158. On the testimony of a native Syrian of wide experience in the region referred to.
159. W. Robertson Smith’s Religion of the Semites, p. 319.
160. Strassmaier Nabuchodonosor, No. 183.
161. Dieulafoy’s “L’art antique de la Perse;” cited in Babelon’s Manual of Oriental Antiquities, p. 152.
162. See The Times (London) for July 12, 1894.
163. See Hopkins’s Religions of India, p. 361, note.
164. In a personal letter to the Author.
165. Exod. 32 : 26.
166. Judg. 19 : 25–30.
167. Ruth 4 : 1–10.
168. 2 Sam. 15 : 2–4.
169. 2 Sam. 19 : 8.
170. Jer. 38 : 7–9.
171. Dan. 2 : 49.
172. Prov. 8 : 34.
173. Amos 5 : 15.
174. Zech. 8 : 16.
175. Isa. 29 : 21.
176. Luke 16 : 19, 20.
177. Acts 3 : 3, 10.
178. Exod. 21 : 5, 6.
179. Deut. 14 : 17.
180. Gen. 22 : 17.
181. Matt. 16 : 18.
182. Isa. 24 : 12.
183. In a personal letter to the Author.
184. See Finn’s Stirring Times, I., 102 f.
185. A.M. Luncz, in Jerushalayim, p. 17.
186. Home and Synagogue of the Modern Jew, p. 30.
187. Nineveh and its Remains (Am. ed.), II., 202.
188. Ancient Egyptians, I., 346, 361 f.
189. Comp. Deut. 6 : 9 and 20 : 5.
190. See art. “Mezuza,” by Ginsburg, in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit.
191. Psa. 121 : 8.
192. See art. “Mezuza,” by Ginsburg, in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit.
193. See, for example, Memoirs of Survey of Western Palestine, I., 230–234, 257 f., 398–402, 407 f., 416 f.
194. The Land and the Book, I., 140 f.
195. See Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Travels, I., 440.
196. See, for example, Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Persia, pp. 127, 129, 294, 357; also, Benjamin’s Persia and the Persians, pp. 17, 58, 61.
197. Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, II., 75, 310 f.
198. Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 731.
199. Adele M. Fielde’s Pagoda Shadows, p. 88.
200. Gray’s China, II., 271. Comp. with p. 8.
201. Hearn’s Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, II., 397; also, Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, II., 287.
202. See Becker’s Charicles, p. 260, with citations; also, Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 80.
203. Becker’s Charicles, p. 487.
204. Theocritus, Idyl II., 63.
205. See articles “Ara” and “Janua,” in Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, with reference to classical authorities.
206. See Réville’s Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, p. 183.
207. See Rowan in “Ximenes,” p. 183; cited in Spencer’s Des. Soc., II., 22.
208. Aubrey’s “Miscellanies;” cited in Gentleman’s Magazine for 1823, Pt. II., p. 412.
209. See Gentleman’s Magazine for 1867, Pt. I., pp. 307–322.
211. Heth and Moab, p. 275 f.
212. A.M. Luncz, in Jerushalayim, p. 19.
213. On the testimony of the Rev. W. Ewing, a missionary in Palestine.
214. In Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palæstina Vereins, VIII., 335 ff.
215. See De Amicis’s Constantinople, p. 185.
216. One of these old-time prayer-rugs with the open hand embroidered on it, is in the possession of Dr. Hilprecht.
217. See Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, pp. 75–184.
218. Rosenmüller’s Das Alte und Neue Morgenland, II., 92 f.
219. See, for example, Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Phœnicia, I., 54, 263.
220. De Hesse-Wartegg’s Tunis: The Land and the People, p. 127.
221. On the testimony of Professor Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr.
222. Gen. 11 : 31; 15 : 7.
223. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chald. and Assy., I., 38; see, also, p. 84.
224. Ibid., I., 203.
225. Sayce’s Social Life among the Assyrians and Babylonians, p. 52 f.
226. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art. in Chald. and Assy., I., p. 196. See, also, pp. 87, 143, 212; II., 99, 111, 169, 211, 215, 227, 231, 257, 261, 266, 267, 273, 275, 279. See, also, Collection de Clercq, passim.
227. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia, I., 53, 54, 69, 320; II., 61, 113, 161, 228, 247, 248, 255, 257.
228. Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt, III., 3, 8, 24, 48, 53, 100, 192, 208, 218, 228, 232, 235, 240, 362, 370, 425.
229. Ibid., III., 53.
230. Mason’s Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland, II., 322.
231. Stephens’s Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, I., 177 f.
232. Gen. 14 : 22.
233. Psa. 63 : 4.
234. Isa. 49 : 22.
235. Comp. Exod. 6 : 8; Num. 14 : 30; Neh. 9 : 15.
236. See Tallquist’s Die Sprache Contracte Nabû-Nâ’ido, p. 108.
237. See Gesenius’s Heb. Lex., s. v. “Nasa.”
238. See, for example, Exod. 3 : 19; 13 : 3, 14, 16; 32 : 11; Deut. 3 : 24; 4 : 34; 5 : 15; 6 : 21; 7 : 8, 19; 9 : 26; 11 : 2, etc.; 2 Chron. 6 : 32; Ezek. 20 : 34; Dan. 9 : 15.
239. Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, II., 207, illustration.
240. Stephens’s Incidents of Travels in Yucatan, II., 46 f.
241. Stephens’s Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, Appendix, II., 476–478.
242. Ibid., II., 477.
243. See Gen. 49 : 8–17; Num. 27 : 22 f.; Acts 4 : 4; 6 : 6; 8 : 18; 13 : 3; 19 : 6; Heb. 6 : 2; 1 Tim. 4 : 14.
244. See, for example, “a scene in the hypostyle hall at Lûxor,” in Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 111.; also, illustration in Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Anc. Egypt, I., 45.
245. Catlin’s “Eight Years amongst the North American Indians,” II., pp. 5–7; cited in Donaldson’s George Catlin Indian Gallery, p. 263.
246. In a personal letter to the Author.
247. See Bourke’s Medicine Men of the Apaches, Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.
248. Variae nationes, inter quas Americæ aborigines sunt, sanguinem menstrualem sacrissimum atque in eo boni malique vim esse putant, quia non solum modo omnis sanguinis vita ipsa sit, sed vitae humanae germina vel ova quibus species hominum transmittuntur in se contineat. Quod quam verum sit quantamque vim ad foedieris liminis notionem principalem intellegendam habeat infra videtur.
For illustrations of this truth see H. Ploss’s Das Weib in der Natur. und Völkerkunde (2d ed.), I., chap. 39; Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube (4th ed.), pp. 14–18; Spivak’s Menstruation, pp. 6–12; and Frazer’s Golden Bough, I., 170; II., 225–240. These illustrations are gathered from Asia, Africa, Europe, America, and the Islands of the Sea; and they include citations from Pliny, the Talmud, the Christian Fathers, medieval writers, and down to writers of this century.
“Apud populum Novæ Zelandæ creditur sanguinem utero sub tempus menstruale effusum continere germina hominis; et secundum præcepta veteris superstitionis panniculus sanguine menstruali imbutus habebatur sacer (tapu), haud aliter quam si formam humanam accepisset. Mulierum autem mos est hos panniculos intra juncos parietum abdere: et hâc de causâ paries est domûs pars adeo sacra ut nemo illi innixus sedere audeat. Opinio animis N. Zelandorum insita–nempe sanguinem menstruum germina humanæ speciei continere–opinionibus hodiernis convenit: multi enim physiologiæ scientissimi credunt rumpi vesiculam gräafianam, et ex illâ ova delabi circa tempora menstrualia.”–Shortland’s Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 292.
249. Landor’s Corea or Cho-sen, p. 156.
250. Orme’s Hist. of Milit. Trans. of British in Indostan, V., 348.
251. Maspero’s Life in Anc. Egypt and Assyria, pp. 198–200.
252. Ibid., p. 204.
253. Ibid., p. 220.
254. Roberts’s Oriental Illustrations of the Scriptures, p. 148 f.
255. Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 731.
256. See McDowell’s “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine for Dec., 1893, with illustration of “The Gods of the Threshold.”
257. Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 117, 273.
258. Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, I., 362 f., and note.
259. See Tertullian “On Idolatry,” and “On the Soldier’s Chaplet,” in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, XI., 164 f., 353.
