[1] Prehistoric Times, Sir John Lubbock, 2nd ed., p. 214.

[2] Some Irish scholars give a different interpretation.

[3] Hull, in his Physical Geology of Ireland, cites the “Four Masters” as alluding to man and the Megaceros being contemporaneous, p. 270.

[4] Sir John Lubbock, writing of extinct mammalia, states that remains of the Megaceros Hibernicus never occur in the ‘Kjökken-moddings,’ lake habitations, or sepulchral remains; nor are there any traditions in Western Europe which can be regarded as indicating even obscurely a memory of this gigantic mammal.—Prehistoric Times, 2nd ed., 1869, p. 291.

[5] Proceedings, R. I. A., vol. viii., p. 424.

[6] Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, vol. v. p. 170. New Series.

[7] “As far as we can judge from the present evidence, the first appearance of the reindeer in Europe coincided with that of the mammoth, and took place at a later period than that of the cave bear or Irish elk.”—Sir John Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, 2nd ed., 1869, p. 293.

[8] Geology of Ireland: G. H. Kinahan, p. 262.

[9] Hippocrates, vol. i., p. 209. De Aeribus, xxxvii.

[10] ὲν μέση ἒστηκε τῇλίμνῃ. These dwellings in the middle of the lake were out of bow-shot, out of reach of fiery projectiles against thatched roofs and wooden walls—a description of attack to which some of the Helvetian settlements probably succumbed.

[11] Herodotus, Book v., chap. xvi.

[12] Prehistoric Times, Sir John Lubbock, 2nd ed., p. 169.

[13] Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 73.

[14] Proceedings R. I. A., vol. vii., p. 151.

[15] Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings.

[16] (1) bronze dish with handle of Roman work; (2) two bronze dishes hammered out of the solid; (3) a small bronze dish of separate pieces rivetted together; (4) a bronze ring having attached to it a portion of the vessel of which it had been the handle; (5) fragment of leather with a stamped pattern on it; (6) a large blue glass bead; (7) two glass beads with streaks and spots; (8) a bead of amber; (9) a bead of vitreous paste; (10) a small brooch of bronze; (11) a small ring of bronze; (12) a copper coin; (13) five querns; (14) a fragment of bronze; (15) a piece of iron slag; (16) a small earthen crucible; (17) whetstone; (18) three iron hammers; (19) portions of armlets of enamelled glass; (20) five canoes.—Notices of Scottish Crannogs, John Stewart, p. 8.

[17] “A description of certain piles, found near London-wall and Southwark, possibly the remains of Pile-Buildings.” A Paper read before the Anthropological Society, December 18, 1866.

[18] Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xii. p. 255.

[19] Early Man in Britain, p. 352.

[20] Nature, vol. xvii. p. 424.

[21] Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 660.

[22] De Bello Gallico, lib. v. xviii: “ripa autem erat acutis sudibus præfixis munita; eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixæ sudes flumine, tegebantur.” The oppidum of Cassivellaunus is described as being, “Sylvis paludibusque munitum,” and by Orosius, “inter duas paludes situm, obtentu insuper sylvarum munitum.” Cæsar also states, lib. v. xxi., “oppidum autem Britanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ caussa convenire consuerunt.”

[23] Supplementa tabulæ Syriæ, cap. ii., as quoted in Keller’s Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 497.

[24] Prescott’s Conquest of Mexico.

[25] New Guinea, vol. i. pp. 47, 145, 216, 218, 401.

[26] “Jadis toute la ville de Tondano était construite sur le lac, et l’on ne communiquait d’une maison à une autre qu’en bâteau. Forts de cette disposition, en 1810, les habitants eurent de démèlés avec les Hollandais, et voulurent secouer leur joug, ils s’ármèrent et furent battus. Ce ne fut pas sans peine qu’on en vint à bout; il fallait y porter de l’artillerie et constuire des bateaux canoniers. Depuis ce temps, et pour éviter cet inconvénient on a défendu aux indigènes de construire leurs habitations sur le lac.”—Histoire, Dumont D’Urville, vol iv. p. 607; vol. v. p. 635.

[27] Transactions of the Ethnol. Soc. (new series), vol. ii. p. 28.

