1.  See Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, passim.

2.  See Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, pp. 191 f., 370; also Frazer’s Golden Bough, I., 183–185.

3.  These facts I have obtained at different times in personal conversations with intelligent natives of Syria and of Egypt. It will be seen, later, how they are verified in the record of similar customs elsewhere.

4.  See Hopkins’s Religions of India, p. 362 f.

5.  Ibid., with references to Mahabharata, II., 21, 14, 53; X., 8, 10.

6.  Ibid., with references to Laws of Manu, IV., 73, and to Gaut. 9 : 32.

7.  John 10 : 1, 2, 9, 10.

8.  See Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia in the Sixteenth Century, p. 16, with note 36; also, the Njals Saga.

9.  See Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq., s. vv. “Athletae” and “Olympic Games;” also Gardner’s New Chapters in Greek History, p. 299.

10.  See London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 92.

11.  These facts were given me by a member of the vice-consul’s family, who witnessed the ceremony. The preparations were made before the arrival of General Grant; and they were not prominent in the sight of himself or party. They were simply the customs of the country.

12.  Prof. A.H. Sayce, in London Folk-Lore, I., 523.

13.  Comp. with p. 5, supra.

14.  Comp. with p. 71 f., infra.

15.  Bruce’s Travels, Bk. II., p. 514.

16.  Baker’s Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, p. 137; comp. 126 f.

17.  On the testimony of a Liberian colored clergyman.

18.  See, for example, Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Travels, p. 36 f.

19.  Palgrave’s Personal Narrative of a Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, I., 51.

20.  Conder’s Heth and Moab, pp. 290, 293.

21.  D’Herbelot’s Bibliothèque Orientale, s. v. “Bab,” p. 157.

22.  Roberts’s Oriental Illus. of Scrip., p. 149.

23.  Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, p. 254.

24.  Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 137.

25.  On the testimony of a Finnish American.

26.  Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia in the Sixteenth Century, p. 12 f.

27.  Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 410, note.

28.  Ibid., p. 410 f.

29.  Ibid., p. 259.

30.  Fragmenta Philosophorum Græcorum (ed. Mullach), I., 510.

31.  See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 459, note; also, Bergeron’s “Voyage de Calpin,” cap. 10, cited in Burder’s Oriental Customs (2d ed.), p. 24.

32.  Turner’s Samoa, p. 37.

33.  See Maspero’s Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria, pp. 195, 219.

34.  Rawlinson’s History of Herodotus, II., 47, 48.

35.  Mackay’s Mackay of Uganda, pp. 112 f., 177.

36.  See “Sacred Laws of the Aryas,” II., 2, 4, in Sacred Books of the East, II., 107.

37.  “A bali is an offering of any sort, such as a handful of rice, flung to birds or spirits or waters, or to any supernatural beings. A mantra is a Vedic text, a verse muttered during a religious ceremony; often used in incantations, or in legitimate services to a god.”–Prof. Dr. E.W. Hopkins.

38.  See “Sacred Laws of the Aryas,” V., 12, in Sacred Books of the East, II., 200, 233.

39.  See Sir Henry M. Elliot’s Races of the Northwestern Provinces of India (Beames’s ed.), I., 197.

40.  See report of a meeting of the Bombay Anthropological Society, in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., p. 77.

41.  Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 410 f., note.

42.  Leland’s Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition, p. 282.

43.  Ibid., p. 321 f.

44.  Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 332 f.

45.  Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 136 f.

46.  See “Death Week in Russia,” in The Spectator (London), for June 18, 1892.

47.  Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 332.

48.  On the testimony of a native Roumanian.

49.  See, for example, Turner’s Samoa, pp. 21, 56 f., 74 f., 216, 241; also Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube (4th ed.), p. 39.

50.  Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, pp. 467, 470; also, Isabella Bird’s Untrodden Tracks in Japan, I., 392.

51.  St. John’s Life in the Far East, I., 64, 157 f.

52.  See London Folk-Lore Journal, II., 330 f.

53.  Dr. Strean in Mason’s Statistical Account, or Parochial Survey of Ireland, II., 75.

54.  See J.G. Owens on “Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley, Central Pennsylvania,” in Journal of American Folk-Lore, IV., 126.

55.  B. Biaz’s “Memoirs:” cited in Spencer’s Descriptive Sociology, II., 23.

56.  See pp. 51, 55, infra.

57.  See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 120.

58.  See Du Bois’s Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the Peoples of India, II., 27. Compare pp. 5–7, supra.

59.  Nevius’s China and the Chinese, p. 60.

60.  Landor’s Corea or Cho-sen, p. 118.

61.  See Ralston’s Russian Folk-Tales, p. 28 f.

62.  On the testimony of Professor Dr. A.L. Frothingham, Jr.

63.  Julia McNair Wright’s Among the Alaskans, p. 313.

64.  Comp. Plutarch’s Roman Questions, Q. 5.

65.  Rev. 6 : 9–10.

66.  On the testimony of an eye-witness.

67.  Palmer’s Desert of the Exodus, I., 90.

68.  Burckhardt’s Bed. u. Wahaby, p. 214, note.

69.  Lane’s Modern Egyptians, II., 293.

70.  Garnett’s Women of Turkey and their Folk-Lore (“Christian Women”), p. 239.

71.  Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 101.

72.  Capt. King’s “Notes” in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., 121, 123.

73.  Capt. King’s “Notes” in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., 121, 123.

74.  Shooter’s Kafirs of Natal, pp. 71–78; and Andersson’s Lake Ngami, p. 220 f.

75.  On the testimony of a native eye-witness. See, also, Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 285.

76.  See article by P.J. Baldensperger, in Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund for April, 1894, p. 136.

