[551] Rex v. Bowen, 6 Car. & P., 602; Rex v. Bennett, 6 Car. & P., 179.

[552] State v. Evans, 27 La. An., 297.

[553] Rex v. Nicholas, 7 Carr & Payne (Eng.), 538.

[554] People v. White, 22 Wend. (N. Y.), 167.

[555] Matter of Collins, 11 Abb. Pr. (N. Y.), 406; 20 How. Pr., 111.

[556] Matter of Ramscar, 10 Abb. N. C. (N. Y.), 442. The prisoner in this case was detained on a commitment issued by a coroner, he not having had an examination, and the Court directed an examination before a magistrate.

[557] N. Y. Code Crim. Pro., § 145.

[558] People v. Devine, 44 Cal., 452; Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 3 Gray (Mass.), 463.

[559] People v. Monden, 103 N. Y., 211.

[560] People v. Willett, 92 N. Y., 29. In this case upon the trial of an indictment for murder, evidence was received on the part of the prosecution, under objection and exception, to the effect that upon the coroner’s inquest a witness testified that shortly after the murder a stranger called at her house and asked the way to Sandy Hill, and also for a drink of water; that the prisoner with a number of others was placed around a room, and the witness pointed out the prisoner as the one who so called; also that a number of persons, including the prisoner passed behind her, each one repeating the question asked her by the stranger, and she identified the prisoner by his voice, and that the prisoner on that occasion did not Footnote: deny that he was such stranger. It was held that the prisoner was not bound to speak and his silence could not be regarded as an evidence of guilt, and that the evidence was improperly received. The Court said: “The question whether the defendant was bound to speak, and understood that he was at liberty to speak, if he chose, was submitted to the jury by the Court in his charge, and an exception taken thereto. The doctrine as to silence being taken as an implied admission of the truth of allegations spoken or uttered in the presence of a person, does not apply to silence at a judicial proceeding or hearing. And if the proceedings before the coroner were of a judicial character the evidence was erroneously received. It is very apparent that the examination before the coroner partook of a judicial character, and what then transpired must be considered as a part of the proceedings; the coroner was there, a jury had been empanelled, and witnesses were examined whose testimony was returned as a portion of the coroner’s proceedings. It is difficult to see upon what ground it can be claimed that the experiments which were made were not in connection with the proceedings before the coroner and a part thereof.”

[561] Hendrickson v. People, 10 N. Y., 13.

[562] People v. McMahon, 15 N. Y., 384.

[563] Teachout v. People, 41 N. Y., 7.

[564] People v. Mondon, 103 N. Y., 211.

[565] People v. McGloin, 91 N. Y., 241.

[566] Williams v. Commonwealth, 29 Pa. St., 102. In this case the prosecution was permitted to prove upon the trial that a justice of the peace had held an inquest on the body of a dead person, and appointed another person foreman of the inquest, and directed him to swear witnesses; and while the inquest was still sitting, the foreman called upon and requested the defendant to be sworn and give evidence as a witness, and he was duly sworn and was examined by the foreman, in presence of the inquest. It was held on appeal that his evidence was admissible. On this point the Court said: “If the defendant had been awakened out of sleep, charged with crime, and then, in the necessary confusion of his faculties sworn to testify, I should have steadfastly resisted the subsequent introduction of the testimony against him. The common law, which justifies an accused man in entire silence, appears in beautiful contrast to the continental systems, which permit the criminal to be racked by inquisitorial skill, until something be wrung from him which may be patched up into proof of guilt. This case shows nothing of the kind. The phrase ‘called up’ commented on by the counsel, does not appear in the record, and if employed by the witnesses related doubtless to the ordinary case of calling forth a witness, and not awakening him from slumber. When the defendant was sworn before the inquest, he had neither been charged with nor suspected of crime. He might have declined to testify, and this would have pointed suspicion directly to him. He took the risk of a statement, and cannot complain that he met the legitimate consequences of the act. In the eye of all the authorities, it was a voluntary statement.”

