Fresh bodies of Crusaders leave Europe for the East, i. 249, i. 250.
Their leaders, i. 249, i. 251.
Take the city of Ancyra, ib.
Defeated with great slaughter by the Turks, i. 252, i. 253.
Reflections on their heroism and exploits, i. 257 et seq.
Kingdom founded by their victories, i. 265 et seq.
Death of their great leader, Godfrey de Bouillon, king of Jerusalem, i. 274.
His brother Baldwin elected as his successor, on whose family the sovereignty devolves, i. 275 et seq.
Hostilities carried on against the infidels of Palestine and Egypt, with alternate success and defeat, i. 277 et seq.
Their conquests and high state of prosperity under Baldwin du Bourg, i. 306.
Their military orders of knighthood, i. 307-309.
Their calamitous defeat at Edessa by the armies of Zengui and Noureddin, i. 321-327.
Their consternation and despair, i. 328.
—— The Second Crusade, a.d. 1142-1148.—The Christian colonies of the East being threatened by the Mussulmans, call upon the princes of Europe to assist them, i. 329.
All Christendom aroused by St. Bernard to the impending dangers of the Holy Land, i. 139 et seq.
Louis VII., king of France, and Pope Eugenius III., determine on a second crusade, i. 331.
The multitudes assembled for the occasion, i. 342, i. 343.
The cities of Metz and Ratisbon the general rendezvous, i. 344.
Measures for raising money to defray the expenses, i. 345.
The crusaders depart from Europe, headed by Louis VII. and the Emperor Conrad, i. 346.
Arrive at Constantinople, i. 348, i. 349.
Treacherous policy of the Greeks, i. 348 et seq.
The German Crusaders defeated near Nice, i. 351, i. 382.
The French Crusaders march through Phrygia, and are defeated by the Turks, i. 355, i. 356.
Their distress and sufferings, i. 357, i. 359 et seq.
Besiege Damascus, and are defeated, i. 365 et seq.
Insufficient means of defence, i. 372.
General characteristics of, i. 373.
Other Crusaders pursue their operations in Spain and Portugal, i. 374, i. 375.
Reproaches against St. Bernard for the misfortunes of the Crusaders of the East, i. 376, i. 377.
—— The Third Crusade, a.d. 1148-1188.—Causes of, i. 382 et seq.
The Christian army marches against Egypt, and commences vigorous hostilities, i. 389 et seq.
The Sicilian Crusaders lay siege to Alexandria, i. 400.
The calamitous war of the Crusaders with Saladin, i. 402, i. 417 et seq.
Discord amongst them, i. 409 et seq.
They send deputies to the kings of France and England to solicit aid, i. 411.
They are defeated by Saladin with immense slaughter, and the king of Jerusalem made prisoner, i. 418-423.
The holy city delivered up to Saladin, after being eighty years in possession of the Christians, i. 429.
William, archbishop of Tyre, incites the courts of France and England to renew the holy war, i. 436 et seq.
Richard I. of England, Philip of France, Frederick Barbarossa, and other illustrious potentates and knights, engage in the holy war, i. 441 et seq.
The victorious career and death of Barbarossa, i. 448, i. 449.
The Crusaders invade Ptolemaïs under Guy de Lusignan, and are opposed by Saladin in numerous conflicts, i. 454 et seq.
Arrival of Richard I. of England, Philip of France, and other illustrious personages, i. 476.
Discord in the camp, and quarrels between the two potentates, i. 476, i. 477.
Anecdotes of heroic bravery before the walls of Ptolemaïs, i. 478-480.
Ptolemaïs taken by the Christians, and numbers slain, i. 481.
Manners and characteristics of, i. 483, i. 484.
Richard I. defeats Saladin at the battle of Arsur, i. 487, i. 488;
and takes possession of Jaffa, i. 489.
The Crusaders march upon Jerusalem, i. 492.
Civil dissensions among, i. 493, i. 498.
They ratify a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501.
Immense losses sustained, i. 501.
