this is not so in the case of pottery. This art had, it would seem, completely worn itself out, and had, in fact, returned to the level of its earliest beginnings. The decorative element disappears, and pottery becomes, as in its earliest days, a mere utilitarian industry, the secrets of its former technical achievements irrevocably lost, its ornamentation reduced to the simplest and roughest kinds of decoration, and its status among the products of human industry once more limited to the mere supplying of one of the humblest of men’s needs.
But this was inevitable, and we must perforce be content; for have we not seen, in the course of its rise and fall, a reflection of the whole history of Greek art, from the humble beginnings in which Pausanias descried the touch of something divine which presaged its future greatness? It is unnecessary to recapitulate the manner in which the successive stages of Greek art are mirrored in the pottery, from the first efforts of the Athenian potter down to the eclecticism of the Arretine ware. Let it suffice to say that the object of this work has been twofold: firstly, to show the many-sided interests of the historical study of ancient pottery; secondly, to point out its value to the student of ancient art and mythology: and that it is the modest hope of the writer that this object has been in some measure fulfilled.
3421. See a correspondence in the Gentleman’s Magazine, 1844-45, reprinted in the Gentleman’s Magazine Library, Romano-British Remains, ii. p. 547 ff.
3422. Bonner Jahrbücher, xcvi. p. 82.
3423. Ergebnisse von Olympia, iv. p. 206: cf. ibid. v. p. 783.
3424. Cyprus Mus. Cat. p. 93, and index, s.v. Samian.
3425. M. Déchelette’s epoch-making work on Roman pottery in Gaul only appeared after this chapter was in type. To make proper use of it would have necessitated practically re-writing the chapter; but I have remodelled it where absolutely essential, and given frequent references to his work in foot-notes, which it is hoped may suffice in some measure. Moreover for some of the fabrics I have had the advantage of his articles previously published in the Revue Archéol. xxxviii. (1901) and the Revue des Études Anciens, v. (1903), which he has since incorporated in his book.
3426. Terra Sigillata, in Bonner Jahrbücher, xcvi. (1895), p. 18 ff.
3427. See Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvi. p. 152 ff.; Koenen, Gefässkunde, p. 88.
3428. C.I.L. x. 8055, 4-9; 8056, 5, 46-52, 280 ff.; ibid. v. 8115, 97.
3429. See Déchelette, i. p. 16; Bonner Jahrb. ci. p. 22.
3430. Cf. Dragendorff’s Nos. 15-17 (plates 1-2) with Nos. 1-3 (plate 1).
3431. For examples from Andernach, see Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvi. pl. 6, 16, pl. 7, 18.
3432. See Déchelette, i. p. 66, and below, p. 520.
3433. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 86.
3434. It was deserted about 5 B.C. See Déchelette, i. p. 93.
3435. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 87 ff.
3436. Festschr. für Joh. Overbeck, p. 168; cf. Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvi. p. 155.
3437. Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvi. pl. 5, 21, pl. 6, 4, 9-10: cf. Dragendorff’s Nos. 19-20.
3438. Op. cit. xcvi. p. 87.
3439. For other typical stamps see Dragendorff in Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 95; ibid. lxxxvi. p. 164 ff., lxxxix. p. 51 ff.
3440. C.I.L. vii. 1336, 790 is an isolated example of the black ware found in London.
3441. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 103 ff.; Déchelette, i. p. 64 ff.
3442. Ill. Rom. Lond. p. 98.
3443. Collect. Antiq. vi. p. 70; Ill. Rom. Lond. loc. cit.
3444. See Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 105.
3445. See ibid. p. 110, pls. 2-3, figs. 31-55, for later provincial forms.
3446. See his vol. i. p. 29, with plates 2-5.
3447. Ibid. ii. pls. 1, 2.
3448. See Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 126 ff.
3449. Cf. the vases given in Plate LXVII. figs. 1, 2, and Déchelette, i. pp. 70, 180, pl. 6.
3451. See generally Déchelette, i. p. 219.
3452. Ibid. ii. p. 91 ff.
3453. An exhaustive list of types, figures, and ornaments of all kinds, as found in the Graufesenque and Lezoux fabrics, is given by Déchelette in his second volume, p. 5 ff.
3454. See Roach-Smith, Ill. Rom. Lond. p. 95.
3455. See also the useful list given by Von Hefner in Oberbayr. Archiv, xxii. (1863), p. 28 ff., giving the chief types on German wares from Westerndorf and elsewhere.
3456. See Cat. of London Antiqs. Nos. 158 ff. pl. 8; Ill. Rom. Lond. p. 89 ff.; Collect. Antiq. passim; also Plate LXVIII.
3457. Collect. Antiq. ii. p. 13.
3458. Cf. C.I.L. xiii. 10010, 1682.
3459. Hence Roach-Smith was inclined to date the vase as late as the fifth century; but recent researches show that this is impossible. Even in the first century vases of this debased style are found. There were two potters of the name of Sabinus in the first century in Gaul (Déchelette, i. p. 297).
3460. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 139: cf. Roach-Smith, Collect. Antiq. ii. p. 15.