[567] Clough v. The State, 7 Neb., 320.

[568] The facts upon which the following statements are based have been largely drawn from Taylor. See Stevenson’s Taylor, vol. i., p. 204 et seq.

[569] Recent attention to such subjects by Italian writers places them in the foremost rank. Although their system of judicature differs from our own, this fact does not lessen the value of their medico-forensic literature.

[570] Canada Med. and Surg. Journal, 1875, vol. iii., pp. 56-60.

[571] Some interesting facts by Dr. W. H. Holmes regarding “The Condition of Bodies Long Buried” may be found in the Boston Med. and Surg. Journal, July 23d, 1891.

[572] Quar. Journal of Psychological Medicine, N. Y., 1869, vol. iii., p. 691.

[573] See writer’s article, “Cephalometry, Craniometry,” in “Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences.”

[574] See writer’s “Cruise of the Corwin” to Alaska and the Northwest Arctic Ocean, Washington, 1883.

[575] See writer’s article, “Feet,” in “Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences;” also, Ellis, T.S., “On the Human Foot,” London, 1889.

[576] See Dwight: “The Closure of the Cranial Sutures as a Sign of Age,” Boston Med. and Surg. Journal, April 29th, 1890.

[577] See Dwight: “The Sternum as an Index of Sex, Height, and Age,” Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xxiv.

[578] Boston Med. and Surg. Journal, March, 1850, vol. xii., p. 162.

[579] The British Medical Journal, April 18th, 1874, p. 527.

[580] Taylor’s “Med. Jurisprudence,” vol. i., p. 157.

[581] Theatre-goers are familiar with the establishment of personal identity by means of traces of a perfume in the play of “Diplomacy.”

[582] New York Med. Journal, vol. x., p. 412.

[583] New York Med. Record, August 18th, 1877.

[584] Annales d’Hygiene Publique, 1883.

[585] Med. Gazette, vol. xli., p. 650.

[586] In a series of papers to Riv. Sper. di freniat, Reggio-Emilia, 1883.

[587] See Mr. Galton’s paper in Nature, June 21st, 1888, p. 173; also in his recent work on Finger Prints.

[588] For a few classical citations that are more erudite than profitable see Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Berlin., 1888, xx., p. 412.

[589] See “Guy’s Hospital Report,” xix., 1874; also “Histoire Médicale de Tatouage” in Archiv. de Médecine Navale, tom. 11, 12, Paris, 1869. A later study on the medico-legal importance of tattooing may be found in Lo Spallanzani, Roma, 1891, 2s, xx., 169, 208.

[590] According to Lombroso, all who are tattooed on the back or the sexual organs have without exception either been among the Pacific Islands or sojourned in a prison.

[591] A paper by Dr. J. N. Hall on “The Medico-Legal Value of Powder-Stains in Gunshot Wounds,” with a report of cases, may be found in the Transactions of the Colorado Medical Society, 1890, xx., 94.

[592] Bulletin de l’Acad. de Méd., 17 janvier, 1853, t. xviii., p. 348.

[593] La Escula de Medicina, Mexico, 1880-81.

[594] Lyon Medical, 1880.

[595] Med. Press and Circular, May 30th, 1888, p. 576.

[596] Phil. Trans., B., 1891.

[597] See Proc. Royal Soc., London, May 28th, 1891. A medico-legal study of imprints may also be found in Archiv d’Anthropologie Criminel, 15th July, 1891.

[598] See Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, 1888, vol. v., pp. 143-147.

[599] See paragraph II., General Orders No. 33, Adjutant-General’s Office, April 1st, 1889.

[600] In 1892 only three failures are recorded.

[601] “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[602] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[603] Arrêt du tribunal de Lyon, 8 et 15 décembre, 1859.

[604] “Lectures on Med. Jurisprud.,” 1878, pp. 422, 423.

[605] See Figs. 10 and 11.

[606] “Lehrbuch der Speciellen Chirurgie.”

