[607] For instances of the infringement of these and other regulations, see V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 331-5; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 259.

[608] Lansd. MS., 74, 55.

[609] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 254.

[610] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459.

[611] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 433.

[612] Rot. Parl., i. 243-65.

[613] Cott. MS. Vitell., C. vi., f. 239.

[614] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 52.

[615] Add. Chart. 30687.

[616] e.g. at Colchester in 1425.—V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459; and at Richmond in 1280.—Assize R., 1064, m. 32. In London the tanners were held partly responsible for blocking the course of the Fleet in 1306.—Rot. Parl., i. 200.

[617] Customs Accts., passim; e.g. those quoted in V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 327.

[618] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 114.

[619] The use of train oil instead of tallow was forbidden.

[620] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 311.

[621] Riley, Mems. of London, 421.

[622] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 48.

[623] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[624] Riley, Mems. of London, 364-5.

[625] Ibid., 331.

[626] Ibid., 546-7.

[627] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 49.

[628] Ibid., 60.

[629] i.e. myrtle.

[630] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[631] Ibid., f. 48.

[632] Ibid., f. 58.

[633] At Colchester in 1425 the charge for tawing a horse hide was 14d., a buckskin 8d., doe 5d., and calf 2d.—V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459.

[634] Right Buffe were made from 'Elke Skynnes or Iland hides brought out of Muscovia or from by Est'; the counterfeits were of horse, ox, and stag skins.—Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[635] The price given for Spanish skins is probably an error; possibly the values of the 'right' and 'counterfeit' are reversed.

[636] In 1347 the London white tawyers charged 6s. 8d. for working a 'dyker [a packet of ten] of Scottes stagges or Irysshe,' and 10s. for the 'dyker of Spanysshe stagges.'—Riley, Mems. of London, 234.

[637] Corveiser was a still more common name for a shoemaker.

[638] Riley, Mems. of London, 572-3.

[639] Liber Albus, ii. 441-5.

[640] Riley, Mems. of London, 136.

[641] Ibid., 391.

[642] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 108.

[643] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 43.

[644] Ibid., ii. 105.

[645] Liber Albus, ii. 445.

[646] Riley, Mems. of London, 547.

[647] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 318.

[648] Ibid.

[649] Liberate R., 50 Hen. III., n. 11.

[650] Pipe R., 31 Hen. I.

[651] Cal. Chart. R., ii. 34.

[652] A Dyetary of Helth (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[653] Giraldus Cambs. (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[654] Mat. for Hist. of T. Becket (Rolls Ser.), iii. 30.

[655] Mon. Franc. (Rolls Ser.), ii. 8.

[656] Statutes, temp. Hen. III.

[657] '[A Brewer's assise] is xij^d highing and xij^d lowing in the price of a quarter Malte, and evermore shilling to q^a' (= farthing).—Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 397. In other words, ale was as many farthings a gallon as malt was shillings a quarter.

[658] Little Red Book of Bristol, 223.

[659] Assize R., 912, m. 49.

[660] Hundred R., ii. 216.

[661] Cal. Chart. R., i. 168.

[662] Ibid.

[663] V. C. H. Notts., ii. 364.

[664] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 25, 678, 710.

[665] Ibid., 772.

[666] Beverley Town Docts. (Selden Soc.), liv. In 1413, 260 barrels (30 gallons) and firkins (7½ gallons) made for Richard Bartlot of unseasoned wood and under size were burnt.—Riley, Mems. of London, 597.

[667] e.g. V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[668] Riley, Mems. of London, 319.

[669] From this it would seem that it was customary to put herbs into ale.

[670] Borough Customs (Selden Soc.), i. 185.

[671] Riley, Mems. of London, 386.

[672] Liber Albus, i. 360.

[673] V. C. H. Worcs., ii. 256.

[674] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.). 675. There were at least thirty brewers in Oxford in 1380.—V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 159.

[675] Riley, Mems. of London, 318.

[676] Andrew Borde, Introduction (E. E. T. S.), 123.

[677] Op. cit., 122.

