The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, by G. L. Cheesman, M.A.

These last two regiments seem to have been formed by amalgamating the cohorts I Corsorum, I Sardorum, and I Ligurum, which appear in Sardinia in the pre-Flavian period, but not later.

Cohortes Voluntariorum and other Regiments of Roman Citizens.

The character of these regiments has already been discussed on pp. 65-7, where the origin of the greater number, at any rate, was traced to the exceptional levies made during the Pannonian revolt of 6-9, and after the defeat of Varus in the latter year. This levy included not only free-born Roman citizens, ingenui, but also freedmen enrolled in cohortes voluntariorum. The latter form a series numbered up to thirty-two, which may have included the cohortes ingenuorum. The latter may, however, have been numbered separately, and it must be admitted that the presence of a Cohors IV Voluntariorum is rather against the hypothesis, previously advanced, that the first six numbers of the series were reserved for the ingenui. It is impossible to argue from the fact that a cohors voluntariorum and a cohors ingenuorum never appear bearing the same numbers, since the series has many gaps, and only the following regiments can be traced:

	I Ingenuorum C. R.552	v. 3936.
	IV Voluntariorum C. R.	Pannonia Superior.
	VI Ingenuorum C. R.	Germania Inferior.
	VIII Voluntariorum C. R.	Dalmatia.
	XIII Voluntariorum C. R.	iii. 6321.
	XV Voluntariorum C. R.	Germania Inferior.
	XVIII Voluntariorum C. R.	Pannonia Superior.
	XIX Voluntariorum C. R.	vii. 383.
	XXIII Voluntariorum C. R.	Pannonia Superior.
	XXIV Voluntariorum C. R.	Germania Superior.
	XXVI Voluntariorum C. R.553	Germania Superior.
	XXX Voluntariorum C. R.	Germania Superior.
	XXXII Voluntariorum C. R.	Germania Superior.
The following regiments seem to have a similar character, although we know nothing concerning the occasion of their creation:
	I Italica Voluntariorum C. R.	xiv. 171.
	II Italica Voluntariorum C. R. M.	Cappadocia.
	I Campanorum Voluntariorum C. R.554	Dalmatia—Pannonia Inferior.
Lastly, a series of at least seven regiments bearing the inexplicable title of Campestris, of which only the following have left traces:
	III Campestris	Dacia.
	VII Campestris	Syria.
The following three regiments should perhaps be included in the same category:
	Ala I C. R.	Pannonia Inferior.
	Cohors Apuleia C. R.	Cappadocia.
	Cohors I Lepidiana C. R.	Moesia Inferior.
In a final section I have grouped together regiments which bear non-ethnical titles, and a few cases of ethnical titles which are at present inexplicable, owing to our ignorance of the situation of the tribes referred to. In the former case it must, however, be remembered that many of these regiments may have had ethnical titles which are not mentioned in the only references to them which we possess.
Alae.
	Augusta	Noricum.
	Augusta 555	Moesia Inferior.
	Augusta 556	Egypt.
	Augusta C. R.	Pannonia Inferior.
	Augusta Germanica	Pisidia.557
	Augusta Moesica	Germania Inferior.
	Augusta Syriaca	Syria.
	Augusta ob virtutem appellata 558	Britain.
	Claudia Nova	Dalmatia—Germania Superior—Moesia Inferior.
	I Augusta Gemina Colonorum	Cappadocia.
	Constantium 559	A. E. 1911. 107.
	I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R.	Pannonia Superior.
	Flavia	Africa.
	I Flavia Fidelis M.	Raetia.
	I Flavia Gemelliana	Raetia.
	I Flavia Gemina	Germania Superior.
	I Flavia Singularium C. R.	Raetia.
	II Flavia M.	Raetia.
	Miliaria	Mauretania Caesariensis.
	Miliaria	Dacia.
	I Augusta Nerviana M.	Mauretania Caesariensis.
	I Praetoria C. R.	Syria.
	Scubulorum	Germania Superior.
	I Ulpia Singularium	Syria.
	Tautorum Victrix	Tarraconensis.
	II Ulpia Auriana 560	Cappadocia.
Cohorts.
	Aelia Expedita	viii. 9358.
	I Augusta	Syria.
	II Augusta supposed on account of the existence of
	III Augusta 561	vi. 3508.
	Baetica	v. 5127.
	I Classica	Germania Inferior.
	I Aelia Classica	Britain.
	II Classica	Syria.
	Claudia E.	Cappadocia.
	III Coll…	Moesia Inferior.
	I Dongonum supposed on account of the existence of
	II Dongonum	Britain.
The Lollianus inscription (iii. 600) mentions a mysteriously named Cohors II Equitum, which seems also to be referred to on an Italian inscription (v. 2841) as Cohors II Equitatum. The Cohors VI Equestris mentioned by Pliny (Ep. ad Tra. 106) may belong to the same series. The best explanation of these curious titles is to suppose that they are all varieties of equitata.
	I Flavia E.	Africa.
	I Flavia E.	Germania Inferior.
	Flaviana 562	C. I. G. 3615.
	V Gemina	Palestine.
	I Latabiensium	Germania Inferior.
	Maritima	ii. 2224.
	Miliaria	Syria.
	Naut…	Alpes Maritimae.
	I Augusta Nerviana Velox	Mauretania Caesariensis.
	I Nurritanorum	Mauretania Caesariensis.
	Scutata C. R.	Egypt.
	I Aelia Singularium	Mauretania Caesariensis.
	I Ulpia supposed on account of the existence of
	II Ulpia E. C. R.	Syria.

This last section completes our survey of the auxiliary forces of the Empire so far as they are known to us, and it is some satisfaction to feel that so far as the mere names of the regiments go our knowledge is now approaching completion. The recently discovered diploma for Moesia Superior (A. E. 1912. 128), which gave the names of twenty-four regiments which were stationed in the province in 103, did not mention one previously unknown to us, and a glance at the Année Épigraphique for the past ten years will show how rarely a fresh name appears among the numerous inscriptions dealing with the auxilia. This knowledge does not, of course, carry us very far; while so many regiments are merely known to us by name from one or two casual inscriptions, we can tell neither the total number of auxilia maintained at any one time nor the relative strength of the frontier garrisons, and a host of minor problems are even further from solution. The very fact, however, that new evidence is now so slow to accumulate seemed to justify the attempt to utilize the available material and state summarily such conclusions as are at present attainable on a subject of some interest and importance to all students of the Roman Empire.