[309] Most of the London founders recorded by Mr. Stahlschmidt as known or possible bell-founders used the title 'potter.'—Loc. cit., 72-74.

[310] Early Chanc. Proc., 24, no. 138.

[311] Particulars are given in Raven, Bells of England, on which this account is based.

[312] To prevent the core, thickness, and cope sticking together, it seems to have been usual to dust them over with tan.

[313] Raven, op. cit., 74.

[314] V. C. H. Berks., ii. 418.

[315] Raven, op. cit., 57.

[316] Early Chanc. Proc., 68, no. 144.

[317] Ch. Ward. Accts. St. Mary-at-Hill (E. E. T. S.).

[318] Raven, op. cit., 47.

[319] Ibid., 319.

[320] Recs. of St. Michael's. See also Ch. Wardens Accts. (Somerset Rec. Soc.).

[321] V. C. H. Berks., ii. 416. Cf. H. B. Walters, Church Bells of England, ch. xii.

[322] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, 295.

[323] Raven, op. cit., 69.

[324] London Bell-founders, 3.

[325] Ibid., 45.

[326] Issue R. of Exch., 239.

[327] Ibid., 346.

[328] Glouc. Corporation Recs.

[329] Sacrist Rolls of Ely, ii. 114, 138, where details of the outlay in the purchase of tin and copper, and of clay for the moulds and other necessaries are given.

[330] Raven, op. cit., 149.

[331] Ibid., 90.

[332] Fabric R. of York (Surtees Soc.), 9. Details are given.

[333] Raven, op. cit., where illustrations of the three panels are given.

[334] If the bell-shaped object is really the core, the ornamentation upon it must be ascribed to 'artist's licence,' as the surface of the core would in reality be quite plain.

[335] Inq. ad qd. damnum, File 108, no. 15.

[336] Exch. K. R. Accts., 462, no. 16. Amongst the items of expenditure are 'For eggs and ale bought for making the inscription round the bell 3d. For wax and cobbler's wax (code) for the same 5½d.' Possibly a mixture of eggs and ale was used to anoint the metal letter stamps and prevent their sticking to the clay of the cope.

[337] Early Chanc. Proc., 24, no. 138.

[338] De Banco, 831, m. 414; and Raven, op. cit., 164-6, quoting Year Book 9 Edw. IV., Easter Term, case 13.

[339] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 47.

[340] Ryley, Mem. of London, 205.

[341] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[342] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[343] Foreign R., 9 Ric. II., m. A.

[344] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. H.

[345] Issue R. of Exch., 346.

[346] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[347] Foreign R., 3 Hen. IV., m. G.

[348] Ibid., m. I.

[349] Issue R. of Exch., 277.

[350] An illustration of a gun firing an arrow, drawn apparently in 1326, is mentioned in Proc. Soc. Ant. (xvi., 225), and at the battle of St. Albans in 1461 guns were used shooting 'arowes of an elle of length.'—Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc.), 213.

[351] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. G.

[352] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[353] Issue R. of Exch., 332.

[354] Ibid., 307-8.

[355] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[356] In the Scottish expedition of 1496, five out of thirty-two 'faucons of brasse,' and twelve out of one hundred and eighty 'hakbusses of iren' were broken in action.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 7, f. 140.

[357] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 134.

[358] Early Chanc. Proc., 78, no. 81.

[359] Issue R. of Exch., 382.

[360] Foreign R., 12 Hen. VI., m. D.

[361] Figured in Suss. Arch. Coll., xlvi.

[362] He was paid at the rate of 16d. the hundredweight.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 139.

[363] Ibid., f. 34.

[364] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 158.

[365] Early Chanc. Proc., 222, no. 112.

[366] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 132.

[367] Ibid., f. 81.

[368] Ibid., f. 96.

[369] Early Chanc. Proc., 376, no. 32.

[370] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 136.

[371] Ibid., f. 149.

[372] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., vol. vii., passim, and L. and P. Hen. VIII., vol. i.

[373] Misc. Bks., vol. i., ff. 32, 78.

[374] Ibid., ff. 57, 61.

[375] Ibid., vol. iv., ff. 166, 181.

[376] See V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 246-9.

[377] Arch. Journ., xxx. 319-24.

[378] See V. C. H. Northants., i. 206-12.

[379] Ibid.

[380] Proc. Soc. Ant., xvi. 42.

[381] Brit. Arch. Ass. Journ., xxxiii.

[382] Proc. Soc. Ant., xvii. 261-70.

[383] Somers. Arch. Soc., xiii. (2) 1.

[384] The dark colour of the Castor ware seems to have been caused by 'smothering' the kiln, by closing the vent, before the baking was complete.

[385] Misc. Accts. 1147, no. 23.

[386] Suss. Arch. Coll., xlv. 128-38.

[387] A Roman glazing kiln was found at Castor.—V. C. H. Northants., i. 210.

[388] Fagniez, Docs. relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie, no. 133.

[389] Dom. Bk., 65, 156, 168^b.

[390] e.g. 'Pottersfield' at Horsham, in which parish several finds of green glazed thirteenth-century vessels have been made.—V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[391] e.g. 'Geoffrey the potter,' who occurs in 1314 at Limpsfield, where remains of kilns have been found.—Proc. Soc. Ant., iii.

