218 See ch. 15, p. 151.
219 The Indian name of Capt. White Eyes.
220 Page 188.
221 For “Sandusky” read “Muskingum.”
222 See above, pages 81, 184.
223 [Williamson did not lead the expedition against Sandusky, nor was it organized for the destruction of the Moravian Indians, then in the Sandusky country. It was led by Colonel William Crawford. Sanctioned by General Irvine, then in command of the Western Department, the undertaking was intended to be effectual in ending the troubles upon the western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, by punishing the Wyandots, Shawanese, Delawares, and Mingoes, whose war-parties were wont to come from their settlements in Sandusky, to kill and devastate along the borders. See Butterfield’s Crawford’s Campaign against Sandusky, for full details touching the fitting out of this expedition, its disastrous termination, and the awful death by torture of its commanding officer.
In a letter written by Washington to General Irvine, and dated Headquarters, 6th August, 1782, he expresses himself in the following words: “I lament the failure of the expedition, and am particularly affected with the disastrous fate of Colonel Crawford. No other than the extremest torture which could be inflicted by the savages, could, I think, have been expected by those who were unhappy enough to fall into their hands, especially under the present exasperation of their minds from the treatment given their Moravian friends. For this reason, no person should at this time suffer himself to fall alive into the hands of the Indians.”—MS. in the Irvine Collection.]
224 This name, according to the English orthography, should be written Winganoond or Wingaynoond, the second syllable accented and long, and the last syllable short.
225 The people were at that moment advancing, with shouts and yells, to torture and put him to death.
226 Ruth, i. 16.
227 Of the value of one dollar.
228 For “bought” read “brought.”
229 [A Monsey settlement near the mouth of the Tionesta, within the limits of the present Venango County. It was visited by Mr. Zeisberger for the first time in the autumn of 1767; in the following year it became the seat of a mission. In 1770, the Allegheny was exchanged by the missionary and his converts for the Beaver. Zeisberger’s labors at Goschgoschink furnished the subject for Schüssele’s historical painting, “The Power of the Gospel.”]
230 See Nile’s Weekly Register, vol. i., p. 141, vol. v., p. 174, and vol. vi., p. 111.
231 This appears to be a mistake; Leather-lips, as has been stated above, was a chief of the Wyandots or Hurons, and is so styled in the treaty of Greenville, otherwise called Wayne’s Treaty, where he was one of the representatives of that nation.
232 The Indian name of this chief was Tar-he; he was also a Wyandot or Huron, and one of the signers of the Greenville treaty. How great must have been the power of Tecumseh, who trusted the execution of Leather-lips to a chief of the same nation!
233 [The earliest record of Tamanen is the affix of his mark to a deed, dated 23d day of the 4th month, 1683, by which he and Metamequan conveyed to old Proprietor Penn a tract of land, lying between the Pennypack and Neshaminy creeks, in Bucks County.—Pennsylvania Archives, vol. i., p. 64. Heckewelder gives the signification of the Delaware word “tamanen” as affable.]
234 [Tadeuskund was baptized at the Gnadenhütten Mission, (Lehighton, Carbon County, Pa.,) by the Moravian Bishop Cammerhoff, of Bethlehem, in March of 1750. For additional notices of this prominent actor in the French and Indian war, extracted from manuscripts in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, the reader is referred to Memorials of the Moravian Church, vol. i., edited by W. C. Reichel, Philadelphia, 1870.]
