The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Family Among the Australian Aborigines, by B. Malinowski.

[707] Compare what has been said about the Pirrauru and Piraungaru above, pp. 108 sqq.; especially p. 117, under 7.

[708] L. Schultze, loc. cit., p. 238 (Finke River natives).

[709] Ibid., p. 240.

[710] Ibid., p. 237.

[711] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tr., pp. 50, 51.

[712] Nat. Tr., p. 511.

[713] Ibid., pp. 227, 250.

[714] Mathew, loc. cit., p. 153.

[715] Ibid., p. 153.

[716] Lumholtz, on the Herbert River Natives, loc. cit., pp. 192, 193.

[717] Ibid., p. 160.

[718] Ibid., p. 193.

[719] Purcell in R.G.S., Victorian Branch, xi. pp. 19, 20.

[720] Loc. cit., p. 280.

[721] Roth, Eth. Stud., p. 183, § 330. See also figs. 436-438.

[724] Roth, Proc. R.S.Q., p. 51.

[725] Ibid., p. 60.

[726] Withnell, pp. 8, 9.

[727] Br. Smyth, ii. p. 275.

[728] Loc. cit., p. 32.

[729] Loc. cit., pp. 224, 225.

[730] Salvado about the natives of Swan District, West Australia, pp. 275, 276.

[731] Ibid., p. 275.

[732] Ibid., p. 250.

[733] Ibid., p. 274.

[734] Ibid., p. 276.

[735] Ibid., pp. 276, 277.

[736] Ibid., p. 278.

[737] Browne, loc. cit., p. 450.

[738] Scott Nind, loc. cit., p. 37.

[739] Told by Curr, Recollections, ch. xxviii. "Old Davie."

[740] Curr, Recollections, pp. 141-145.

[741] Loc. cit., ii. pp. 350-361 (refers to natives of King George's Sound).

[742] An exception may be seen in the statement of Spencer and Gillen on the Urabunna, as far as it seems to point to a group relationship, but there are reasons for not attaching too much importance to this statement. We dealt also above (p. 117) with the question whether there is group relationship between parents and children in the tribes where the Pirrauru custom prevails, and it was found that the assumption of its existence must be absolutely discarded, and that everywhere there is individual relationship between parents and children.

[743] pp. 191 sqq.

[744] Compare above, pp. 193, 194.

[745] Compare the passages above, pp. 195, 196.

[746] Compare also the examples referred to in foregoing footnote.

[747] Howitt, Nat. Tr., pp. 748-750.

[748] Compare also the general reason given by Steinmetz for the prevalence of this indulgence among savage peoples. Zeitschr. für Sozialwissenschaft, Band i. pp. 254-285.

[749] See pp. 191 sqq.

[750] Compare also the discussions above, pp. 185 sqq.

[751] As mentioned above it is impossible to say how far such rules are legal, i. e. laid down and enforced by society.

[752] Curr states it to vary from eight to fourteen, at various places: Recollections, pp. 50, 129, A.R., i. p. 107; Meyer in Woods, p. 190, states it to be from ten to twelve; Schürmann in Woods, p. 222, at arriving at puberty; Fraser, p. 2, at a very young age; Eyre, ii. p. 319, at about twelve years of age; Br. Smyth, i. p. 77, very early; Spencer and Gillen at from fourteen to fifteen years of age (Nat. Tr., p. 92 and Nor. Tr., p. 134); Withnell, p. 8, at about twelve years of age; Parkhouse, A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641, at arriving at puberty; Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, very early.

[753] Curr, Recollections, p. 129.

[754] Such local exogamy prevailed also in some of the North Central tribes, viz. in the Warramunga nation, owing to the local segregation of the two moieties. There the girl must always marry far away from her natal place. Compare Nor. Tr., pp. 28-30.

[755] Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, and Parkhouse, A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641.

[756] Compare the description of initiation ceremonies in the works of Spencer and Gillen, Howitt, Roth, and Mathew.

[757] Curr, A.R., i. p. 107. This is said about the Australians in general.

[758] Ibid., p. 110.

[760] Recollections, p. 129.

[761] Recollections, p. 171.

[762] Nat. Tr., p. 197.

[763] Kam. and Kurn., p. 354.

[764] Trans. R.S.V. (1888), p. 126.

[765] Kam. and Kurn., p. 280.

[766] J.A.I., xx. p. 55.

[767] Trans. R.S.V., p. 116.

[768] Loc. cit., ii. p. 322.

[769] Ibid., p. 319.

[770] Loc. cit., i. p. 82 (Murray River tribes).

[771] Meyer in Woods, p. 190.

[772] Loc. cit., p. 55.

[773] Ibid., p. 56.

[774] See above, p. 41.

[775] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tr., p. 558.

[776] Nat. Tr., p. 558.

[777] Northern Territory, South Australia, J.A.I., xxiv. p. 181. In the answers to the Questions of Prof. Frazer.

[778] Mathew, p. 162. Compare also Lumholtz, loc. cit., p. 192.

[779] Salvado, p. 277; natives of South West Australia.