[28] Illustrated Travels, vol. ii. pp. 19-21. An account of a Visit to the Guajiro Indians of Maracaibo, by A. Goering, Esq.

[29] The Crew of the Falcon, vol. i. p. 132.

[30] Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 311.

[31] Across Africa.

[32] The Lakes and Mountains of Eastern and Central Africa: Elton, pp. 156 and 243.

[33] In Lewis’s Topographical Dictionary, published 1837, mention is made of a “wooden house” which formerly existed in Lough Annagh, vol. ii. p. 175.

[34] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 325-26.

[35] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. (3rd Series), pp. 220, 21, Rev. W. Kilbride.

[36] Joyce, Irish Names of Places, 4th ed. p. 299.

[37] Geology of Ireland, p. 278.

[38] The peasantry of the neighbourhood say that “crannog” signifies the hopper of a mill, and that in all probability there was formerly a mill there. This is the popular explanation given of every crannog in the kingdom.—MS. Letters, Ordnance Survey.

[39] Proceedings R. I. A., vol. vii. p. 157.

[40] Old Statistical Account, vol. viii. p. 304.

[41] John Stuart, Notices of Scottish Crannogs, p. 33.

[42] Edinburgh Review, No. 275, p. 207.

[43] In the year 1508, it is of record that a Scottish monastery granted a lease of a crannog, one of the covenants being that the occupant was to place a certain quantity of stones outside the piling in each year, to protect the structure from the destructive influence of the waters of the lake.

[44] Wightown: Barhapple, Barlockhart, Barneallzie, Castleloch, Dowalton, (5,) Eldrig (3), Loch-Inch-Crindel, Machermore (2), Merton, Sunonness.

[45] Kircudbright: Barean, Carlingwark (2), Loch-Kinder, Loch-Lotus, Loch-Rutton.

[46] Dumfries: Black Loch, Corncockle, Friar’s-Carse, Lochmaben.

[47] Ayr: Buston, Loch of Kilbirnie, Lochlee, Lochspouts.

[48] Bute: Dhu Loch, Loch Quien. The remainder of the Scottish sites are situated as follows:—

Aberdeen: Banchory, Loch Canmore. Argyll: Kielziebar, Ledaig, Loch-na-Mial (Mull), Lochnell. Forfar: Loch of Forfar. Inverness: Loch-in-Croy, Loch Lochy. Lanark: Greenknowe. Linlithgow: Loch Cot. Moray, Nairn and Elgin: Loch Flemington, Lochindorb, Loch-in-Dunty, Loch of the Clans, Loch Spinie. Perth: Loch Rannoch. Ross: Loch Achilty, Loch of Kinellan. Stirling: Loch Lomond.

[49] Namely at Loughrea, county Galway; at Ballinlough, near Marble Hill, same county; at Lough Nahinch, on the borders of Tipperary and King’s County, and Lough Naneevin, West Galway.

[50] Proceedings R. I. A., vol. vii. p. 150. This crannog may be said to form portion of the Strokestown group; excavations were made, and several bronze pins found.

[51] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. pp. 11-13 (4th Series)—G. H. Kinahan.

[52] Toome Bar, county Antrim; Rahans, county Monaghan; Drumkeery and Cornagall, county Cavan; Lagore, near Dunshaughlin, county Meath; Nahinch, county Tipperary; Cloonfinlough, county Roscommon; are examples of crannogs which show visible traces of having been consumed by fire, and some of them of having been rebuilt.

[53] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 327-336.—W. F. Wakeman.

[54] “The framework was composed of oak logs, as shown in the sketch (fig. 1. side elevation); the main sleepers, one on each side, were principal pieces, and rested on the sand. These logs were made from a large oak-tree, split in two, with the round part upwards; they measured, when put together, twenty-three inches in diameter and twenty-four feet in length; into these the upright pieces, or posts B of the frame, were mortised, p; and the end of the post protruding through the mortise in the sleeper A, was forelocked by a large block of wood below, as shown, fig. 1. The mortises were roughly cut, as if they had been made by a kind of blunt instrument.… The planks which formed the sides D were laid edgewise, one upon another, the lower one resting in a groove cut in the sleeper A, as shown in fig. 2, and the but-ends on a log of wood mortised into the framework, as in fig. 1. The planks butting home against the supports, … were more firmly fixed by the two uprights, which passed through a hole in the cross-beam c, fig. 1, and slipped into the mortise in the sleeper.”

