The Project Gutenberg eBook of A History of Dentistry, by Dr. Vincenzo Guerini.

360 Anatome ossium, Romæ, 1689.

361 Portal, vol. iv, p. 111; Blandin, p. 28.

362 Jean Guichard Duverney, Mémoire sur les dents, Paris, 1689.

363 Blandin, op cit.; Portal, vol. iii, p. 495.

365 On Some New Observations of the Bones and the Parts Belonging to Them, London, 1691. The accurate description given by Havers of the canals containing the nourishing vessels of the bone has caused these canals to be known, even up to the present day, by the name of “Haversian canals.”

366 Portal, vol. iv, p. 134; Blandin, p. 31.

367 De morbis acutis infantum, London, 1689.

368 Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 298.

369 Meekren, Observationes medico-chirurgicæ, cap. xv, p. 84.

370 Op. cit., cap. xxviii, p. 120.

371 Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 298.

372 Sprengel, loc. cit.

373 Soolingen’s Manuale operatien der chirurgie, Amsterdam, 1684.

374 Sprengel, op. cit., p. 300.

375 Dissertation sur les dents, à Paris Chez Denys Thierry, MDCLXXIX.

376 Portal, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 361.

377 Purmann’s Wundarzenei, Halberstadt, 1684, Part I, chap. xxxii.

378 New and very useful practice of all that which belongs to the diligent barber; composed by Cintio d’Amato.

379 The art of beautifying the human body was comprised by the ancients among the many and various parts of the medical art, under the name of decorative medicine. The barbers considered themselves members of the medical class, as practitioners of decorative medicine and in a certain degree also of surgery.

380 In a chapter entitled “Of the Excellence and Nobility of the Barber’s Office,” Cintio d’Amato speaks of several barbers of that period, who were in great repute by their writings, or by the high offices with which they were invested, or by honors received from princes and sovereigns. Among the writers, Tiberio Malfi, barber of Montesarchio, deserves mention; he published, in 1626, a book entitled The Barber, written in excellent style, and giving proof of solid literary culture, and of much erudition. This work treats of all that concerns the barber’s art (decorative medicine, bleeding, etc.). In it, however, there is absolutely nothing about the treatment of the teeth or their extraction; and this constitutes a valid confirmation of our own opinion, that is, that the dental art was not at that time in any way in the hands of the barbers.

381 Portal, vol. iii, p. 618.

382 Antonii Nuck operationes et experimenta chirurgica, Lugduni Batavorum, 1692.

383 Caroli Musitani opera omnia, pp. 121 to 128, Venetiis, 1738.

384 J. Drake, Anthropologia nova, London, 1707.

385 J. M. Hoffmann, Disquisitiones anatomico-pathologicæ, Altorf, 1713, p. 321.

386 Probably through the nose.

387 H. Meibomii de abscessum internorma natura et constitutione discursus. Dresdæ et Lipsiæ, 1718, p. 114. (This edition was published after the author’s death, which took place in 1700.)

388 St. Yves, Nouveau traité des maladies des yeux, 1722, p. 80.

389 Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 301. Carabelli, Systematisches, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. i, p. 60.

390 This work was published in 1690.

391 Here one also verifies the absurdities pronounced by those who, not being dentists, but merely general practitioners or surgeons, still risk speaking on dental subjects.

392 Dionis, Cours d’opérations de chirurgie, Paris, 1716, p. 507 and following.

393 [The Dresden edition of 1710 of Guillemeau’s work contains no reference to the artificial tooth composition as mentioned by Dionis.—E. C. K.]

394 Carmeline was a most able surgeon-dentist. We learn this from a passage in Pierre Fauchard’s book (Le Chirurgien Dentiste, Préf., p. 13). As we shall see, the author praises him very highly and laments his not having written any book making known the results of his long experience.

395 Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 305.