235 [Moses Tatemy was a convert of, and sometime an interpreter for, David Brainerd, during that evangelist’s career among the Delawares of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, who were settled on both sides of their great river, between its forks and the Minisinks. A grant of upwards of 200 acres of land, lying on the east branch of Lehietan or Bushkill, within the limits of the present Northampton County, Pa., was confirmed to the chief about the year 1737, by the Proprietaries’ agents, for valuable services rendered. On this reservation, Tatemy was residing as late as 1753, and probably later. He was there a near neighbour of the Moravians at Nazareth. In the interval between 1756 and 1760, he participated in most of the numerous treaties and conferences between the Governors of the Province and his countrymen, frequently in the capacity of an interpreter. Subsequent to the last-mentioned year, his name ceases to appear on the Minutes of the Provincial Council. He probably died in 1761. Such being the facts in the case, Mr. Heckewelder is in error when he states that Tatemy lost his life at the hands of a white man prior to 1754. That a son of the old chieftain, Bill Tatemy by name, was mortally wounded in July of 1757, by a young man in the Ulster-Scot settlement, (within the limits of Allen township, Northampton County,) while straying from a body of Indians, who were on their way from Fort Allen to Easton, to a treaty, is on record in the official papers of that day. This unprovoked assault upon one of their countrymen, as was to be expected, incensed the disaffected Indians to such a degree, that Governor Denny was fain to assure them, at the opening of the treaty, that the offender should be speedily brought to justice; at the same time, he condoled with the afflicted father. Bill Tatemy died near Bethlehem, from the effects of the gun-shot wound, within five weeks. He had been sometime under John Brainerd’s teaching, at Cranberry, N. J., and was a professing Christian.]
236 See above page 67, and see the Errata with reference to that page.
237 Ch. 34, pp. 255, 256.
238 [These chiefs were representatives of the seven nations with whom Gen. Putnam concluded a treaty in September of the above-mentioned year, and were on their way to Philadelphia.
Note.—The following is a copy of the letter written by the Secretary of War to Mr. Heckewelder, advising him of Putnam’s request that he might be associated with him in his mission to the western Indians:
“Sir.—I have the honour to inform you that the United States have for some time past been making pacific overtures to the hostile Indians north-west of the Ohio. It is to be expected that these overtures will soon be brought to an issue under the direction of Brigadier-General Putnam, of Marietta, who is specially charged with this business.
“He is now in this city, and will be in readiness to set out on Monday next, and being acquainted with you, he is extremely desirous that you should accompany him in the prosecution of this good work.
“Being myself most cordially impressed with a respect for your character and love of the Indians, on the purest principles of justice and humanity, I have cheerfully acquiesced in the desire of Gen. Putnam.
“I hope sincerely it may be convenient for you to accompany or follow him soon, in order to execute a business which is not unpromising, and which, if accomplished, will redound to the credit of the individuals who perform it.
“As to pecuniary considerations, I shall arrange them satisfactorily with you.
239 [Col. Ebenezer Sproat was one of the colony which, under the auspices of the recently formed Ohio Company, and led by Gen. Putnam, emigrated to the Ohio country in the spring of 1788, and founded Marietta.]
240 Ch. 6, p. 104.
241 For “them” read “us.”
242 Sun-fish.
243 Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum, bound with an Indian translation from the Swedish of Luther’s Catechism. Stockholm, 1696, duod.
244 Carver’s Travels, Introduction, p. 72. Boston Edit., 1797.
245 Carver was only 14 months in the Indian country, during which time he says he travelled near 4000 miles and visited twelve different nations of Indians.
246 For “Indians” read “traders.”
247 [They were sent to Goschschoking (Coshocton), the then capital of the Delaware nation, to condole with that people on the death of White Eyes.]
248 Ch. 7, p. 111.
249 See above, ch. 18, p. 172.
250 Dr. Boudinot was long a member, and once President, of the Continental Congress, and his talents were very useful to the cause which he had embraced. At a very advanced age, he now enjoys literary ease in a dignified retirement.
251 A Star in the West, or a humble attempt to discover the long lost ten tribes of Israel, preparatory to their return to their beloved city, Jerusalem. Trenton (New Jersey), 1816.
252 See page 140, and following.
253 Star in the West, p. 138.
254 This relation is authentic. I have received it from the mouth of the chief of the injured party, and his statement was confirmed by communications made at the time by two respectable magistrates of the county.