General reflections, i. 502.
Advantages to Europe and civilization, i. 506 et seq.
—— The Fourth Crusade, a.d. 1195-1198.—Retrospective view, ii. 1 et seq.
Civil commotions of Palestine among the successors of Saladin at the time of, ii. 4-7.
Instigated by the exhortations of Pope Celestine III. and Henry IV. of Germany, ii. 11 et seq.
The illustrious men who engage in it, ii. 14, ii. 15.
The archbishop of Mayence and Valeran de Valeran take the command, and arrive in Palestine, ii. 15.
Engage in hostilities with the Mussulmans, ii. 16 et seq.
Signal defeat of the Saracens before Berytus, and its important consequences, ii. 19.
Progress of the German Crusaders under Henry IV., ii. 20, ii. 21.
Dissensions among the leaders, ii. 28-30.
Their departure from Palestine, ii. 31.
A truce concluded between the duke de Montfort and the Saracens, ii. 32.
Causes of the failure of this crusade, and its mischievous consequences, ii. 33-35.
—— The Fifth Crusade, a.d. 1198-1204.—General remarks, ii. 36.
Causes which led to it, ii. 38, ii. 39.
Instigated by Pope Innocent III., ib.
Preaching of Foulkes in its favour, ii. 42, ii. 43.
The illustrious leaders engaged in it, ii. 45-47, ii. 58.
Aided by Venice, ii. 50, ii. 53 n.
Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, elected the commander, ii. 55.
Quarrels between the Venetians and the French, ii. 64 et seq.
Besiege and capture Constantinople, ii. 82-93.
Defeated by the Saracens, ii. 112.
Contests between the Greeks and the Crusaders at Constantinople, ii. 114 et seq.
The Crusaders capture and plunder the city, ii. 131 et seq.
Their veneration for relics and images, ii. 141.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, elected emperor of Constantinople, ii. 148.
The conquered lands of the Greek empire distributed among the leaders, ii. 149, ii. 150.
The Greeks, Bulgarians, &c. take arms against and almost annihilate them, ii. 165-173.
Reflections on the consequences of the fifth crusade, ii. 179 et seq.
—— The Sixth Crusade, a.d. 1200-1215.—Innocent III. stimulates the Western world to the deliverance of the Holy Land, ii. 191 et seq.
Hostilities with the Saracens renewed, ii. 195.
50,000 children engage in the crusade, and perish, ii. 202.
The pope assembles the council of Lateran, and issues decrees for supporting the holy war, ii. 210, ii. 211.
His death, ii. 214.
His successor, Honorius III., urges the crusade, ii. 216.
Indifference of the kings of France and England, ib.
Enthusiasm of the German states in its favour, ii. 217.
Andrew II., king of Hungary, engages in the holy war, ii. 217, ii. 224.
The Crusaders arrive in Palestine, ii. 225, ii. 231.
March into Egypt, and capture the city of Damietta, ii. 232-235.
Numbers return to Europe, ii. 237.
Names of illustrious warriors engaged, ii. 238.
Skirmishes on the banks of the Nile, ii. 243.
Capture of Damietta, ii. 249.
Fresh Crusaders arrive from Germany, Milan, Genoa &c., ii. 253.
March against the capital of Egypt, ii. 256.
Their fleet burnt on the Nile, ii. 258.
Capitulate with the Saracens, ii. 260.
Distresses of the Christian army, ii. 261.
Surrender of Damietta, ii. 260.
Preparations of Frederick II., emperor of Germany, to aid the Crusaders, ii. 264, ii. 267, ii. 269.
He arrives at Ptolemaïs, ii. 275;
and concludes a treaty with the sultan of Cairo, by which he is confirmed in the sovereignty of Jerusalem, ii. 278.
Gregory IX. determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283.
Council of Tours for promoting the cause of, ii. 287.
Thibault V., king of Navarre, engages in the crusade, ii. 290.
The pope prohibits his departure, ii. 291.
