[1] The authority of a syllabary and a bilingual text enables us to correct the pronunciation of this name to Lagas. See Pinches in Babylonian and Oriental Record, vol. iii., p. 24. [Translator’s note.]

[2] Genesis xi. 3.

[3] Nahum iii. 14.

[4] Herodotus i. 179.

[5] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xv., p. 406.

[6] Travels and Researches in Chaldæa and Susiana, p. 175.

[7] Découvertes en Chaldée, p. 62.

[8] See Heuzey, Un palais chaldéen, pp. 37-58.

[9] E. de Sarzec, Découvertes en Chaldée, pp. 34, 35.

[10] See, however, Garstang, The Third Egyptian Dynasty, Constable, 1904, pp. 28-29, plates, v., xiv.

[11] Strabo xvi. I, 5.

[12] E. de Sarzec, op. cit., p. 37.

[13] E. de Sarzec, op. cit., p. 59.

[14] Loftus, Travels and Researches, pp. 187-189.

[15] E. de Sarzec, op. cit., p. 60.

[16] M. Babelon’s statement that the cylinder of Sagasaltias was found by modern explorers with that of Nabonidus is unfortunately inaccurate. Only the records of Nabonidus were discovered. See Taylor, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xv.

[17] Heuzey, Gazette Arch., 1884, p. 195.

[18] E. de Sarzec, Découvertes, p. 61.

[19] L. Heuzey, Un palais chaldéen, pp. 59-117.

[20] See the translation which I have given of it in Lenormant and Babelon, Histoire ancienne de l’Orient, vol. v., p. 84.

[21] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 192 f. [Eng. ed.]

[22] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 195, fig. 106.

[23] E. de Sarzec, Découvertes, p. 61.

[24] Revue archéologique, 1883 (3^e série, t. ii.) pl. xx.

[25] Les figurines antiques du Musée du Louvre, p. 1 ff.

[26] Revue archéol., mai-juin, 1887.

[27] See especially J. Menant, La Glyptique orientale, t. i., and L. de Clercq, Catalogue de sa collection, fasc. 1-3.

[28] Heuzey, Un palais chaldéen, p. 91.

[29] History of Art in Assyria and Chaldæa, vol. i., p. 228 f. [Eng Ed.]

[30] Lenormant and Babelon, Hist. Anc. de l’Orient, vol. iv., p. 411.

[31] xvi., 1, 5.

[32] Lenormant and Babelon, Hist. anc. de l’Orient, v. iv., p. 412.

[33] What Aristotle really says is: “It is not a wall that makes a city, for the Peloponnese might be enclosed within a wall. Babylon, perhaps, is a city of such sort, and so is any other, the walls of which enclose a nation rather than a city. They say that when Babylon had been taken for three days part of the inhabitants were unaware of the fact.”—Pol. i. 3.

[34] Exp. en Mésopotamie, t. i., p. 194 ff.

[35] Cun. Inscr. and the O.T., vol. i., p. 79.

[36] Heuzey, Un Palais Chaldéen, p. 81.

[37] Menant, Remarques sur les portraits des rois assyro-chaldéens, 1882.

[38] Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, vol. i., pl. 26, and passim.

[39] Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria, vol. i., p. 257.

[40] Herod. ii. 106

[41] Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria, vol. ii., p. 294 ff.

[42] Cf. Ezekiel xxiii. 14.

[43] L. Heuzey, Les Figurines de terre cuite du Musée du Louvre, p. 1.

[44] Nineveh and Babylon, p. 358.

[45] Heuzey, op. cit., p. 2.

[46] History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria, vol. ii., p. 217.

[47] Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art, vol. ii., p. 143.

[48] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., vol. ii., p. 319 ff.

[49] Wrongly called Sennacherib by M. Babelon.

[50] E. Müntz, La Tapisserie, p. 22.

[51] See especially J. Menant, La Glyptique Orientale, t. ii.

[52] For the recent discoveries at Susa and discussion of Elamite remains, see Chapter IX. of this volume.

[53] Heuzey, in the Revue politique et littéraire, 1886, p. 661.

[54] L’art antique de la Perse, t. i., p. 8.

[55] L’art antique de la Perse, t. ii., p. 37.

[56] Dieulafoy, op. cit., t. ii., p. 80.

[57] Pendentives are generally held to have been introduced into architecture several centuries after our era, and to have first appeared in a perfect form in the Church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, the dome of which, as Procopius says (De Ædificiis, Bk. I., c. i.) seems to hang by a golden chain from the sky.

[58] Revue politique et littéraire, 1886, p. 661.

[59] Op. cit., t. iii., p. 186.

[60] Lenormant and Babelon, Hist. anc. de l’Orient, t. vi., p. 18, f.