255 [This outrage was committed at the public house of John Stenton, which stood on the road leading from Bethlehem to Fort Allen, a short mile north of the present Howertown, Allen township, Northampton County. Stenton belonged to the Scotch-Irish, who settled in that region as early as 1728.]
256 [Nescopeck was an Indian settlement on the highway of Indian travel between Fort Allen and the Wyoming Valley.]
257 Justice Geiger’s letter to Justice Horsefield proves this fact
258 [These unprovoked barbarities were perpetrated by a squad of soldiers who, in command of Captain Jacob Wetterholt, of the Provincial service, were in quarters at the Lehigh Water Gap, Carbon County, Pa.]
259 [In this paragraph, Mr. Heckewelder briefly alludes to the last foray made by Indians into old Northampton County, south of the Blue Mountain. It occurred on the 8th of October, 1763. An account of the affair at Stenton’s, on the morning of that day, in which Stenton was shot dead, and Captain Jacob Wetterholt and several of his men seriously or mortally wounded, was published in Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, of October 18th, 1763. Leaving Stenton’s, after the loss of one of their number, the Indians crossed the Lehigh, and on their way to a store and tavern on the Copley creek, (where they also had been wronged by the whites,) they murdered several families residing within the limits of the present Whitehall township, Lehigh County. Laden with plunder, they then struck for the wilderness north of the Blue Mountain. Upwards of twenty settlers were killed or captured on that memorable day, and the buildings on several farms were laid in ashes.]
260 [The 5,000 acres at Nazareth, which Whitefield sold to the Moravians in 1741, were first held by Lætitia Aubrey, to whom it had been granted by her father, William Penn, in 1682. The right of erecting this tract, or any portion thereof, into a manor, of holding court-baron thereon, and of holding views of frankpledge for the conservation of the peace, were special privileges accorded to the grantee by the grantor. It was one of few of the original grants similarly invested. The royalty, however, in all cases remained a dead letter.]
261 Alluding to what was at that time known by the name of the long day’s walk.
262 See above, p. 302.
263 The same of whom I have spoken above, p. 171.
264 See above, pp. 135, 136.
265 Above, p. 279.
266 Carver’s Travels, ch. 9, p. 196. Edit. above cited.
267 [Glikhican, one of the converts of distinction attached to the Moravian mission, was a man of note among his people, both in the council chamber and on the war-path. When the Moravians first met him he resided at Kaskaskunk, on the Beaver, and at Friedenstadt, on that river, he was baptized by David Zeisberger in December of 1770. Subsequently he became a “national assistant” in the work of the Gospel, lived consistently with his profession, and met his death at the hands of Williamson’s men at Gnadenhütten in March of 1782.]
268 See above, p. 338.
269 Loskiel, p. 3, ch. 3.
270 [The valley of the Conecocheague, which stream drains Franklin County, Pennsylvania, was explored and settled about 1730 by Scotch-Irish pioneers, among whom were three brothers of the name of Chambers. The site of Chambersburg was built on by Joseph Chambers. The Conecocheague settlement suffered much from the Indians after Braddock’s defeat in 1755.]
271 Letter V.
272 For “Zeisberger” read “Heckewelder.”
273 These papers have been communicated.
274 For “from” read “for.”
275 For “schawanáki” read “schwanameki.”
276 For “chwani” read “chwami.”
277 An Enquiry into the Question, whether America was peopled from the Old Continent?
278 The Chippeways have hardly any grammatical forms.
279 See Philos. Trans. abridged; vol. lxiii., 142.
280 Colden’s Hist. of the Five Nations. Octavo ed., 1747, p. 14.
281 One of them empties itself into the north side of Lake St. Clair, another at the west end of Lake Erie, and a third on the south side of the said lake, about twenty-five miles east of Sandusky river or bay.