Agitated state of Palestine, and weakness of the Christian power in, ii. 293, ii. 294.
Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, ii. 295;
but soon returns to Italy, and leaves the Christians of Palestine to themselves, ii. 296.
Reflections on the ill success of this crusade, and the causes which led to it, ii. 297 et seq.
—— The Seventh Crusade, a.d. 1242-1245.—The Tartars of the middle ages, ii. 312 et seq.
State of Palestine, ii. 326.
Jerusalem captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered, ib.
The united Mussulman and Christian forces defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians, ii. 334.
Innocent IV., at the council of Lyons, determines on a new crusade, ii. 338.
Louis IX. engages to assist, ii. 345-347.
The distinguished individuals of France who enter into it, ii. 347, ii. 348.
Preparations of Louis IX., ii. 358 et seq.
He arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Lands at Damietta, and defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 385.
Advances on Cairo, ii. 399.
Defeats the Egyptians, ii. 403.
His sanguinary contests with the Mamelukes, ii. 405.
Slaughter of the Christians at Mansourah, ii. 408.
Sanguinary contests with the Mussulmans, and their severe losses, ii. 413-416.
Exposed to disease, pestilence, and famine, ii.et seq.
Louis IX. captured, and his army destroyed, ii. 428 et seq.
30,000 Crusaders massacred, ii. 430;
and numbers taken into slavery, ii. 435.
Louis enters into an abject treaty with the sultan of Cairo, ii. 438, ii. 447.
The Christian forces evacuate Damietta, ii. 448.
Heavy ransom paid for the liberation of Louis IX., who quits Egypt for Syria, ii. 450.
A fresh crusade preached in Europe, ii. 464.
Numbers of Christians in Syria and Egypt embrace the Mohammedan religion, ii. 469.
Hostilities resumed in Palestine, ii. 474.
Louis quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris in 1254, ii. 478, ii. 480.
General reflections on the crusade, and its unhappy termination, ii. 481 et seq.
Desolating crusades against the idolaters of Lithuania, Prussia, &c., ii. 493.
—— The Eighth Crusade, a.d. 1255-1270.—Dangerous position of the Christians of Palestine, iii. 7.
War declared against, iii. 8.
Coolness of Pope Alexander IV. and Clement IV., iii. 8, iii. 20.
The crusade supported only by a few French knights under Eudes, son of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 9.
The Latin Crusaders lose Constantinople, iii. 10.
Misfortunes of the Christians in Palestine, iii. 11 et seq.
Louis IX. of France undertakes another crusade to the Holy Land, and after extensive preparations he sails with a powerful armament, and lands at Tunis, iii. 23-37.
England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, &c. engage to assist, iii. 29.
Great mortality at Tunis, iii. 41.
Death of Louis IX., iii. 46.
The Crusaders conclude a ten years’ truce with the king of Tunis, iii. 49.
Their fleet is nearly destroyed by a tempest, iii. 51.
The ancient spirit of the Crusaders suspended, iii. 57.
Prince Edward of England arrives in Palestine, ib.;
but soon returns, iii. 58.
Causes of the failure of this crusade, iii. 58 et seq.
Gregory X. convokes the council of Lyons, and endeavours, but in vain, to revive a new crusade, iii. 59.
Severe losses and sanguinary contests of the Christians of Palestine with the Saracens, iii. 69, iii. 80 et seq.
The slaughter of, at the capture of Ptolemaïs, iii. 85 et seq.
Abandoned by their leaders, iii. 87.
Capture and destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of Syria, iii. 89.
Indifference of the Western world to the melancholy fate of the Christian inhabitants, iii. 90.
—— Attempted Crusades against the Turks, a.d. 1291-1396.—Pope Nicholas IV. directs his attention to the preaching of another crusade, iii. 93.
The hopes of the West revived by the successes of the Tartars against the Mussulmans, iii. 94 et seq.
Proclaimed by Clement V. at the council of Vienna, iii. 97.
