[153] Zimmermann, Solitude.

[154] Tagebuch, 1787, Berne.

[155] Sketches of Bedlam, 1823.

[156] Biographie, by Wasielewski, Dresden, 1858.

[157] Maxime du Camp, Souvenirs littéraires, 1887.

[158] Brunetière, Revue des Deux Mondes, 1887, No. 706. Revue Bleue, July, 1887.

[159] Maxime du Camp, Souvenirs littéraires.

[160] “A une Heure du Matin,” in Petits Poèmes en Prose.

[161] Bufalini, Vita di Concato, 1884.

[162] Revue Philosophique, 1886.

[163] Littré, A. Comte et la Phil. Posit., 1863.

[164] W. de Fonvielle, Comment se font les Miracles, 1879.

[165] De Vita propria, ch. 45.

[166] Byron said, also, that intermittent fevers came at last to be agreeable to him, on account of the pleasant sensation that followed the cessation of pain.

[167] “One day I thought I heard very sweet harmonies in a dream. I awoke, and I found I had resolved the question of fevers: why some are lethal and others not—a question which had troubled me for twenty-five years” (De Somniis, c. iv.).

“In a dream there came to me the suggestion to write this book, divided into exactly twenty-one parts; and I experienced such pleasure in my condition and in the subtlety of these reasonings as I had never experienced before” (De Subtilitate, lib. xviii. p. 915).

[168] “Jewels in sleep are symbolical of sons, of unexpected things, of joy also; because in Italian gioire means ‘to enjoy’ (De Somniis, cap. 21; De Subtilitate, p. 338).

[169] Buttrini, Girolamo Cardano, Savona, 1884.

[170] Bertolotti (I Testamenti di Cardano, 1888) has shown that this legend has no foundation.

[171] “I shall live in the midst of my torments, and among the cares that are my just furies, wild and wandering; I shall fear dark and solitary shades, which will bring before me my first fault; and I shall have in horror and disgust the face of the sun which discovered my misfortunes; I shall fear myself, and, for ever fleeing from myself, I shall never escape.”

[172] Brewster’s Memoirs of Sir I. Newton, vol. ii. p. 100.

[173] Brewster’s Memoirs of Sir I. Newton, vol. ii. p. 94.

[174] Dialogues, i.

[175] Dialogues, ii.

[176] Bugeault, Étude sur l’état mental de Rousseau, 1876, p. 123.

[177] Revue Philosophique, 1883.

[178] Schurz, Lenaus Werke, vol. i. p. 275.

[179] Kecskemetky, S. Széchénys staatsmänn. Laufbahn, &c., Pesth, 1866.

[180] Costanzo, Follia anomale, Palermo, 1876.

[181] Gwinner, Schopenhauers Leben, 1878; Ribot, La Philosophie de Schopenhauer, 1885; Carl von Sedlitz, Schopenhauer vom Medizinischen Standpunkt, Dorpat, 1872.

[182] Gwinner, p. 26.

[183] Memorabilien, ii. p. 332.

[184] Parerga, ii. p. 38.

[185] Pensiero e Meteore in Biblioteca Scientifica Internazionale, Milan, 1878; Azione degli Astri e delle Meteore sulla mente Umana, Milan, 1871.

[186] Quetelet, Physique Sociale, Book iv. ch. i.

[187] Mantegazza, op. cit.

[188] E. Neville, Maine de Biran, Sa Vie, &c., p. 129, 1854.

[189] Revue Bleue, 1888, No. 9.

[190] Viaggio in Sicilia, vol. vii.

[191] Epistolario, 1878.

[192] Nature, Nov. 1883.

[193] Réveillé-Parise, Physiologie des hommes livrés aux travaux de l’esprit, pp. 352-355.

[194] Giussani, Vita, &c., p. 188.

[195] Epistolario, p. 395.

[196] Lebin, Sur l’époque de la composition de la Vita Nuova, p. 28.

[197] Life and Letters, vol. i. p. 51.