77.  Heuzey’s Le Monte Olympe et L’Acarnanie, p. 278.

78.  See citations from Donatus, on the “Hecyra” of Terence, I., 2, 60, and Servius on Virgil’s “Aeneid,” IV., 459, in Heuzey’s Le Monte Olympe et Acarnanie, p. 278; also, Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, p. 53.

79.  Garnett’s Women of Turkey (“Christian Women”), p. 82.

80.  Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 95 f.

81.  Rodd’s Customs and Love of Modern Greece, p. 99 f.

82.  Ibid., p. 102.

83.  Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 46.

84.  See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 277 f.

85.  See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 422–427; also P. von Stenin, in Globus, LXV., 181–183.

86.  Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 13.

87.  On the testimony of Dr. H.V. Hilprecht.

88.  Walter Gregor in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 119 f.

89.  St. John’s Life in the Forests of the Far East, I., 62.

90.  See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 663.

91.  See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 732–734.

92.  “Grihya-Sutras,” or Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies, in Sacred Books of the East, XXX., 193.

93.  Ibid.

94.  Ibid., p. 263.

95.  Fragmenta Philosophorum Græcorum (ed. Mullach), I., 510.

96.  Gwilt’s Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, p. 89.

97.  See Hughes’s Dictionary of Islam, art. “Masjid;” also Lane’s Modern Egyptians, I., 105; and Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 293 f.

98.  Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 104.

99.  Sibree, on “Malagasy Folk-Lore and Popular Superstition” in London Folk-Lore Record, II., p. 37.

100.  As told me by a native eye-witness.

101.  Burckhardt’s Arabic Proverbs, p. 137 f.

102.  Bruce’s “Travels,” VII., 67 (ed. 1804); cited in McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 188.

103.  On the testimony of a colored clergyman from Liberia.

104.  See Maspero’s Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria, p. 232.

105.  Campbell’s “Personal Narrative;” cited in McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 14.

106.  Pinkerton’s “Collection,” VI., 183; cited in Ibid., p. 177.

107.  Hayes’s “Open Polar Sea,” p. 432; cited in Lubbock’s Origin of Civilization (Am. ed.), p. 78.

108.  Rous’s Archæologia Attica, Lib. IV., cap. 7.

109.  See “Roman Questions,” Q. 29, in Goodwin’s Plutarch’s Morals, II., 220 f.; also Godwyn’s Rom. Hist. Anthol., Lib. II., § 2; citation of authorities in Becker’s Gallus, p. 161, and in Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, I., 53 f.

110.  Douglas’s Society in China, p. 201. See, also, Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 790; Gray’s China, I., 205; and “Marriage Ceremonies of the Manchus,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 487.

111.  Adele M. Fielde’s Corner of Cathay, p. 39.

112.  “Grihya-Sutras,” or Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies, in Sacred Books of the East, XXX., 193, 201.

113.  Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 192.

114.  See “Roman Questions,” Q. 1, 2, in Goodwin’s Plutarch’s Morals, I., 204; also authorities cited in Becker’s Gallus, p. 162 f., and Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, I., 53 f.

115.  See Coulange’s Ancient City, pp. 29–41, 55–58, with citations.

116.  See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 437. See, also, the reference to burning incense on the threshold in Tuscany, at p. 17 f., supra.

117.  See Kowalewsky’s “Marriage among the Early Slavs,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 467.

118.  From “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 423, 447.

119.  From “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 434–443.

120.  Napier’s Folk-Lore in the West of Scotland, p. 51; also Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 59 f.

121.  See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 662, 703, 730–734.

122.  On the testimony of the Rev. William Ewing, a missionary in Palestine.

123.  A daughter of a native Copt described to me this ceremony, as she witnessed it at the building of her father’s house in 1878. He was formerly a Coptic priest, but was now a Protestant Christian.

124.  See Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104–108.

125.  Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube, p. 68.

126.  Josh. 6 : 26.

127.  1 Kings 16 : 34.

128.  See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 196.

129.  On the testimony of a native Chinese clergyman.

130.  See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887.

131.  See article “On Kirk Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine, for February, 1887, p. 191.

132.  Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104 f.

133.  Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 128.

134.  See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 191.

135.  See Gomme’s article on “Traditions Connected with Buildings,” in The Antiquary, III., 11.

136.  See Coote’s “A Building Superstition,” in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 22 f.

137.  See W.G. Chase’s “Notes from Alaska,” in Journal of American Folk-Lore, VI., 51.

138.  See Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104–108.

139.  Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 168 f.

140.  Ibid.

141.  Garnett’s Women of Turkey (“Christian Women”), p. 22.

142.  Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 148.

143.  See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 126.

144.  Ibid., p. 127.

145.  Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 135 f.

146.  This is the case with the Church House in Philadelphia,–the “corner-stone” of which was laid while this page was writing.

147.  See Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 175.

148.  See Coote’s “A Building Superstition,” in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 22.

149.  Lanciani’s Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 225 f.

150.  See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 192.

151.  Ibid., p. 195.

152.  See Bancroft’s Native Races, V., 471.

153.  See Trumbull’s Studies in Oriental Social Life, pp. 98, 112–131.

154.  See Josh. 10 : 3–35; 12 : 11; 15 : 39; 2 Kings 14 : 19; 18 : 14–19, etc.

155.  See, for example, 1 Kings 2 : 28.

156.  See Bliss’s Mound of Many Cities, p. 77 f.

157.  See “Afghan Life in Afghan Songs,” in Darmesteter’s Selected Essays, p. 117.