3461. See C.I.L. xiii. part 3, p. 121.
3462. Ibid. p. 120. An example from Britain is L. Cosconius Virilis (C.I.L. vii. 1336, 346: cf. Roach-Smith, Collect. Antiq. i. p. 155).
3463. C.I.L. xiii. 10006, 95, on a mortarium.
3464. C.I.L. xiii. 10010, 1670.
3465. C.I.L. vii. 1314: cf. Rev. Arch. xxiv. (1894), p. 57.
3466. Déchelette, i. p. 86, pl. 13; Rev. Arch. iii. (1904), p. 75 ff. The names of vessels include the interesting word pannae, whence our “pan.”
3467. See Oberbayr. Archiv für vaterl. Gesch. xxii. (1863), p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 1; C.I.L. iii. 6010, 68; Déchelette, i. p. 210.
3468. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 136.
3469. Oberbayr. Archiv, xxii. (1863), p. 43.
3470. C.I.L. vii. 1337, 22.
3471. Orelli, 4189; Blanchet in Bullet. Archéol. 1898, p. 29, and id., Mélanges Gallo-romaines, ii. (1902), p. 109.
3472. See Marquardt, Privatleben der Römer, p. 648, note 7.
3473. Henzen, 7258; Blanchet, loc. cit.: cf. C.I.L. iii. 5833.
3474. Steiner, Cod. Inscr. Danub. et Rheni, ii. p. 305; Orelli, 2029.
3475. Orelli, 4302; Henzen, 7259; Blanchet, loc. cit.
3476. Steiner, op. cit. i. p. 58, No. 130. Other names of consuls from 199 to 228 are given in Bonner Jahrb. xv. p. 61 (these are in graffito).
3477. Steiner, ii. p. 349 ff., Nos. 1649-51, 1653, 1661; Bonner Jahrb. xv. p. 53 ff.
3478. Gaz. Arch. 1877, p. 180; Roach-Smith, Collect. Antiq. iii. pl. 31, p. 193.
3479. Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, iv. p. 364.
3480. C.I.L. vii. 1335, 4.
3482. There is an example of this ware from Cologne in the British Museum (Greek and Roman Department), and others at Turin and Trier. Déchelette (ii. p. 309) states that it is found in the first century B.C.
3483. See Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 111 ff.; Hölder, Formen der röm. Thongef. p. 8.
3484. Déchelette, ii. p. 309.
3485. Koenen, Gefässkunde, p. 101.
3486. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 120.
3487. Op. cit. p. 121: cf. Mus. Borb. v. 13.
3488. See for examples Déchelette, ii. pl. 5; Bonner Jahrb. lxxxiv. pl. 2, figs. 2-5, p. 109; Roach-Smith, Ill. Rom. Lond. p. 93; Oberbayr. Archiv., 1863, pl. 4, fig. 11; and Plate LXIX. fig. 4.
3492. i. p. 138 ff.
3493. C.I.L. xiii. 10009, 3; Déchelette, i. p. 31 ff.
3494. C.I.L. iii. Suppl. 12013, 3; Déchelette, i. p. 34.
3495. Déchelette, i. p. 60.
3496. See also Jullian in Revue des Études Anciens, i. (1899), p. 152.
3497. Painted vases with Geometrical decoration were widely exported, even to Bohemia: see Rev. Arch. xxvi. (1895), pls. 5, 6, p. 196 ff.; Gaz. Arch. 1881-2, pls. 3-4, p. 17.
3498. See Déchelette, i. p. 66; it is the form numbered 11 by Dragendorff.
3499. Op. cit. i. p. 68: cf. C.I.L. xi. 6700, 821.
3500. See Déchelette, i. pls. 6, 7, p. 69.
3501. Op. cit. i. pl. 8, p. 74.
3502. See also op. cit. pl. 9, p. 73.
3503. See his vol. i. p. 75 for further details.
3504. A figure of Artemis is derived from the type given by Hauser, Neuattische Reliefs, pl. 1, fig. 9: for a genre type, cf. the fishermen figured by Déchelette, Rev. des Études Anciens, v. p. 55 (= Vases de la Gaule, ii. p. 91, type No. 556).
3505. The list of names given by Déchelette, i. p. 81, will render it possible to trace Rutenian potters on these sites in C.I.L. xiii. part 3, fasc. 1: see also vols. vii. (Britain), x. (Campania), xv. (Rome), etc., and Déchelette, i. p. 105 ff.
3506. Examples in British and Guildhall Museums.
3507. Op. cit. i. p. 112.
3508. Cf. C.I.L. xv. 5059, 5273, 5355; 4945.
3509. C.I.L. x. 8055, 27: cf. Déchelette, i. p. 96 ff.
3510. C.I.L. ii. 4970, 559 from Tarraco, and the vase published in Rev. Arch. xxxiii. (1898), p. 100, fig. 11, from Carthage.
3511. Vol. i. p. 113.
3512. Op. cit. i. p. 79.
3513. Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 97 (“Marmorirung”): see also Déchelette, i. p. 67.
3514. C.I.L. x. 8056, 283.
3515. See Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 101; Gaz. Arch. 1877, pl. 28, p. 172 ff.; Déchelette, i. p. 120 ff.