[55] A somewhat similar “find” was dug up in one of the crannogs in Loch Dowalton, Wigtownshire.—Ancient Lake Dwellings of Scotland, p. 49.

[56] “These jambs, of which there were six at each extremity, stood on well-wrought foundation stones, but of course in a calcined state.”—Schlieman, Troja, p. 80.

[57] Archæologia, vol. xxvi. p. 361. Dublin Journal, p. 381-83, 1836.

[58] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. p. 269.

[59] Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, pp. 31-2.

[60] Mr. Mackinlay, describing a crannog in Loch Quien in Bute, states that two rows of piles extended obliquely from it to the shore of the lake, between which the ground was covered with flat stones, “not raised like a causeway.”

[61] Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. vi. p. 69.

[62] Mem. Geol. Sur. Ireland.

[63] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 435.

[64] Geology of Ireland, G. H. Kinahan, p. 276.

[65] Proceedings R. I. A. vol. vii. p. 154.

[66] Cat. Mus. R. I. A. p. 251.

[67] A writer states that around the Crannog of Lough Ravel were found “a whole fleet of boats,” each cut out of a single trunk of oak; one was made fast to a stake of the crannog by a rude chain.

[68] Journal of a Cruise on the Tanganyika Lake, Central Africa.

[69] Arch. Journal, vol. iii. p. 46.

[70] Ulster Journal of Archæology, vol. vii. p. 194.

[71] Proceedings R. I. A., vol. ii. p. 247; vol. viii. p. 293.

[72] It may be observed that a canoe found at Cudrelin, on the Lake of Neufchatel, had a similar kind of handle.—Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 282.

[73] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 16-18.—W. F. Wakeman.

[74] The following list of single-tree canoes, though necessarily incomplete, yet enables an approximate estimate to be made of the number already discovered:—Ardagh, 1; Ardakillen, 1; Ballinderry, 2; Boyne, 1; Cahore, 1; Cloonfinlough, 1; Cornagall, 1; Derryhollagh (several), 1; Drumaleague, 1; Drumdarragh, 1; Drumgay, 1; Drumkeery, 1; Erne, 2; Lough Eyes, 3; Kilnock, 1; Lough Annagh, 5; Lough Faughan, 1; Lough Owel, 1; Loughrea, 4; Lough Rinn, 2; Loughtamand, 1; Miracles (several), 1; Moinalty, 1; Moinenoe, 1; Mourne, 2; Randalstown (several), 1; Sligo (Ballydoogan), 1; Toome, 3.

[75] The above illustration represents No. 3 in the Museum, R. I. A. No. 4 in the same collection is two feet two inches long, by five inches across the blade.

[76] De. Bel. Civil. 1-54.

[77] The coracles used still in Caermarthenshire are of oval form, five feet and a-half long, by four feet and a-half broad; the hides forming the skin of the skiff are pitched.

[78] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 74-5.

[79] Ulster Journal of Archæology, vol. i. p. 32.

[80] Cat. Mus. R. I. A. pp. 276-7.

[81] Æs erat in pretio, chalybeia massa latebat.

[82] Utuntur aut aere, aut taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum; sed eius exigua est copia; aere utuntur importato.—Cæsar, De Bel. Gal. Lib 5. cap. xii.

[83] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 461-465.—W. F. Wakeman.

[84] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. v. (4th Series), p. 119, vol. vi. p. 392.

[85] Plate VI.—Nos. 1 and 9 are from Ballinderry; 2, 3, and 4 from Drumdarragh; 6 from Drumsloe; 7 from Kilnamaddo; 8 and 10 from Lagore; 11 and 12 from Ardakillen.

[86] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. (4th Series), p. 558.

[87] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 197.

[88] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 374.—W. F. Wakeman.

[89] Quite recently a bronze axe-head, now in the writer’s possession, was supposed by its peasant discoverer to be “rale goold”—and it was not till after repeated failures to effect sale of his “find” as gold that he could be convinced of the real nature of the metal.