[198] Stopfer, Vie de Sterne, Paris, 1870.

[199] Goethe, Aus Meinem Leben.

[200] Zanolini, Rossini, 1876.

[201] Clément, Les Musiciens Célèbres, Paris, 1878.

[202] Alborghetti, Vita di Donizetti, 1876.

[203] D’Este, Memorie su Canova, 1864.

[204] Gotti, Vita di Michelangelo, Florence, 1873.

[205] Milanesi, Lettere di Michelangelo, Florence, 1875.

[206] Amoretti, Memorie storiche sulla vita e gli studi di Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, 1874.

[207] W. Irving, Columbus, vol. i. p. 819; Roselly de Lorque, Vie de Colomb., 1857.

[208] According to Secchi (Soleil, 1875) Scheiner preceded Galileo, and was himself preceded by Fabricio, though the discovery of this last was not known until a later date.

[209] Galilei, Opere, vol. i. p. 69.

[210] Arago, Œuvres, 1851.

[211] Hœfer, op. cit.

[212] Herschel, Outlines of Astronomy, 1874.

[213] Arago, Notices Biographiques, 1855.

[214] Atti, Della Vita di Malpighi, 1774.

[215] Hœfer, Histoire de la Chimie, 1869.

[216] Briefe an Schiller.

[217] Gherardi, Rapporti sui Manoscritti di Galvani, 1839.

[218] Schiaparelli, Intorno Alcune Lettere inedite di Lagrange, 1877.

[219] Humboldt, Correspondance, Paris, 1868.

[220] Letters from Humboldt to Varnhagen.

[221] Arago, Notices Biographiques, 1855.

[222] Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 1857.

[223] N. Bianchi, Vita di Matteucci, Florence, 1874.

[224] The catalogue of small planets has been drawn from the Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes (Paris, 1877-8). The list of comets has been taken from Carl’s Repertorium der Cometen Astronomie (Munich, 1864). It begins with the comet discovered by Hevelius in 1672, and ends with that found by Donati on the 23rd of July, 1864; Gambart’s comets, already separately enumerated, have been excluded. To keep the conditions analogous to those of the small planets, all the comets to which Carl does not assign a discoverer, have been omitted; this includes such as were expected from previous calculations or perceived with the naked eye by the general population. All those that were discovered simultaneously by several observers, unknown to one another, have, however, been included, for it is not a question of priority, but of the psychological moment of the discovery. Three comets discovered in the months of February, May, and December, were found in the southern hemisphere; they must, therefore, with reference to season be registered as for August, November, and June, and have so been counted.

[225] Atti, Della Vita ed opere di Malpighi, Bologna, 1774.

[226] History of Civilisation, i.

[227] Études sur la Selection, &c., Paris, 1881.

[228] Biographie Universelle des Musiciens, Paris, 1868-80.

[229] Histoire des Musiciens Célèbres, Paris, 1878.

[230] Dizionario dei Pittori, 1858.

[231]

[232] La Scuola Musicale di Napoli, 1883.

[233] See my Pensiero e Meteore, 1872, and Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, p. 157.

[234]

[235] The difference with reference to painters is caused by the numerical weakness of Udine and the superiority of Catania and Palermo.

[236] Il Censimento dei Poeti Veronesi, Dec. 31, 1881.

[237] American Nervousness.

[238] See Sternberg, Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. x. 1889, p. 389.

[239] Statura degli Italiani, 1874; Della Influenza orografica nella Statura, 1878.

[240] Étude sur la Taille.

[241] Démographie de la France, 1878.

[242] Inhabitants to the square kilomètre:—

[243] “Les Antiquités Égyptiennes,” in Revue des Deux Mondes, April, 1865.

[244] Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. viii. fasc. 3.

[245] Libri, Histoire des Mathématiques, vol. iii.

[246] De Candolle, Histoire des Sciences, 1873.

[247] Joseph Jacobs, “The Comparative Distribution of Jewish Ability,” Journal of Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 1886, pp. 351-379.