[607] “Manuel de Leg.,” 5th Ed., 1892.

[608] “Précis de Med. Leg.,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[609] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th American Edition (1892).

[610] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th American Edition (1892).

[611] London Med. Gaz., vol. xvi., p. 596.

[612] Ch. Vibert: “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., p. 205.

[613] Taylor’s “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[614] London Lancet, Jan. 21st, 1893, and N. Y. Med. Journal, March 11th, 1893, and May 13th, 1893.

[615] Ann. d’Hyg., 1847, t. 2, p. 377.

[616] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[617] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[618] “On Homicide,” p. 187.

[619] Med. Gaz., May, 1840.

[620] Guy’s Hosp. Gaz., 1873.

[621] Vibert: “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[622] Vibert: “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[623] Vibert: “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[624] Vibert: “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[625] Quoted by Vibert from the “Traite de pathologie externe” of Follin and Duplay.

[626] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[627] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[628] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[629] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[630] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[631] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[632] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[633] Taylor: “Medical Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[634] Med. Times, 1854, ii., p. 238.

[635] “Ueber die Kopf-Verletzungen,” 1842, p. 57.

[636] “Précis de Médecine Légale,” 2d Ed., 1890, p. 203.

[637] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[638] Taylor, “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[639] Lutaud: “Man. d. Méd. Lég.,” 5th Ed., 1892.

[640] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[641] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[642] Taylor: “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[643] Willis: “Circumstantial Evidence,” p. 97.

[644] “Lectures on Med. Jurisprudence,” p. 424.

[645] See “Med. Leg.,” trad. par Brouardel, p. 601.

[646] “Med. Jurisprudence.” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[647] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[648] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[649] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[650] Ann. d’Hyg., 1863, t. 1. p. 463.

[651] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[652] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[653] Vibert: “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[654] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[655] “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890, p. 264.

[656] “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[657] “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890, p. 246.

[658] “Précis de Méd. Lég.,” 2d Ed., 1890.

[659] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[660] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer Ed., 1892, p. 334.

[661] London Lancet, 1873, i., p. 697.

[662] “An American Text-Book of Surgery,” p. 496.

[663] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[664] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[665] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[666] Edin. Med. and Surg. Jour., Oct., 1845, p. 527.

[667] “Manuel de Méd. Lég.,” 5th Ed., 1892.

[668] “Méd. Lég.,” t. 2, p. 243.

[669] Beck, vol. ii., pp. 329, 333; Wharton and Stillé, 2d Ed., p. 580; N. A. Med. and Chir. Review, March, 1859, p. 299; N. Y. Med. Times, Apr. and May, 1855; Amer. Jour. Med. Sciences, July, 1861, p. 292, and Aug., 1829, p. 307.

[670] Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., July, 1861, p. 292. Case of bullet in heart wall for twenty years.

[671] Edin. Med. and Surg. Jour., Oct., 1844, p. 557.

[672] “Méd. Lég.,” t. 2, p. 253.

[673] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[674] “Manuel Méd. Lég.,” 5th Ed., 1892.

[675] Quoted by Taylor, “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892, p. 340.

[676] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892, p. 351.

[677] Senn, “Experimental Surgery,” 1889.

[678] Senn, “Experimental Surgery,” 1889.

[679] “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[680] Med. Times and Gazette, 1864, ii., 527.

[681] Med.-Chir. Rev., 1836, p. 296.

[682] “Med Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892, p. 347.

[683] Lancet, 1872, ii., p. 10.

[684] Lancet, 1870, ii., p. 471.

[685] See Taylor, “Med. Jurisprudence,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892, p. 348.

[686] “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892.

[687] See Taylor, “Med. Jurisprud.,” 11th Amer. Ed., 1892, p. 351.

[688] Reported by Teale, Lon. Clin. Society, Feb. 26th, 1875.

[689] Reineke, Brit. and For. Med. and Surg. Rev., April, 1876.

