 62.

418. Sitzungber. d. k. bayer. Akad. Phil. Cl. 1883, p. 299 ff.

419. See for those from Athens J.H.S. xvii. p. 306 ff.

421. De Mundo, 6, 398.

422. See on the subject Hermann, Lehrbuch d. gr. Altert. iv. (1882), p. 295; Blümner, Technol. ii. p. 123; Baumeister, Denkm. ii. p. 778.

423. A Corpus of all the known types of terracotta statuettes has recently been published by the German Archaeological Institute, edited by Dr. F. Winter (Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten, 2 vols. 1903).

424. Cf. the types on painted vases, Vol. II. Chapter XII. (Eleusinian deities).

425. Paus. viii. 15, 3.

426. B.M. B 258, 410.

427. B.M. B 256, 286, 335.

428. B.M. B 359: cf. p. 344.

429. J.H.S. vii. p. 9 ff.

430. J.H.S. vi. pl. 61.

431. Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 102; B.M. Excavations in Cyprus, p. 35, fig. 63.

432. B.M. Excavations, p. 22, pl. 3.

433. See Pottier, Louvre Cat. i. p. 150; Dumont-Pottier, i. p. 193; Perrot, Hist. de l’Art, iii. pl. 5.

434. Roberts, Gk. Epigraphy, i. p. 192.

435. Cf. J.H.S. iv. p. 11. Heuzey, however, thinks that the Phoenicians imitated the Greek painted examples of this time (such as A 1117 ff. in B.M.). Cf. Gaz. Arch. 1880, p. 159.

436. Good examples are given in Perrot, Hist. de l’Art, iii. p. 676; Gaz. Arch. 1880, pl. 28 (in Louvre, from Corinth); Ath. Mitth. 1879, pl. 19: cf. also Berlin 1288–91, and many examples in B.M. (First Vase Room). On one from Kos was found the name of Apries (599–569 B.C.). See also Naukratis I. pl. 2, figs. 6–18.

437. Perrot, Hist. de l’Art. iii. pl. 6.

438. B.M. Excavations, p. 69, fig. 99.

439. Furtwaengler, Coll. Sabouroff, i. pl. 70, fig. 3 (with text); Rayet and Collignon, p. 374.

440. See Journ. des Savans, March 1862, p. 163; Rev. Arch. vii. (1863), p. 259 (name of Ptolemy wrongly read as Kleopatra); Arch. Zeit. 1869, p. 35; Rayet and Collignon, p. 372.

441. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Nov. 1876, p. 385 ff.

442. Von Rohden, Terracotten von Pompeii, p. 29.

443. Hettner in Festschr. für J. Overbeck, p. 169.

444. Archaeologia, xxxii. p. 452 (Ewell); British Museum, Romano-British Room, Case H.

445. Mazard, De la connaissance par les anciens des glaçures plombifères; cf. Blümner, Technol. ii. p. 89.

446. On the subject generally see Dumont-Pottier, i. chap. xiii.; Rayet and Collignon, p. 365 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. Figlinum, p. 1131; and for the Graeco-Roman enamelled wares, Bonner Jahrbücher, xcvi. p. 117, and Mazard, op. cit., where a full description and list of examples is given.

Mention of painted vases in literature—Civil and domestic use of pottery—Measures of capacity—Use in daily life—Decorative use—Religious and votive uses—Use in funeral ceremonies—Shapes and their names—Ancient and modern classifications—Vases for storage—Pithos—Wine-amphora—Amphora—Stamnos—Hydria—Vases for mixing—Krater—Deinos or Lebes—Cooking-vessels—Vases for pouring wine—Oinochoe and variants—Ladles—Drinking-cups—Names recorded by Athenaeus—Kotyle—Skyphos—Kantharos—Kylix—Phiale—Rhyton— Dishes—Oil-vases—Lekythos—Alabastron—Pyxis—Askos—Moulded vases.

Those who are acquainted with the enormous number of painted vases now gathered together in our Museums, showing the important part they must have played in the daily life of the Greeks and the high estimation in which they were clearly held, as evidenced by the great care bestowed on their decoration and the pride exhibited by artists in their signed productions, may feel some surprise that so few allusions to them can be traced in classical literature. Such passages as can be interpreted as referring to them may actually be counted on the fingers of one hand, and even these are but passing allusions; while any full descriptions of vases, such as that in Theocritus' first Idyll or some of those in Athenaeus’ Book XI., almost invariably refer to metal vases with chased designs. Nor can we trace any reference to known potters or artists in literature or documents, save in a few inscriptions recently found at Athens, which are, of course, of secondary importance for literary history.

More general allusions to pottery and its use in daily life are common enough, and it would hardly be profitable to quote all such passages in detail; many indeed, such as the early allusion to the potter’s wheel in the Iliad (see p. 207), have found a place elsewhere in this work. The passage of Homer at all events supplies proof, if such were needed, that the use of the wheel was known in early times in Greece.

Of undoubted references to painted vases there are but two, though both of them are particularly interesting, as they refer to well-known special classes of Attic vases. The earlier of the two is in Pindar’s tenth Nemean Ode,^[447] in which he celebrates the victory of Thiaios of Argos, who had twice been successful in the Panathenaic games at Athens. He says:

CHAPTER IV USES AND SHAPES OF GREEK VASES

CHAPTER IV
USES AND SHAPES OF GREEK VASES