1 Who, however, was no rationalist, but an orientalizing mystic. Cp. Carriere, Die philos. Weltanschauung der Reformationszeit, 1846, pp. 36–38. ↑
2 Cp. Ranke, Hist. of the Ref. in Germany, bk. ii, ch. i (Eng. tr. Routledge’s 1-vol. ed. 1905, p. 129). The point is fairly put by Audin in the introduction to his Histoire de Luther. Compare Green: “The awakening of a rational Christianity, whether in England or in the Teutonic world at large, begins with the Florentine studies of Sir John Colet” (Short Hist. ch. vi, § iv). Colet, however, was strictly orthodox. Ulrich von Hutten spent five of the formative years of his life in Italy. ↑
3 Hamilton, Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, 1852, p. 205. ↑
4 As to the general resentment of the money drain cp. Strauss, Gespräche von Ulrich von Hutten, 1860, Vorrede, p. xiv, and the dialogues, pp. 159. 363. Cp. Ranke, bk. ii, ch. i (Eng. tr. as cited, pp. 123–26). ↑
5 See Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, passim. Even the Peasants’ Rising was adumbrated in the movement of Hans Böheim of Nikleshausen (fl. 1476), whose doctrine was both democratic and anti-clerical. (Work cited, ii, 380–81; cp. Bezold, Gesch. der deutschen Reform. 1890, ch. vii.) ↑
6 See Guicciardini’s analysis of the parties, cited by E. Armstrong in the “Cambridge Modern History,” vol. i, The Renaissance, p. 170. ↑
7 Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, Eng. tr. pp. 476–77. ↑
8 See the sympathetic analysis of the book by Villari, Life of Savonarola, Eng. tr. pp. 582–94, where it is much overrated. ↑
9 As to the education of the Florentine common people in the fourteenth century cp. Burckhardt, pp. 203–204; Symonds, Age of the Despots, p. 202. ↑
10 Cp. Armstrong, as cited, pp. 150–51. ↑
11 McCrie, Reformation in Italy, ed. 1856, pp. 28–30, 41. ↑
13 Id. p. 45, citing Reynald’s Annales, ad. ann. 1530; Trechsel, Lelio Sozzini und die Anti-trinitarier seiner Zeit, 1844, pp. 19–35. ↑
14 McCrie reasons otherwise, from the fact that the sack of Rome was by many Catholics regarded as a divine judgment on the papacy; but he omits to mention the pestilence which followed and destroyed the bulk of the conquering army (Menzel, Gesch. der Deutschen, Cap. 390). ↑
18 Id. pp. 89, 98, 215. McCrie thinks it useful to suggest (p. 95) that anti-trinitarianism seems to have begun at Siena, “whose inhabitants were proverbial among their countrymen for levity and inconstancy of mind”—citing Dante, Inferno, canto xxix, 121–23. Thus does theology illumine sociology. In a note on the same page the historian cites the testimony of Melanchthon (Epist. coll. 852, 941) as to the commonness of “Platonic and skeptical theories” among his Italian correspondents in general; and quotes further the words of Calvin, who for once rises above invective to explain as to heresy (Opera, viii, 510) that “In Italis, propter rarum acumen, magis eminet.” The historian omits, further, to trace German Unitarianism to the levity of a particular community in Germany. ↑
19 A. von Reumont, The Carafas of Maddaloni, Eng. tr. 1854, pp. 33–37; McCrie, p. 122. It was not Protestantism that made the revolt. The contemporary historian Porzios states that the Lutherans were so few that they could easily be counted. Von Reumont, as cited, p. 33. It was not heresy that moved the Neapolitans, but the knowledge that perjurers could be found in Naples to swear to anything, and that the machine would thus be made one of pecuniary extortion. ↑
20 McCrie, Reformation in Italy, p. 131. ↑
23 Id. pp. 161–63. This seems to have been one of the latest instances of enslavement in Italy. As to the selling of many Capuan women in Rome after the capture of Capua in 1501, see Burckhardt, p. 279, note. ↑
25 Domenico Orano, Liberi Pensatori bruciati in Roma dal XVI al XVIII Secolo, Roma, 1904. Giordano Bruno is 77th in the list; and there are only eight more. The 85th case was in 1642; and the last—the burning of a dead body—in 1761. ↑