[780] Scott Nind, loc. cit., pp. 38, 39.

[781] Kam. and Kurn., p. 210.

[782] J.A.I., xiv. p. 318.

[783] Kam. and Kurn., p. 199, and Nat. Tr., p. 737.

[784] Ibid., and Nat. Tr., p. 737.

[785] Howitt, Nat. Tr., p. 776.

[786] Ibid., pp. 759, 760.

[787] Ibid., p. 764.

[788] Ibid. Compare Roth, Eth. Stud., p. 183.

[789] Recollections, p. 133.

[790] Ibid., p. 248.

[791] Ibid., pp. 250, 253.

[792] Ibid., p. 256.

[793] Ibid., p. 259.

[794] Recollections, p. 252.

[795] Loc. cit., p. 10; this refers to the West Victorian tribes.

[796] Eyre, ii. p. 302 (Murray River tribes).

[797] Ibid., p. 304.

[798] Encounter Bay tribes, Meyer, loc. cit., p. 187.

[799] Kam. and Kurn., p. 286.

[800] Schürmann, loc. cit., p. 222.

[801] In Waitz Gerland, p. 778. That refers probably to South Australian aborigines in general.

[802] Chas. Wilkes, smaller ed., i. p. 225; larger ed., ii. p. 205.

[803] Mrs. Parker, loc. cit., p. 61.

[804] Krichauff, loc. cit., p. 78.

[805] Schultze, loc. cit., p. 230.

[806] Ibid., p. 234.

[807] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tr., pp. 215, 216.

[808] See index, p. 656; the Ungunja is mentioned several times in the text, p. 557 and passim.

[810] Part iii. p. 7 and passim.

[811] T. A. Parkhouse, loc. cit., p. 641.

[812] Compare N. W. Thomas, loc. cit., p. 16.

[813] Ibid., p. 643.

[814] Eth. Stud., p. 183.

[815] Proc. R.S.Q., p. 48.

[816] Ibid., p. 51.

[817] Grey, ii. p. 252.

[819] Howitt, Nat. Tr., pp. 232, 233.

[820] N. Q. Eth. Bull. 8, p. 6.

[821] We have collected here twenty-two statements in which there are many more tribes included.

[822] In this connection the bachelors' camp in Australia is mentioned by Hutton Webster (amongst the Kurnai, Euahlayi, Arunta and Port Darwin tribes). The author speaks of it as a symptom of the general principle of separation of sexes. Primitive Secret Societies, pp. 1, 3.

[823] On these connections in general compare the interesting article of Steinmetz, Zeitschrift f. Sozialw., II, pp. 613, 614.

[824] Recollections, p. 248.

[825] R. Dawson, loc. cit., p. 312. Pt. Stephens tribes.

[826] Bonney, J.A.I., xiii. p. 135. Riv. Darling tribe.

[827] Howitt, Nat. Tr., pp. 243, 749.

[828] Roth, Bull. V. p. 8.

[829] Mrs. Parker, loc. cit., p. 51. Comp. above, p. 40.

[830] Howitt, Kam. and Kurn., pp. 190, 191.

[831] J. Fraser, loc. cit., p. 44.

[833] J. Fraser, loc. cit., p. 44.

[835] Salvado, loc. cit., p. 277.

[836] Howitt, Nat. Tr., p. 451.

[838] Ibid., p. 452.

[839] Ibid., p. 469.

[840] Ibid., p. 465.

[841] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tr., p. 508.

[842] Ibid., p. 509.

[843] Ibid., p. 508.

[844] J.A.I., xxiv. p. 170.

[845] Loc. cit., p. 44.

[846] Oldfield, p. 249.

[847] Loc. cit., ii. p. 230.

[848] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tr., p. 89.

[849] Sutton, loc. cit., p. 19.

[850] Mrs. D. M. Bates, loc. cit., p. 5. The same is reported by A. L. P. Cameron of the natives of Cooper's Creek. Science of Man. July 1904.

[851] Kam. and Kurn., pp. 206, 207.

[852] Ibid., p. 263.

[853] Nat. Tr., p. 761.

[854] It is probable that these are innovations since the advent of white men. See Howitt, Kam. and Kurn., p. 206.

[855] J. Dawson, p. 11.

[856] Ibid., pp. 36, 37.

[857] Recollections, p. 251.

[858] Recollections, p. 256.

[860] Curr, A.R., i. p. 99.

[861] Ibid., p. 110.

[862] Stanbridge, loc. cit., p. 290.

[863] Ibid., p. 291.

[865] Ibid., p. 293.

[866] Ibid., p. 295.

[867] Loc. cit., pp. 82, 84, 87.

[868] Loc. cit., ii. p. 302.

[869] Loc. cit., p. 85. This is a quotation on the authority of an observer (Jardine).

[870] Howitt, Nat. Tr., p. 767.

[871] Quoted by Br. Smyth, i. p. 85.

[872] Loc. cit., p. 191.

[873] This may be the influence of culture, as Europeans are mentioned in connection therewith.