List of the Hot Springs of Vanua Levu, 1898-99.
Locality. Coast or inland. Height above sea-level. Near or far from streams. Siliceous sinter. Nature of the surface at the exit. Temperature.
1. Wainunu Coast to four miles inland Sea-level to 20 or 30 feet River-side and under water Little or none Soil-cap, tuffs, &c. 100°-130° F.
2. Natoarau and vicinity Three to four miles from coast 50 to 100 feet Near brooks and streams Little or none Soil-cap 110°-126° F.
3. Nukumbolo Six miles inland 130 feet About 100 yards from river Mixed with lime carbonate Agglomerate-tuff 157° F.
4. Savu-savu Beach and 150 yards inland Sea-level to 10 feet Inland springs near a brook In fair quantity Rotten volcanic agglomerate 208°-210° F.
5. Ravuka Nine miles inland 200 feet River-side None Pebble bed 148° F.
6. Vuinasanga Ten miles from north coast 150 feet River-side None Soil-cap 131°-134° F.
7. Foot of Nawavi Range Four miles inland Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known.
8. Vatuloaloa Coast below high-tide mark Nil.       140° F.
9. Nambuonu Half-mile inland Probably slight Not known Not known Swampy 140° F. (probably).
10. Tambia Inland one and a-half to two miles 90 feet Not near a stream Abundant Soil-cap 180° F.
11. Vandrani Eight miles from coast 270 feet River-side None Old river-bed 100° F.
12. Na Kama, Wailevu Inland five to six miles 90 feet River-side Probably little Agglomerates and tuffs 194°-204° F.
13. Vunimoli Inland eight miles 120 feet About 100 yards from river None Foramini ferous clay-rock 140° F.
155° F.
14. Mbati-ni-kama Inland seven and a-half miles 130 feet River-side In fair quantity Volcanic agglomerate 161° F.
15. Nandongo Inland four miles 180 feet River-side None Clay 97° F.
16. Natuvo Coast and between the tide-marks Nil and a few feet   None Reef-flat and swampy ground 131° F.
136° F.
17. Ndaku-ndaku Between the tide-marks Nil   None Reef-flat Not known.
18. Navakaravi A mile inland 30 to 40 feet Swampy ground None Soil-cap 133° F.
19. Vunisawana From beach 300 or 400 yards A few feet Near a brook Not known Soil-cap Not known.
20. Ndreke-ni-wai Coast between the tide-marks Nil   None Old reef-patch 130°-135° F.
21. Waikatakata Inland 400 yards 25 or 30 feet Not near a stream None Rises beneath a boulder of basalt 148° F.
22. Ndevo On coast below high-water level Nil Near a stream Not known Probably the reef-flat Not known.
23. Navuni Inland three-quarters of a mile 100 feet Near a stream Little or none Volcanic agglomerate 112°-113° F.
Locality. Coast or inland. Height above sea-level. Near or far from streams.
1. Wainunu Coast to four miles inland Sea-level to 20 or 30 feet River-side and under water
2. Natoarau and vicinity Three to four miles from coast 50 to 100 feet Near brooks and streams
3. Nukumbolo Six miles inland 130 feet About 100 yards from river
4. Savu-savu Beach and 150 yards inland Sea-level to 10 feet Inland springs near a brook
5. Ravuka Nine miles inland 200 feet River-side
6. Vuinasanga Ten miles from north coast 150 feet River-side
7. Foot of Nawavi Range Four miles inland Not known Not known
8. Vatuloaloa Coast below high-tide mark Nil.  
9. Nambuonu Half-mile inland Probably slight Not known
10. Tambia Inland one and a-half to two miles 90 feet Not near a stream
11. Vandrani Eight miles from coast 270 feet River-side
12. Na Kama, Wailevu Inland five to six miles 90 feet River-side
13. Vunimoli Inland eight miles 120 feet About 100 yards from river
14. Mbati-ni-kama Inland seven and a-half miles 130 feet River-side
15. Nandongo Inland four miles 180 feet River-side
16. Natuvo Coast and between the tide-marks Nil and a few feet  
17. Ndaku-ndaku Between the tide-marks Nil  
18. Navakaravi A mile inland 30 to 40 feet Swampy ground
19. Vunisawana From beach 300 or 400 yards A few feet Near a brook
20. Ndreke-ni-wai Coast between the tide-marks Nil  
21. Waikatakata Inland 400 yards 25 or 30 feet Not near a stream
22. Ndevo On coast below high-water level Nil Near a stream
23. Navuni Inland three-quarters of a mile 100 feet Near a stream
List of the Hot Springs of Vanua Levu, 1898-99. continued
Locality. Siliceous sinter. Nature of the surface at the exit. Temperature.
1. Wainunu Little or none Soil-cap, tuffs, &c. 100°-130° F.
2. Natoarau and vicinity Little or none Soil-cap 110°-126° F.
3. Nukumbolo Mixed with lime carbonate Agglomerate-tuff 157° F.
4. Savu-savu In fair quantity Rotten volcanic agglomerate 208°-210° F.
5. Ravuka None Pebble bed 148° F.
6. Vuinasanga None Soil-cap 131°-134° F.
7. Foot of Nawavi Range Not known Not known Not known.
8. Vatuloaloa     140° F.
9. Nambuonu Not known Swampy 140° F. (probably).
10. Tambia Abundant Soil-cap 180° F.
11. Vandrani None Old river-bed 100° F.
12. Na Kama, Wailevu Probably little Agglomerates and tuffs 194°-204° F.
13. Vunimoli None Foramini ferous clay-rock 140° F.
155° F.
14. Mbati-ni-kama In fair quantity Volcanic agglomerate 161° F.
15. Nandongo None Clay 97° F.
16. Natuvo None Reef-flat and swampy ground 131° F.
136° F.
17. Ndaku-ndaku None Reef-flat Not known.
18. Navakaravi None Soil-cap 133° F.
19. Vunisawana Not known Soil-cap Not known.
20. Ndreke-ni-wai None Old reef-patch 130°-135° F.
21. Waikatakata None Rises beneath a boulder of basalt 148° F.
22. Ndevo Not known Probably the reef-flat Not known.
23. Navuni Little or none Volcanic agglomerate 112°-113° F.

Summary of the previous remarks on the hot springs of Vanua Levu.

(1) Hot springs have been recorded from 23 localities, but there are probably many undiscovered or forgotten.

(2) They are distributed over much of the island; but have not been observed in the Mbua or Western end and in the Undu extremity east of Lambasa and Lakemba.

(3) They are confined to the areas of basic rocks and are not known in the districts of dacites and other acid andesites or in those of quartz-porphyry and trachyte.

(4) They are always found at low elevations, never exceeding 300 feet.

(5) Whilst more than half are situated along river and stream courses, nearly all the remainder lie between the tide-marks.

(6) In only two localities is the temperature at or near the boiling-point. In one place it is 180° F., and in most of the other springs it ranges between 100° and 150°.

(7) Siliceous sinter is formed where the temperature is over 150°.

(8) As exemplified by the water of the Savu-savu springs the proportion of salts in solution (8 per 1000) is constant over many years; whilst in this fact and in the relative amounts of each salt there is a sharp distinction from the composition of sea-water.

(9) The hot springs are older than the streams and rivers, along which they are so frequently found.

It would appear that they are largely supplied from the “soakage” of the heavy rainfall in the mountains.