282 For “K’lehelleya” read “K’lehellecheya.”
283 From the verb Pommauchsin.
284 In the original it is N’mizi; the German z being pronounced like tz, which mode of spelling has been adopted in this publication.
285 For “Wulatopnachgat” read “Wulaptonachgat.”
286 For “Wulatonamin” read “Wulatenamin.”
287 For “manner” read “matter.”
288 For “achpansi” read “achpanschi.”
289 Wenitschanit, the parent or owner of a child naturally begotten; wetallemansit, the owner of the beast.
290 [A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the Christian Indians of the Missions of the United Brethren, in North America. Philadelphia: Printed by Henry Sweitzer, at the corner of Race and Fourth Streets, 1803. A second edition of this work abridged, and edited by the Rev. Abraham Luckenbach, was published at Bethlehem in 1847.]
291 For “Indian corn” read “a particular species of Indian corn.”
292 All words ending in ican, hican, kschican, denote a sharp instrument for cutting. Pachkschican, a knife; pkuschican, a gimlet, an instrument which cuts into holes; tangamican, or tangandican, a spear, a sharp-pointed instrument; poyachkican, a gun, or an instrument that cuts with force.
293 For “Ktahoatell” read “Ktahoalell.”
294 For “gunich” read “gunih.”
295 Quin et emissurus Fucinum lacum, naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus naumachiariis “Ave, Imperator! morituri te salutant,” respondisset “Avete vos!” neque post hanc vocem, quasi veniâ datâ, quisquam dimicare vellet, diù cunctatus an omnes igni ferroque absumeret, tandem è sede sua prosiluit, ac per ambitum lacûs, non sine fœdâ vacillatione discurrens, partim minando, partim adhortando, ad pugnam compulit. Sueton. in Claud. 21.
296 Gœthe, in Wilhelm Meister.
297 For “Eliwulek” read “Eluwilek.”
298 For “Allowilen” read “Allowilek.”
299 For the English translation of these two words substitute “the most extraordinary, the most wonderful.”
300 For “Eluwantowit” read “Eluwannitlowit.”
301 For “Elewassit” read “Elewussit.”
302 For “the supremely good” read “the most holy one.”
303 Bey vielen Amerikanischen Sprachen finden wir theils einen so künstlichen und zusammengesetzten bau, und einem so grossen reichthum an grammatischen formen, wie ihn selbst bey dem verbum wenige sprachen der Welt haben: theils scheinen sie so arm an aller grammatischen ausbildung, wie die sprachen der rohesten Völker in Nord-Ost-Asia und in Afrika seyn mögen. Untersuchungen über Amerikas bevölkerung, S. 152.
304 Among the Mbayas, a nation of Paraguay, it is said that young men and girls, before their marriage, speak a language differing in many respects from that of married men and women. Azara, c. 10.
305 For “schingieschin” read “schingiechin.”
306 The k which is prefixed to this and the following substantives, conveys the idea of the pronoun thy; it is a repetition (as it were) of the beginning of the phrase “for thine” &c., and enforces its meaning. Ksakimowagan, may be thus dissected: k, thy, sakima, king or chief, wagan, substantive termination, added to king, makes kingdom.
307 See Letters 8 and 10.
308 M. Raynouard, in his excellent Researches on the Origin and Formation of the corrupted Roman Language, spoken before the year 1000, has sufficiently proved that the French articles le, the Spanish el, and the Italian il, are derived from the Latin demonstrative pronoun ille, which began about the sixth century to be prefixed to the substantive. Thus they said: Illi Saxones, “the Saxons;” Illi negociatores de Longobardia, “THE Lombard merchants,” &c. So natural is the use of the pronominal form to give clearness and precision to language. Recherches, &c., p. 39.
309 For “Mamschalgussiwagan” read “Mamschalgussowagan.”
310 For “Mamintochimgussowagan” read “Mamintschimgussowagan.”
311 For “M’chonschicanes” read “M’chonschican.”