27 Signor Orano gives the name as Buzio, citing the 1835 Italian translation of McCrie, and pronouncing Cantù (ii, 338) wrong in making it Mollio. But in the 1856 ed. of McCrie’s work the name is given (pp. 57–58, 168–69) as John Mollio. Cantù then appears to have been right; but the date he gives, 1533, seems to be a blunder. ↑
28 McCrie gives this name as Tisserano. ↑
29 Orano, p. 6; McCrie, pp. 169–70. ↑
30 McCrie, p. 212; Orano, p. 33. ↑
31 Orano, pp. 15–16. McCrie, p. 165, says he was strangled; but the official record is “fu mozza la testa.” ↑
32 Orano, p. 22. As to Carnesecchi’s career see McCrie, pp. 173–79; and Babington’s ed. of Paleario, 1855, Introd. pp. lxv-lxvi. ↑
33 McCrie, p. 164. See Trechsel, Lelio Sozzini, p. 35, as to Baldo Lupetino. ↑
34 As to whom see McCrie, pp. 81–84, 179–82, and the copious Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, by M. Young. 2 vols. 1860. ↑
35 Marini, Galileo e l’Inquisizione, Roma, 1850, p. 37, note. ↑
36 Babington’s ed. p. 46 sq. ↑
37 It was afterwards unearthed, however; and Babington’s ed. (1855) is an almost facsimile reprint, with old French and English versions. ↑
39 Cp. McCrie, Ref. in Italy, ch. v; Ref. in Spain, ch. viii; Green, Short Hist. pp. 358, 362. ↑
40 Huss, in his youth, at first turned from Wiclif’s writings with horror. Bonnechose, The Reformers before the Reformation, Eng. tr. 1844, i, 72. ↑
41 Cp. Krasinski, Histor. Sketch of the Reformation in Poland, 1838, i, 58. ↑
42 Krasinski, Sketch of Relig. Hist. of Slav. Nations, ed. 1851, pp. 26–27. ↑
43 Neander, ix, 242 sq.; Hardwick, pp. 426–27. Militz effected a remarkable reformation of life in Prague. Neander, p. 241. ↑
44 See the very intelligent survey of the situation in Kautsky’s Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation, Eng. tr. 1897, p. 35 sq. ↑
46 K. Raumer, Contrib. to the Hist. of the German Universities, New York, 1859, p. 19; Dr. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol. ii, pt. i, 223–26; Bonnechose, i, 78; Mosheim, 15 Cent. pt. ii, ch. ii, § 6; Gieseler, Per. iii, Div. v, § 150; Krasinski, as cited, pp. 31–33. ↑
47 Krasinski, Sketch, p. 33; Kautsky, p. 43; Maclaine’s note to Mosheim, as last cited; Rashdall, pp. 225–26, 254. The exodus has been much exaggerated. Only 602 were enrolled at Leipzig. ↑
48 Many of these were of great beauty and value, and must have been owned by rich men. Krasinski, Sketch, p. 34. ↑
49 Hardwick. p. 433. Jerome caused the bull to be “fastened to an immodest woman,” and so paraded through the town before being burnt. Gieseler, iv, 114, note 15. ↑
50 Bonnechose, ii, 122; Gieseler, as cited. ↑
51 See Mosheim’s very interesting note; and Gieseler, iv, 104–105. ↑
53 For an account of the devices of Catholic historians to explain away the Council’s treachery see Bonnechose, note E. to vol. i, p. 270. The Council itself simply declared that faith was not to be kept with a heretic. Id. p. 271; Gieseler, p. 121. ↑
54 Bonnechose, ii, 118–20. Cp. Krasinski, p. 37. ↑
59 See their principles stated in Kautsky, p. 59. ↑
60 Æneas Sylvius, who detested the Taborites, declared them to have only one good quality, the love of letters. Letter to Carvajal, cited by Krasinski, p. 93, note. ↑
63 Kautsky, pp. 78–82. See further the account of Helchitsky’s book in Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God is Within You, ch. i. ↑
64 Hist. of the Prot. Church in Hungary (anon.), Eng. tr. 1854, p. 17. ↑
67 Id. pp. 24, 32, citing the chronicler Thurnschwamm. ↑
69 Hist. of the Prot. Church in Hungary, p. 34. ↑
75 Called Blandvater in the History above cited, which is copied in this error by Hardwick. ↑
76 Schlegel’s note to Mosheim, Reid’s ed. p. 708. ↑
78 Hist. of the Prot. Church in Hungary, p. 86. ↑