3516. Mus. Borb. vii. pl. 29; C.I.L. x. 8056, 4; Déchelette, i. p. 121.
3517. Déchelette (i. p. 125) notes in these names a direct proof of exportation; they were carried about by the negotiatores or agents (p. 511) to the different regions named.
3518. Étude de la Céramique Arverno-romaine (1887). M. Déchelette has embodied most of Plicque’s researches in his own account of the potteries (i. p. 138 ff.).
3519. See Déchelette, i. pp. 155, 194 ff. for lists of names, with types used by each and places where found.
3520. See Déchelette, i. pls. 4, 5, Nos. 63-71, and p. 149.
3521. Op. cit. p. 178 ff.
3522. See Plicque’s summary in his Étude de la Céramique Arverno-rom. p. 10 ff.
3523. See generally Déchelette, ii. p. 167 ff.; also Rev. Arch. ii. (1903), pl. 17, p. 387.
3524. Cf. the Greek stamnos (Vol. I. p. 164).
3525. Ill. Rom. Lond. pp. 86, 97, pl. 29; Cat. of London Antiqs. pl. 7, fig. 2; Richborough, p. 74.
3526. Déchelette, ii. p. 316.
3527. Déchelette, ii. p. 321.
3528. On the technical aspect of these, see above, p. 441; for all other information reference should be made to Déchelette, ii. p. 235 ff.
3529. Froehner, Coll. Gréau, No. 1353.
3530. Déchelette states that seventy-nine have been found at Vienne, thirty-three at Lyons, and twenty-nine at Orange.
3531. Musées de France, pls. 14-16, p. 52 ff.
3532. Gaz. Arch. 1877, pl. 12, p. 66. The second of these has passed into the British Museum (in the Morel Collection). See Fig. 227, and Déchelette, ii. p. 290.
3533. Stephani, Vasens. 1353; id., Compte-Rendu, 1873, p. 67.
3534. Recueil, vi. 107: see Déchelette, ii. pp. 236, 250, 253, 294.
3535. Gaz. Arch. 1889, p. 50, pl. 15.
3536. See also Gaz. Arch. 1880, pl. 30, p. 178 for examples from Nismes; Froehner, Coll. Gréau, 1351, 1352; Rev. Arch. xix. (1892), pl. 11, p. 313; Daremberg and Saglio, iii. art. Forma, figs. 3184, 3185; C.I.L. xii. 5687. All previous literature is now superseded by Déchelette’s work (vol. ii. p. 235 ff.).
3537. Op. cit. i. p. 27.
3538. Ibid. p. 204.
3539. Ibid. The form employed is his No. 69.
3540. See Hettner in Festschrift für J. Overbeck, p. 165 ff.; Koenen in Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvi. p. 152 ff.
3541. See Fiedler, Castra Vetera, p. 40; Bonner Jahrb. v. p. 422, pls. 13-4; and for stamps, Steiner, Cod. Inscr. Danub. et Rheni, ii. p. 225, No. 1317.
3542. Oberbayr. Archiv für vaterländische Geschichte, xxii. (1863), p. 1 ff.
3543. A useful summary is given by Von Hefner, p. 28.
3544. Cf. ibid. pl. 4, figs. 1-7.
3545. Ibid. p. 42.
3546. See Roach-Smith, Ill. Rom. Lond. p. 99; Déchelette, i. p. 210.
3547. In the Greek and Roman Department, found at Mainz.
3548. Déchelette, ii. p. 319.
3549. Archaeologia, lvii. p. 104.
3550. Victoria County Hist. of Northants, p. 211.
3551. Gefässkunde in den Rheinlanden, p. 65 ff. For various finds of pottery in Germany see also Bonner Jahrb. lxxiv. p. 147; lxxxiv. p. 108 ff.; lxxxix. p. 1 ff.
3552. See Rev. Arch. xxxix. (1901), p. 51 ff.
3553. See also generally Von Hefner, op. cit.; Bonner Jahrb. xcvi. p. 87 ff., and index to vols. 1-60; Wolff in Westdeutsche Zeitschr. für Gesch. u. Kunst, xviii. (1899), p. 213.
3554. Formen der röm. Thongefässe, p. 11.
3555. Bonner Jahrb. xiii. p. 106 ff., xxxv. p. 46, lxxxvii. p. 61 ff., xcvi. p. 101; Déchelette, ii. p. 311, p. 312, note 3.
3556. Roach-Smith, Collect. Antiq. i. pl. 4, p. 3.
3557. Bonner Jahrb. xiii. p. 112; lxxxvii. p. 62; Steiner, Cod. Inscr. Danub. et Rhen. ii. p. 195, No. 1252 (from Neuss): cf. Virg. Ecl. iii. 47.
3558. Steiner, op. cit. p. 100; Gerhard, Berlins ant. Bildw. No. 1687; Roach-Smith, Collect. Antiq. i. pl. 4, p. 3; Bonner Jahrb. lxxxvii. p. 63.
3559. Bonner Jahrb. xiii. p. 113.