[392] Lib. R., 51 Hen. III., m. 10. Simon 'le Pichermakere' of Cornwall is found in the fourteenth century sending his wares (presumably pitchers) to Sussex.—Anct. Pet., 10357-8.

[393] Inq. Nonarum, 361. Cf. the Hundred Rolls for Bucks.

[394] Mins. Accts., 507, no. 8227.

[395] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[396] Ibid.

[397] Arch. Journ., lix. 1-16.

[398] Proc. Soc. Ant., xv. 5-11.

[399] Rec. of Norwich, ii., no. 193.

[400] Riley, Mem. of London, 254.

[401] Ibid., 309. The monks of Boxley got as much as 10s. the thousand for some of the tiles from their tilery this year.—Mins. Accts., 1253, no. 13.

[402] Toulmin Smith, English Guilds, 399. At Lincoln, on the other hand, the tilers had formed a gild in 1346, and no tiler not belonging to the gild might stay in the town.—Ibid., 184.

[403] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 456.

[404] Statutes, 17 Edw. IV.

[405] Thorold Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices, i. 490.

[406] Mins. Accts., 899, 900.

[407] Possibly from the French, fétu = a straw, from their being moulded as hollow cylinders.

[408] Turf was evidently used by the Cambridgeshire tilers for fuel.—Sacrist Rolls of Ely, ii. 67, 93, 137.

[409] 'Pro luto tredando ad dictos vj furnos pro tegulis inde faciendis.' The meaning of tredando is uncertain, but as the process is always mentioned after the clay had been carried to the kilns, it may have been the rolling of the clay to the right thickness for cutting tiles from.

[410] The words used for burning, or baking, the tiles are eleare and aneleare, both connected with our word 'anneal.'

[411] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[412] In 1373 Peter at Gate leased the pasturage of Nackholt, where the tileries lay, at the low rent of 15s. on condition that he should serve as 'the lord's workman for making tiles.'

[413] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 252.

[414] De Banco, 407, m. 12.

[415] Harl. Ch., 76 D., 32.

[416] Ibid., B. 50.

[417] Kelle = kiln: cf. Anct. D., A 4904, for a 'tylekelle' at Woolwich in 1450.

[418] Chron. de Melsa (Rolls Ser.), iii. 179-80.

[419] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 15.

[420] Ibid., 62.

[421] Sacrist R. of Ely, ii. 67.

[422] 'Flaunderistyle vocata Breke.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 503, no. 12.

[423] Ibid., 472, no. 4.

[424] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 62.

[425] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 128.

[426] Ibid., 47. These by-laws distinguish in one place between 'tilethakkers' and 'tile wallers,' the latter being what we should call bricklayers.

[427] Exch. K. R. Accts., 494, no. 4.

[428] Ibid., 467, no. 6 (6).

[429] Such were, no doubt, the paving tiles, of which 185,000 were bought from Richard Gregory, in 1357, for Westminster Chapel at 6s. 8d. the hundred.—Ibid., 472, no. 4.

[430] Lethaby, Westminster Abbey, 48; Arch. Journal, lxix. 36-73.

[431] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 375. Ibid.

[432] V. C. H. Worces., ii. 275.

[433] Suss. Arch. Coll., xi. 230.

[434] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 295.

[435] John of London, 'glasyere,' and John, son of John Alemayn of Chiddingfold, were acquitted on a charge of burglary at Turwick in 1342.—Gaol Delivery R., 129, m. 12.

[436] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[437] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 296.

[438] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 296.

[439] In 1404 the Sacrist of Durham had in store 'of new coloured glass 2 scheff, of white glass and new 76 scheffe.'—Durham Acct. R. (Surtees Soc.), ii. 397.

[440] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 297; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 254.

[441] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[442] Durham Acct. R., ii. 393.

[443] Fabric R. of York, 76.

[444] Ibid., 83.

[445] Ibid., 37.

[446] Cat. of Pat., 1446-52, p. 255. The glorious windows now in King's College Chapel were made between 1515 and 1530 by four English and two Flemish glaziers, all of whom were resident in London.—Atkinson and Clark, Cambridge, 361.

[447] Fabric R. of York, 69.

[448] Ibid., 104, 108, 109.

[449] Hartshorne, Old Engl. Glass, 129.

[450] Ale is also said in one place to have been used 'pro congelacione vitri.'

[451] 'Frangentes et conjungentes vitrum super tabulas depictas.'

[452] The colours in some cases were fixed by heating, and it is presumably to this that an entry in an account of work at Guildford Castle in 1292 refers: 'In uno furno faciendo pro vytro comburendo—viijd.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 492, no. 10.

[453] Pipe R., 2 Hen. II.

[454] V. C. H. Lincs., ii. 302.

[455] See charter of Stephen, Cal. Chart. R., iii. 378.

[456] Pipe R., 19 Hen. II.

[457] Boldon Book.—V. C. H. Durham, i. 338.

[458] Printed by Riley, Liber Custumarum (i. 130-1), and, from an earlier copy, by Leach, Beverley Town Documents (Selden Soc.).

[459] The weavers were not villeins; had they been so, the leave of their lords would have been necessary before they could obtain the freedom of their town.

[460] Liber Custumarum, i. 33.