[690] “Experiences sur les effets de chaleur, etc.,” Jour. de Physique, lxiii., p. 77. Paris, 1805.

[691] Henke’s “Zeitschrift,” 1860.

[692] Brit. and For. Med.-Chir. Rev., 1855.

[693] Caspar’s “Vierteljahrschrift,” 1864.

[694] Flint, “Practice of Medicine,” p. 685; Aitken, “Practice of Medicine,” vol. ii., p. 388.

[695] Flint, “Practice of Medicine,” p. 685; Aitken, “Practice of Medicine,” vol. ii., p. 391.

[696] Levick, Amer. Jour. Med. Sciences, Oct., 1866.

[697] Katzenbach, New York Med. Jour., vol. xvii., p. 91.

[698] Wood, Phil. Med. Times, Aug. 5th, 1876.

[699] Hanfield Jones, Brit. Med. Jour., July, 1870, p. 35.

[700] Pouillet, Comptes Rendus, 1836, p. 782.

[701] Taylor, “Med. Jurisprudence,” 8th Amer. Ed., p. 444; also the Med. Gazette, vol. xviii., p. 89.

[702] Chambert, Annales d’Hygiene. 1859.

[703] Buchner, Prager Vierteljahr., i., p. 129.

[704] Tidy, “Legal Medicine,” vol. ii., p. 124.

[705] Taylor, “Med. Jurisprudence,” 8th Amer. Ed., p. 407.

[706] Tidy, “Legal Medicine,” vol. ii., p. 99.

[707] Caspar, “Forensic Medicine,” vol. i., p. 314; Schjerning, Vierteljahr. für gericht. Med., xli., 1884.

[708] The “Parkman Case,” Boston, 1850.

[709] Report of the “Druse Case,” Trans. New York State Med. Society, 1887, p. 417.

[710] See the Druse Case above.

[711] Annales d’Hygiene, 1835, ii., p. 387.

[712] Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journal, vol. xxxv., p. 320, April, 1831.

[713] Ann. d’Hygiene, 1846, i., p. 320.

[714] Friedrich’s Blatter f. gericht. Med., 1877, Heft iii., p. 210.

[715] “Path. Research, on Vital and Post-Mortem Burning,” 1850.

[716] “Forensic Medicine,” vol. iv., p. 299.

[717] “Forensic Medicine,” Ed. 1877, p. 886.

[718] “Med. Jurisprudence,” Amer. Ed., 1880. p. 408.

[719] Annales d’Hygiene, 1859, 2d ser., xi., 342, 379.

[720] Vierteljahr. f. gericht. Med., Bd. xxxvi., Heft i., 1880.

[721] Eulenb., Vierteljahr. f. gericht. Med., xli., 1885, xlii., 1887.

[722] Tidy, “Legal Med.,” vol. i., p. 108; also Buzzard, London Lancet, vol. i., p. 60, 1863.

[723] Eulenberg’s Vierteljahr. f. gericht. Med., xli., p. 44 et seq.

[724] “Die Verbrennungen und Verbrühungen.”

[725] Wien. med. Presse, 1868, pp. 309, 605.

[726] Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1876, No. 17; 1877, No. 46.

[727] Eulenberg’s Vierteljahr. f. gericht. Med., xlii., p. 47.

[728] See page 643 of this section

[729] Asclepiad, 1890, vii., pp. 102-117.

[730] Compt. Rendu Soc. Biol., 1890, ii., pp. 383-387.

[731] Archiv. Biol. de Gand., 1887, vii., pp. 217-227.

[732] “On the Value of Certain Signs,” etc., Edinburgh, 1873.

[733] “Lehrbuch gericht. Med.,” 1891, p. 502.

[734] Bull. Acad. Méd., 1876, v., p. 763.

[735] Archiv. gén. de Méd., 1856, p. 302.

[736] “Lehrb. d. ger. Med.,” 1891. p. 500.

[737] “Leçons sur les anæsthésiques,” Paris, 1875, p. 471.