260. Tr. Rowan, in “Ximenes,” p. 183; cited in Spencer’s Descrip. Soc., II., 22.
261. Darmesteter’s translation of Zend Avesta, in “Sacred Books of the East,” IV., 12, note.
262. De Coulange’s Ancient City, pp. 32–35, 46 f.
263. Compare Friedrich Delitzsch’s Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, s. v. “Êkallu.”
264. Wilkinson’s Egyptians in the Times of the Pharaohs, p. 141.
265. Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 279 f.
266. Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 297.
267. See, for example, Odyssey, VII., 80.
268. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Persia, pp. 240–254.
269. Comp. Gen. 18 : 1–9, and Exod. 26 : 1–14; 39 : 32, etc.
270. Douglas’s Society in China, p. 343.
271. See Chamberlain’s Things Japanese, pp. 37, 226 f., 378; Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, p. 90; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, II., 282.
272. Turner’s Samoa, pp. 18–20.
273. Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 703 f.
274. See Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, pp. 100, 411–413.
275. Gen. 11 : 1–9.
276. See Mühlau and Volck’s Gesenius’s Heb. und Aram. Handwörterbuch (12th ed.), s. v. “Babel;” also Schrader, in Richon’s Dict. of Bib. Antiq. (2d ed.).
277. See Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 63; also, Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 58.
278. See Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Chal. and Assy., II., 72.
279. See Count de Gobineau’s Les Religions et les Philosophies dans l’Asie Centrale; also Browne’s Year among the Persians, and Traveller’s Narrative to Illustrate the Episode of the Bab.
280. Bibliothèque Orientale, s. v. “Bab.”
281. John 10 : 9.
282. See, for example, Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, p. 419; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 295 f.; II., 367 f.; Gray’s China, I., 90; Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, p. 413.
283. See Chamberlain’s Things Japanese, p. 429 f.; and, Lowell’s Chosön, pp. 262–266, for a fuller explanation of the origin and signification of this primitive entrance way.
284. See, for example, Douglas’s Society in China, p. 411; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 64; Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship, frontispiece, plates iv-ix, xxi.
285. See Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 656.
286. Ibid., p. 569. The doorway in the engraving from the intaglio is clearly one of the doorway shrines, with the guardians of the doorway on either side, and not, as has been supposed, an opening into the ark.
287. Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 657, 662, 759, 762; also Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chal. and Assy., I., 203, 212; II., 95, 163, 210, 211.
288. Ibid., II., facing p. 212.
289. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chal. and Assy., II., 231; Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 9. See, also, note in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, II., pp. 148–151.
290. Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt, III., 349; Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, pp. 274, 283; and Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 189, 239.
291. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 311; Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 237, 250, 253, 262, 316, 413.
292. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 314. See, also, illustrations in Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Anc. Egypt, I., 131, 140, 175.
293. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 319.
294. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 256; II., 31, 57, 147, 178.
295. Ibid., I., 53, 54.
296. Ibid., I., 287; II., 147.
297. Ibid., I., 264, 321.
298. Ibid., I., 320.
299. Bent’s Sacred City of the Ethiopians, pp. 185–193.
300. See, for example, Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, pp. 100, 168 f., 217, 233, 335, 337, 344, 385, 388, 398–401, 411–413, 441, 464, 468, 484, 532.
301. See illustrations in Sherrin’s Early History of New Zealand, pp. 406, 514, 648.
302. Bancroft’s Native Races, IV., 481.
303. See, for example, Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., frontispiece; Gray’s China, I., 11 f.
304. See citation in Bonomi’s Nineveh and its Palaces (2d ed.), pp. 157–160, 174.
305. Ibid.
306. Nineveh and its Remains (Am. ed.), II., 202.
307. Assyrian Discoveries, pp. 75, 78, 429.
308. Chaldean Magic, pp. 47, 48, 54.
309. See, for example, 1 Sam. 29 : 6; 2 Sam. 3 : 25; 2 Kings 19 : 27; Psa. 121 : 7, 8; Isa. 37 : 28; Ezek. 43 : 11.
311. Grotefend Cylinder, Col. I., ll. 44–46. See, also, Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I., p. 65, Col. I., ll. 19–21.
312. East India House Inscription, Col. III., ll. 48–50.