Philip, king of France, Edward III. of England, and other illustrious personages, prepare for a formidable crusade, which is checked by the death of Pope John XXI., iii. 107, iii. 108.
Persecutions of the Christians of the East in consequence of these attempts, iii. 109.
Benedict XI. endeavours to stir up a crusade, iii. 110, iii. 111.
Assembly of sovereigns and nobles at Avignon, iii. 113, iii. 114.
They capture and burn Alexandria, iii. 116.
Invade the coast of Barbary, iii. 117.
Miraculous interpositions related, iii. 118.
Treaty with the sultan of Egypt, iii. 119.
A crusade against the Turks determined on, iii. 125.
Its illustrious leaders, iii. 126.
Their fatal contests with Bajazet, iii. 127, iii. 128.
Pope Eugenius exhorts to a fresh crusade, iii. 135;
and large armies are collected, iii. 137.
The Christians enter into a treaty with Amurath, which they violate, iii. 138;
and undertaking another crusade are defeated and annihilated, iii. 142.
The Crusaders full of bravery but deficient in qualities, iii. 143.
European crusades terminate with the capture of Constantinople, and the destruction of the Greek empire by the Ottoman forces, in 1453, iii. 156.
—— Defensive Crusades against the Turks, a.d. 1453-1481, iii. 159.
Meeting of Philip of Burgundy, John Capistran, Æneas Sylvius, Frederick III. of Germany, Pope Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and others, to endeavour to stir up a crusade against the Turks, iii. 159-166.
The crusade preached in France, England, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, iii. 168.
General assembly at Mantua, convoked by Pius II., iii. 172.
His holiness endeavours to arouse the Christian states against the victorious career of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq.
Accompanies the crusade, and dies at Ancona, iii. 178, iii. 179.
Paul II. and Sextus V. preach the crusade, iii. 179, iii. 182.
Partial successes of the Crusaders, and the discord attending them, iii. 183.
The Christians lose all their previous conquests, except Cyprus and Rhodes, iii. 184.
Charles VIII. of Naples engages in a pretended crusade against the Turks, iii. 192, iii. 193.
Pope Alexander VI. endeavours in vain to stir up the crusade, iii. 197.
The crusading spirit becomes enfeebled, iii. 197, iii. 201.
Exertions of Leo X. for its revival, iii. 202 et seq.
Great preparations for, iii. 206.
Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207.
Clement VII. renounces all further hopes, iii. 218.
Career of the Turks checked by their signal defeat in the Gulf of Lepanto, iii. 227;
and before the walls of Vienna, iii. 235.
General review of the holy wars, iii. 228.
Their influence on the various classes of society in Europe, as regards the progress of the arts and of general knowledge, iii. 251 et seq.
Concluding remarks, iii. 345-348.
—— Appendix.—Bull of Pope Eugenius in favour of the second crusade, iii. 370.
Bull of Gregory VIII., iii. 380.
Ralph of Coggershall’s account of the crusade under Richard I., iii. 395.
Treaty among the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of Constantinople, iii. 431.
Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441.
Letter of Innocent III. exhorting the Christians to a fresh crusade, iii. 447.
List of the great officers who followed St. Louis in his crusade to Tunis, iii. 465.
Receipts of the troncs in France for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq.
Cydnus, the river, i. 449 n.
Cyprus, captured by Richard I. of England, i. 475.
Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, ii. 177.
Arrival of Louis IX. at, ii. 369.
Intemperance of the Crusaders at, ii. 370, ii. 371.
Political distractions of, iii. 184.
Subjected to the Mussulmans, iii. 185.
Taken possession of by the Venetians, ib.
Captured by the Turks, iii. 225.
——, king of, flies from Ptolemaïs, iii. 79.
——, Peter de Lusignan, king of, engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 313 et seq.
D.
Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, appointed patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 269.
His disputes with Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 285, i. 286.
Letters from him and others detailing their victories over the Saracens, i. 362-364 (App.).
Daïs, a class of Ishmaëlians, iii. 421.
Damascus, principality of, i. 127.