[90] See Ardakillen Crannog.

[91] Plate IX., Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14 are from Lagore; Nos. 3, 8, 10 from Ballinderry; No. 15 from Lough Gur.

[92] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp 381-3.—W.F. Wakeman.

[93] Cat. Mus. R.I.A., pp. 261, 463, 466.

[94] pp. 222-3, figs. 224-30.

[95] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 373-379.—W. F. Wakeman.

[96] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 463-5.—W. F. Wakeman.

[97] “There is a tradition that this lough contains a brazen cauldron full of treasure and guarded by a piast in the form of a serpent. Old people say that some years since a farmer actually saw the vessel, and with the aid of plough harness endeavoured to get it out of the water. The demon guardian, however, was too strong, the tackle broke, and with a horrible hiss the serpent regained his lair, taking the cauldron along with him.”—Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 319.

[98] Proceedings R. I. A., vol. i., s. s. 1870-8, p. 155; Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 118, 122.

[99] Journal, Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 384.—W. F. Wakeman.

[100] Cat. Mus. R. I. A., p. 91, No. 83.

[101] Ibid., p. 93.

[102] In Swiss lacustrine sites, stones of the cherry and of the sloe are found together in heaps, mixed with plentiful remains of the seeds of the blackberry and raspberry.

[103] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. v. (New Series), p. 119.

[104] Proceedings, R.I.A., vol. vii., pp. 192, 211.—W. Wilde.

[105] Journal Royal. Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 507-8.

[106] A fine example of a utensil of this kind was discovered at Navan Rath (the ancient Eamhain), the seat of the sovereigns of Ulster down to the year A.D. 332; and a curious account of the value in which bronze cauldrons of this description were held in Ireland in the middle of the fifth century is given by Dr. Reeves in his translation of a portion of the “Book of Armagh,” written in the eighth century.

[107] See Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, p. 213, fig. 195.

[108] Cat. Mus. R. I. A., p. 533.

[109] Archæological Journal, vol. vi., p. 103.

[110] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 322.

[111] It is No. 19 in the collection of querns in the Museum R.I.A. Roughan Crannog is said to be the last retreat of Sir Phelin O’Neill in 1641: it held out until boats were brought to the lake from Charlemont to aid in the attack.

[112] Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, p. 55.

[113] Plate LVII., fig. 13, vol. ii., 2nd ed.

[114] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. iii. (4th Series), p. 318.

[115] Ibid., vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 308-9.

[116] Cat. Mus. R.I.A., p. 158.

[117] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. i. (4th Series), p. 556.

[118] Vol. i. (4th Series), plate II., p. 583.

[119] Cat. Mus. R.I.A., p. 265.

[120] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 391.—W. F. Wakeman.

[121] Proceedings, R.I.A., vol. viii., p. 329.

[122] Several soft lumps of what appeared to be a blue and a red pigment were discovered in the crannog of Lochlee, in Ayrshire, though the latter specimen shortly after turned blue; whilst at Lochspouts were found two pieces of colouring matter, the one red and the other black; and at Holderness, in Yorkshire, “red ochre” was picked up on the site of a lake dwelling.—Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, pp. 139, 160, 300.

[123] Cat. Mus., R.I.A., p. 303.

[124] Cat. Mus., R.I.A., p. 333.

[125] Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 198-202.—Rev. James Graves.

[126] Ibid., pp. 198-202.—Rev. James Graves.

[127] W. F. Wakeman states that fig. 127 came from Ballinderry Crannog; and, fig. 128 from Lagore; in the Cat. Mus., R.I.A., they appear as Nos. 302 and 326.

[128] Now in the British Museum.

[129] Cat. Mus. R.I.A., p. 560.

[130] Ibid., p. 559.

[131] Ibid., p. 556.

[132] Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are from Lagore; the remainder were discovered in crannogs, but the exact sites not now known. Wilde alludes to Nos. 10 and 11 “as conical bits of carved wood, like chessmen. The former, however, is hollowed at the base, as if for the insertion of a stamp, and the latter is carved upon the face of the base, with a device not unlike a seal: each is 2½ inches high.”

[133] The Origin of Civilization, p. 38.

[134] Cat. Mus., R.I.A., pp. 271-2.