79 Wallace, Antitrinitarian Biog. ii, 257–60. Schlegel, as cited. Biandrata later gave up his Unitarianism, turning either Jesuit or Protestant. He was murdered by his nephew for his money. Wallace, ii, 144. ↑
80 History cited, p. 109. As to the persecutions see pp. 108–15. ↑
83 Krasinski, Hist. of the Reformation in Poland, 1838, i, 29–30. ↑
85 Hist. of the Reformation in Poland, p. 38. ↑
92 Hist. of the Reformation in Poland, i, 91–98. ↑
95 Id. pp. 139, 345, following Wengierski; Wallace, Antitrin. Biog. ii, Art. 41. ↑
96 Krasinski, pp. 143, 344, note. ↑
100 I.e., Peter of Goniond, a small town in Podlachia. ↑
101 Krasinski, i, 346–48; Mosheim. 16 Cent. sect. III, pt. ii, ch. iv, § 7; and Schlegel’s and Reid’s notes. ↑
102 Cp. Mosheim, chapter last cited, § 15 sq. ↑
104 Wallace, Antitrin. Biog. ii, 181–82. ↑
107 Krasinski, Ref. in Poland, ii, 93–94; Rel. Hist. of Slav. Nations, p. 188. ↑
108 Lutteroth, La Reformation en France pendant sa première période, p. 2. ↑
109 A. A. Tilley, in vol. ii of Camb. Mod. Hist. The Reformation, ch. ix. p. 281. ↑
110 Prof. H. M. Baird, Hist. of the Rise of the Huguenots, 1880, i, 33. ↑
112 Tilley, as cited, p. 281. ↑
114 Tilley, p. 282. The translation was notable as a revision of the Vulgate version, which was printed side by side with it. ↑
115 Lutteroth, pp. 3–4; Baird, i, 79. ↑
116 Michelet, Hist. de France, tom. x, La Réforme, ch. viii. ↑
118 Michelet. éd. 1884, x, 308; Baird, i, 80, note. ↑
119 See Baird, i, 91, note, as to the dates, which are usually put a year too early. ↑
120 Baird, i, 95–96, and note. ↑
122 Michelet, x, 314; Baird, i, 133–37. ↑
123 Lutteroth, p. 15; Michelet. x, 337. ↑
124 Other such outrages followed, and did much to intensify persecution. ↑
125 Erasmus had said that one pamphlet of Béda’s contained “eighty lies, three hundred calumnies, and forty-seven blasphemies” (Michelet, x, 320). ↑
126 Baird, i, 143–44; Michelet, x, 321–26. ↑
130 Lutteroth, p. 17; Michelet, x, 340 (giving the text of a contemporary record); Baird, i, 173–78—a very full account. ↑
131 See Baird, i, 176, note, as to the authenticity of the utterance, which was doubted by Voltaire. ↑
132 Michelet, x, 342; Baird, i, 169. ↑
133 Cit. by Baird, i, 24, note. ↑
135 It is endorsed by Professor Clifford, Lectures and Essays, 2nd ed. p. 335. ↑
136 Hist. de la Civ. en France, 13e édit. i, 18. ↑
137 See the case well made out by Buckle, ch. viii—1-vol. ed. pp. 311–13. ↑
139 Stubbs, Const. Hist., 3rd ed. ii, 469, 471, 510. ↑
140 Cp. Froude, Hist. of England, ed. 1872, i, 173; Burnet, Hist. of the Reformation, Nares’ ed. i, 17–18. Henry, says Burnet, “cherished Churchmen more than any king in England had ever done.” Compare further Shaftesbury, Miscellaneous Reflections, in the Characteristics, Misc. iii, ch. i, ed. 1733, vol. iii, p. 151; Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, as cited above, p. 316. ↑
141 Rev. Dr. J. H. Blunt, The Reformation of the Church of England, ed. 1892, i, 72–100. Wolsey was more patient with Protestant heresy than Henry ever was, though on his death-bed he counselled the king to put down the Lutherans. ↑
142 Cp. Burnet, as cited, pref. p. xl, and p. 3; Heylyn, Hist. of the Ref. pref.; Blunt, i, 293–94. In 1530 the king had actually repudiated his debts, cancelling borrowings made under the Privy Seal, and thus setting an example to the Catholic King Philip II in a later generation. ↑
143 Heylyn, as cited, and i, 123–27, ed. 1849; A. F. Leach, English Schools at the Reformation, 1896, pp. 5–6; J. E. G. De Montmorency, State Intervention in English Education, 1902, pp. 62–65. ↑
144 The subject is treated at some length in The Dynamics of Religion, by “M. W. Wiseman” (J. M. R.), 1897, pp. 3–46; and in The Saxon and the Celt, pp. 92–97. ↑
145 Bishop Stubbs, Const. Hist. of England, 3rd ed. iii, 638. Cp. Bishop Creighton, The Age of Elizabeth, p. 6; Hallam, Lit. of Europe, i, 366. ↑