[248] Gli Israeliti di Europa, 1872.

[249] Archivio di Statistica, Rome, 1880.

[250] Die Verbreit, der Blind, &c., 1872.

[251] Renan in his Souvenirs de Jeunesse remarks that since Germany has given herself up to militarism she would have no men of genius, if it were not for the Jews, to whom she should be at least grateful. But he forgets Haeckel, Virchow, and Wagner.

[252] One case is known in which parents zealously sought to educate and favour by every means poetic genius in their son. The outcome of their fervent efforts was Chapelain, the too famous singer of the Pucelle.

[253] Hereditary Genius, 1868.

[254] L’Hérédité Psychologique, 1878.

[255] Biographie Universelle des Musiciens.

[256] Ribot in his L’Hérédité Psychologique refers to French statistics of 1861 according to which in 1000 lunatics of each sex, there was hereditary influence in 264 men and in 266 women.

[257] Galton himself remarks that of 31 great families of lawyers raised to the peerage before the end of the reign of George IV., twelve are extinct, especially those which contracted alliances with heiresses. Out of 487 families admitted to citizenship at Berne from 1583 to 1654 only 168 remained in 1783. “When a grandee of Spain is announced we expect to see an abortion” (Ribot, De l’Hérédité, p. 820). The French and Italian nobility to-day has become for the most part an inert instrument in the hands of the clergy. And how many of the sovereigns of Europe yet preserve those ancestral virtues to the presumed transmission of which they owe in large part their throne and prestige?

[258] Dante, Purgatorio, canto vii.

[259] Lucas, De l’Hérédité.

[260] Ribot, L’Hérédité Psychologique.

[261] Dugdale, The Jukes.

[262] Académie des Sciences, 1871. Five cases of epilepsy, and of insanity, two of general paralysis, one of idiocy and several of microcephaly were observed under these circumstances. The microcephalic condition which so often appears among the hereditary results of alcoholism may be understood when we recall the atrophies, the cerebral scleroses (a kind of histologic microcephaly) which are so constantly found in the drunkard himself.

[263] Bertolotti, Testamenti di Cardano, 1882.

[264] De Vita Propria.

[265] Famil XIII. 2, XXIII. 12.

[266] Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain, 1885, p. 147; Déjerine, L’Hérédité dans les Maladies, 1886.

[267] Bilder aus mein. Knabenzeit, 1837.

[268] Memorie, p. 341. I.e., “The heads of the Taparelli are not in the right place.” Taparelli was a family name of D’Azeglio.

[269] Souvenirs d’Enfance, p. 20.

[270] Meynert, Jahresber. für Psychiatr., Vienna, 1880.

[271] Ribot, L’Hérédité Psychologique, p. 171.

[272] The same kind of influence may be traced among the insane and degenerate. A son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, conceived during a crisis of remorse and grief, at the epoch of the Jubilee, was called “l’enfant du jubilé,” on account of his condition of permanent melancholy. A man of talent, subject to attacks of mental exaltation, had several children, of whom two, conceived during these attacks, were insane. Déjerine, L’Hérédité dans les Maladies du Système Nerveux, 1886.

[273] Nature, Nov., 1883.

[274] Physiologie du Cerveau, p. 21.

[275] Journal of Mental Science, 1872.

[276] Correspondance Inédite, Paris, 1877.

[277] Revue Scientifique, April, 1888.

[278] Taine, Les origines de la France Contemporaine, Paris 1885.

[279] Atlantic Monthly, 1881.

[280]

[281] E. Fournier, Le Vieux-Neuf, Paris, 1887.

[282] Ch. Nodier, Les Bas bleus, 1846, p. 217.

[283] Voyage en Italie, Paris, 1880.

[284] Trélat, Recherches historiques sur la folie, p. 81. Paris, 1839.

[285] Moreau, Psychologie morbide, Paris, 1859.

[286] Marcé, “De la valeur des écrits des aliénés”; Journal de médecine mentale, 1864.