[738] Viert. f. ger. Med., etc., 1871, xv., pp. 58-96.

[739] Translation in Ann. d’Hyg., 1832, viii., p. 432.

[740] Med. Record, N. Y., 1882, xxii., p. 427.

[741] See Maier (Friedreich’s Blat., 1882, p. 460); Moreaud (Virchow’s Archiv, 1880, i., p. 648); Petrina (Prag. med. Woch., 1880, No. 39); Wagner (Jahr. f. Psych., 1889, viii.). [Hofmann, “Lehrbuch,” pp. 570-572]. See Cases 17, 19, 31.

[742] Bull. Ac. Méd., 1876, v., p. 761.

[743] Ass. Franç. Av. Sci. (1883), 1884, xii., pp. 1042-1045.

[744] Rev. d’Hyg. thér., 1890, ii., pp. 67-72 and 131-137.

[745] Alger. Méd., 1887, xv., pp. 78-90.

[746] Viert. ger. and öff. Med., 1870, xii., pp. 340-369.

[747] Ann. d’Hyg., 1867, xxviii., pp. 388-402.

[748] Viert. f. ger. Med., etc., 1870, xiii., pp. 247-260.

[749] Loc. cit.

[750] “Med. Jur.,” Amer. ed., 1892, p. 411.

[751] Tidy, “Med. Jur.,” Amer. ed., 1884, iii., p. 263.

[752] Ann. d’Hyg., 1867, xxviii., p. 393.

[753] “Lehrb. d. ger. Med.,” 1891, p. 504.

[754] “Pendaison,” etc., 1870, p. 169.

[755] Op. cit., p. 393.

[756] Op. cit., p. 504.

[757] Op. cit., p. 394.

[758] “Handb. ger. Med.,” i., 1881, p. 569.

[759] Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. (1879), 1880, i., p. 310.

[760] Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. (1881), 1882, iii., pp. 159-161 and 165-168.

[761] Tidy, op. cit.

[762] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892, p. 413.

[763] Lyon thesis, 1883, No. 188, p. 85.

[764] Tidy, op. cit.

[765] Gaz. Méd. de Par., 1875, xlvi., pp. 90-92.

[766] “Handb. ger. Med.,” i., p. 571.

[767] Tidy, op. cit.

[768] Tardieu, “Pendaison,” etc., p. 174.

[769] Virchow’s Archiv, 1880, lxxix., p. 409, and 1878, lxxiv., p. 401.

[770] Tidy, “Leg. Med.,” Am. ed., iii., p. 265.

[771] “Ger. Med.,” i., p. 623 and 632.

[772] Edinb. Med. Jour., 1856, ii., p. 824.

[773] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892, p. 414.

[774] “Ger. Med.,” i., p. 632.

[775] Paris thesis, 1874, No. 291.

[776] Paris thesis, 1859, No. 9.

[777] Page, “On the Value of Certain Signs,” etc., Edinburgh, 1873.

[778] “Ger. Med.,” i., 573.

[779] Tardieu, “Pendaison,” etc., p. 178.

[780] Op. cit., p. 29.

[781] Vier. f. ger. Med., etc., 1867, vii., pp. 140-174.

[782] “Ger. Med.,” i., p. 576.

[783] Ib., p. 572.

[784] “Ger. Med.,” i., p. 575.

[785] “On the Value of Certain Signs,” etc., Edinburgh, 1873, p. 24.

[786] “Vier. f. ger. Med., etc., 1886, xlv., p. 295.

[787] “Leg. Med.,” Am. ed., iii., p. 267.

[788] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892, p. 415.

[789] Ann. d’Hyg., 1867, xxviii., pp. 388-402.

[790] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892, p. 416.

[791] Ib., p. 415.

[792] “Pend.,” p. 186.

[793] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892, p. 415.

[794] Op. cit., p. 415.

[795] “Med. Jur.,” Am. ed., 1892. p. 419.

[796] “Pend.,” p. 208.

[797] Ib., p. 242.