The sultan of, attacks the principality of Tancred, and is defeated by Godfrey, i. 273.
He defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291.
Description and history of, i. 364, i. 365.
Besieged by the Crusaders, who are defeated through treachery, i. 366 et seq.
Captured by the Carismians, ii. 332.
Sultan of, carries on war against the Egyptians, ii.468, ii. 473.
Treaty of peace between, ii. 474.
Damietta, city of, described, ii. 231, ii. 232.
Tower of, taken by the Crusaders, ii. 232-235.
Sanguinary conflicts before the walls of, ii. 243.
Captured by the Christians, the inhabitants having perished by famine, ii. 249, ii. 250.
Great wealth of, ib.
Surrendered to the Saracens, ii. 260.
Besieged and captured by the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 380-385.
Delivered up to the Mussulmans by treaty, ii. 448.
Mussulman rejoicings at, and Arab poem on, ii. 451.
Destroyed by the Mussulmans, ii. 485.
Letter from the count of Artois on the taking of, iii. 456 (App.).
Letter from St. Louis respecting, iii. 461 (App.).
Dandolo, the doge of Venice, ii. 49 and n.
Engages to assist the Crusaders, ii. 50, ii. 51.
His address to the Venetians in favour of the Crusaders, ii. 61.
Virtues of, ii. 146.
Death of, ii. 172.
His treaty with the Crusaders for dividing Constantinople and the empire, iii. 431 (App.).
Daphnusia, expedition against, iii. 9.
Darcum, castle of, i. 495.
Dardanelles, castle of, built by Selim II., iii. 226.
Dargan, vizier of Egypt, defeated and slain, i. 387.
Despotism, the most fragile of human institutions, iii. 120.
Dicet, Ralph, extract from his history, iii. 394.
Dipsada, serpents so called, i. 199 n.
Dogs, a river in “burning Phrygia” discovered by the sagacity of, i. 114.
Dol, archbishop of, i. 56 n.
Dolabella, his dispute with Cassius, i. 117 n.
Dorylæum, plain of, i. 106.
Ducas, Michael, excites the Christians to take arms against the infidels, i. 38, i. 39.
Duelling, origin of, in the middle ages, iii. 313.
Durazzo, siege of, i. 284.
E.
Earthquake visits Palestine, and destroys several cities, i. 291, i. 292.
In Egypt, ii. 188.
East, anarchy of the, i. 4, i. 5.
Subject to the invasions of the wild hordes of Tartary, i. 31.
Subdued by the Turks, i. 32.
Empire of, approaching to its fall, i. 36, i. 37.
State of, at the time of the third crusade, i. 382.
Ecalthai, the Tartar prince, sends an embassy to Louis IX. at Cyprus, ii. 373.
Eccelino de Romano, papal crusade against, ii. 422.
His death, ii. 493.
Eclipses, alarm caused by, i. 201, i. 351.
Edessa, occupied by the Crusaders, i. 121.
Governed by Baldwin, i. 124.
The principal bulwark of the Christians, i. 125.
Flourishing state of, i. 306.
Captured and destroyed by the infidels, and the Christians slaughtered, i. 321-327.
——, Matthew of, i. 101.
Edma, daughter of Baldwin, i. 302.
Edward I. of England, his expedition to the Holy Land, and defeat of the Saracens, iii. 472 (App.).
Edward, Prince, of England, engages in the crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 29, iii. 32.
Arrives in Syria, and captures Nazareth, iii. 57.
Returns to England, iii. 58.
Egypt, ambassadors from, received at the camp of the Crusaders, i. 138.
Their offers rejected, i. 139.
Mussulman forces from, under Afdhal, i. 237-242.
The armies of, defeated by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 278, i. 286, i. 287, i. 293.
Several of her cities captured, i. 303.
Distracted state of, i. 386 et seq.
Warlike preparations against, i. 389 et seq.
Deposition and death of the caliph, i. 396.
Possessed by Malek-Adel, i. 509.