[678] e.g. V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 262.

[679] Riley, Mems. of London, 225.

[680] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 229.

[681] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 584.

[682] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 260.

[683] Liber Albus, i. 358.

[684] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 25.

[685] Suss. Arch. Coll., vii. 96.

[686] Liber Albus, i. 359.

[687] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 637.

[688] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 260.

[689] Exch. Dep. by Com., Mich. 18-19, Eliz., no. 10.

[690] Cott. MS. Vesp., A. 22, f. 115.

[691] Recs. of Norwich, ii. 98.

[692] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[693] Dyetary (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[694] Riley, Mems. of London, 666.

[695] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[696] V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 367.

[697] Coram Rege 852, m. 23.

[698] Recs. of Norwich, ii. 100.

[699] V. C. H. Shrops., ii. 422.

[700] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 382.

[701] Ibid., 382-4.

[702] Dyetary (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[703] V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 369.

[704] Pipe R., 6 Hen. II., Essex; 13 Hen. II., Windsor.

[705] Giraldus Cambr. (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[706] Pipe R., 13 John.

[707] Mins. Accts., bdle. 899.

[708] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 263.

[709] Ibid.

[710] Mins. Accts., 1128, no. 4.

[711] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 263.

[712] Memo., K. R., 17 Ric. II., Hil.

[713] A Venetian Relation of the Island of England (Camden Soc.), 9.

[714] Statutes, 23 Edw. III.

[715] Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 233.

[716] Engl. Hist. Rev., xxi. 517.

[717] Assize R., 773.

[718] Statutes, 3 Edw. IV.

[719] Riley, Mems. of London, 163.

[720] Statutes, 13 Ric. II.

[721] Ibid., 15 Ric. II.

[722] Parly. Rolls, iii. 637.

[723] Statutes, 20 Hen. VI.

[724] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[725] Unwin, Gilds of London, 139.

[726] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 32.

[727] Norwich Recs., ii. 278-310.

[728] Statutes, 28 Edw. III. Is iron raw material? Much labour has been expended on it before it reaches the market—but the same would apply to corn.

[729] e.g. Riley, Mems. of London, 255.

[730] Statutes, 11 Hen. VI.

[731] Riley, Mems. of London, 308.

[732] For an exhaustive examination of all that concerns wages, see the works of Professor Thorold Rogers.

[733] From the end of the fifteenth century the gradation of payments to workmen becomes more pronounced, marking the institution of the modern system.

[734] In the case of carpenters, etc., employed in country districts there appear to have been considerable variations.

[735] Exch. K. R. Accts., 472, no. 4.

[736] Beverley Town Docts. (Selden Soc.), 50.

[737] Statutes, 11 Hen. VII.

[738] Riley, Mems. of London, 538.

[739] Coventry Leet Bk., 574.

[740] Ibid., 673.

[741] Riley, Mems. of London, 253.

[742] Little Red Book of Bristol, 15.

[743] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[744] Norwich Recs., ii. 104.

[745] Riley, Mems. of London, 513.

[746] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 185.

[747] Riley, Mems. of London, 227.

[748] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 168.

[749] Liber Cust., i. 99.

[750] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[751] Riley, Mems. of London, 226, 243. It is exceptional to find that at Leicester in 1264 the weavers were allowed to work at night.—Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 105.

[752] Ibid., 538.

[753] Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 547.

[754] Ibid., 226.

[755] Little Red Book of Bristol, 98; Coventry Leet Bk., 302; Beverley MSS. (Hist. MSS. Com.), 47.

[756] Riley, Mems. of London, 532, 246.

[757] Ibid., 226, 239.

[758] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 4.

[759] Ibid., 97.

[760] Ibid., 30.

[761] Riley, Mems. of London, 573.

[762] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 638.

[763] For reproductions of some of the marks used by worsted weavers, see Norwich Recs., ii. 153.

[764] See the maps of medieval Bruges, Paris, and London in Unwin's Gilds of London, 32-4.

[765] Riley, Mems. of London, 392.