[61] The existence of a supreme god, Ilu, among the Assyrian deities is not proved, though assumed by M. Babelon, who supposes that the winged figure on the Assyrian bas-reliefs is Ilu.

[62] Coste and Flandin, La Perse ancienne, pl. 164.

[63] Dieulafoy, L’art antique de la Perse, t. iv., p. 79.

[64] Compare Flandin and Coste, Perse ancienne, pl. 152.

[65] See especially W. Wright, The Empire of the Hittites, 8vo, 2nd ed., London, 1886; Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. de l’art dans l’antiquité, t. iv., pp. 483 to 812; O. Hirschfeld, Die Felsen-reliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter (Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1886).

[66] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 547.

[67] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 549.

[68] There is some doubt whether this figure is Hittite at all. It may be of Babylonian origin. (See Perrot and Chipiez, Hist., t. iv., 550 f.) The boots are so slightly turned up at the points that they are more like those worn by Babylonian kings than the characteristic boots of the Hittites. The stela was brought from the castle of Birejik, not from the site of Carchemish, as M. Babelon states.

[69] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 534.

[70] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 559.

[71] Perrot and Guillaume, Exploration archéol. de la Galatie, etc., pl. lxv.

[72] Hist. de l’art dans l’antiquité, t. iv. p. 667.

[73] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 697.

[74] Perrot and Chipiez, op cit., t. iv., p. 713.

[75] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 750.

[76] S. Reinach, Rev. Archéol., 1885 (3 se. t. v.), p. 54, ff.

[77] Gazette archéol., 1887 (t. xiii. p. 60).

[78] From Wilson and Warren, The Recovery of Jerusalem, p. 298 (1871).

[79] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple de Jérusalem, p. 3.

[80] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple de Jérusalem, pp. 21 and 22.

[81] This name is at present given to a building which has nothing in common with this door of the Temple.—M. de Vogüé, Le Temple de Jérusalem, p. 12, note.

[82] a, Ophel.—b, Bridge.—c, Tyropœon.—d, Causeway.—e, Tower of Baris or Antonia.—f, Portico.—g, Court of the Gentiles.—h, Court of the women.—k, Court of Israel.—l, Altar of burnt-offerings.—m, Court of the priests.—n, Solomon’s porch. o, Moat called Birket Israîl. pp, Double gate and triple gate.—q, Golden gate.—r, Kedron valley.

[83] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple, p. 56.

[84] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple, p. 37.

[85] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple, p. 58.

[86] 1 Kings vii. 49-50.

[87] Procopius, De Bello Vandalico, ii., chap. 9; Theophanes, Chronographia, p. 168, and Georg. Cedrenus, Hist. Comp., p. 606 (Ed. Bonn, 1833)

[88] M. de Vogüé, Le Temple, p. 34; Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv. p. 315 ff.

[89] Perrot and Chipiez, op. cit., t. iv., p. 463.

[90] Renan, Mission de Phénicie pl. 10

[91] See Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Phœnicia and its Dependencies, vol. i., p. 193 [Eng. Ed.].

[92] Renan, Mission de Phénicie, p. 411.

[93] Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Phœnicia, vol. ii., p. 12.

[94] See Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Phœnicia, etc., vol. ii., p. 123

[95] Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Phœnicia, etc., vol. ii., p. 148 f.

[96] Pliny, Hist. Nat., xxxvi. 67.

[97] W. Frœhner, La Verrerie Antique, Coll. Charvet, p. 10.

[98] Amores, ch. xxvi.

[99] L’imagerie phénicienne et la mythologie iconologique chez les Grecs, part i., 1880.

[100] See Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Phœnicia, etc. vol. ii. p. 404 f.

[101] Menant, La Glyptique orientale, t. ii.

[102] The figure representing the god Set has not a hawk’s head, as M. Babelon states, following M. Menant. Here, as always, Set has the head of a nondescript animal, somewhat resembling an ass!

[103] Revue archéol. t. xxvii. 1868, p. 432 ff.

[104] In proportion to the amount of the discoveries, the results are published, and the monuments reproduced and commented on, in the vast publication entitled Délégation en Perse, Mémories publiès sous la direction de M. J. de Morgan, délégué-général (quarto, Leroux, editeur, Paris). Eight volumes have already appeared, the ninth is in the press (November 1905).

[105] See pp. 168, 169, 171 (figs. 135, 136, 137).

[106] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. i., pl. ix.

[107] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. vii., pl. i., fig. A.

[108] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. i., pl. xi.

[109] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. ii., pl. xxiv.

[110] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. ii., pl. xviii., xix.

[111] Mémoires, vol. i. (1900), pp. 163-164.

[112] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. vii., pl. x.

[113] Mémoires de la Mission, vol. xix, p. 90 and pl. iii.