396 Traité complet des opérations de chirurgie, par Mons. de Lavauguyon, Paris, 1696, p. 644.

397 Der beym aderlassen und Zahn-ausziehen Geschickten Barbiergesell, Leipsic, 1717.

398 De dentium dolore, Altdorf, 1711.

399 Schelhammer wrote a dissertation “on the cure of toothache by touch,” De odontalgia tactu sananda, Kiel, 1701. In the same year and in the same city, another pamphlet, by B. Krysingius, was written on the same subject. (See Crowley, Dental Bibliography, p. 13.)

400 Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 311.

401 Joseph Linderer, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. ii, p. 129.

402 Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 367; Carabelli, op. cit. p. 65.

403 Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.

404 Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 309.

405 Sprengel, loc. cit.

406 Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.

407 Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traité des Dents, où l’on enseigne les moyens de les entretenir propres & saines, de les embellir, d’en réparer la perte & de remédier à leurs maladies, à celles des Gencives & aux accidens qui peuvent survenir aux autres parties voisines des Dents. Avec des Observations & des Réflexions sur plusieurs cas singuliers. Ouvrage enrichi de quarante-deux Planches en taille douce. Par Pierre Fauchard, Chirurgien Dentiste à Paris.

408 Deuxième édition, revue, corrigée et considérablement augmentée, à Paris, 1746.

409 Experts pour les Dents. This was probably the title which was bestowed in the relative diploma on those who passed the examination in question.

410 We have not been able to find any work in which particular records of Fauchard’s life are given, and hence do not know to which of the other arts he had dedicated himself.

411 Vol. ii, p. 366.

416 De la génération des vers dans le corps de l’homme, Paris, 1700.

419 Chap. ix, p. 154.

420 Dames illustres, vie d’Elizabeth, p. 179.

425 Subcarbonate of ammonia.

426 Chap. x, p. 169.

428 Chap. xii, p. 183.

429 Chap. xiii, p. 185.

430 Chap. xiv, p. 194.

431 Chap. xv, p. 205.

433 Chap. xvii to xxi.

434 Chap. xxiii, p. 282.

441 Chap. xxxi, p. 391.

445 Chap. xxxviii, p. 481.

446 Vol. ii, chap. ii.

456 Vol. ii, chap. viii, p. 87.

457 Chap. ix, p. 117.

458 Speaking of transplantation, he says: “On voit par des expériences journalières que des dents transplantées d’un alvéole dans l’alvéole d’une bouche différente se sont conservées plusieurs années fermes et solides sans recevoir aucune altération, et servant à toutes les fonctions auxquelles les dents sont propres.” (Vol. ii, p. 187.)

460 Vol. ii, p. 192.

461 Vol. ii, chap. xiii, p. 215.

462 Vol. ii, pp. 217 to 224.

463 Vol. ii, p. 225.

464 Vol. ii, p. 229.

465 Chap. xvi, pp. 252, 255.

466 Vol. ii, chap. xvii, p. 260.

467 Vol. ii, chap. xxiv, p. 339.

468 Vol. ii, p. 340.

469 Vol. ii, p. 353.

470 Jean de Diest, An hæmorrhage ex dentium evulsione chirurgi incuria lethalis? Paris, 1735. David Vasse, Hæmorrhagia ex dentium evulsione, chirurgi incuria lethalis, Paris, 1735.

471 M. Bunon, Sur un prejugé très-pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses, Paris, 1741.

472 M. Bunon, Essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1743. Expériences et démonstrations pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1746.

473 Abhandlung von Zahnkrankheiten, etc., Strassburg, 1754.

474 A Practical Treatise upon Dentition or the Breeding of the Teeth in Children.

475 Essai d’Odontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents Artificielles.

476 Sprengel, Part ii, p. 319.

477 Journal de Médecine, 1756.

478 L. H. Runge. De Morbis sinuum ossis frontis, maxillæ superioris, etc., Rintel, 1750.

479 Sprengel, Part ii (?), p. 322.

480 Nouveaux éléments d’Odontologie, contenant l’anatomie de la bouche, ou la description de toutes les parties qui la composent, et de leur usage; et la pratique abregée du dentiste, avec plusieurs observations, par M. Lécluse, Chirurgien dentiste de Sa Majesté le Roi de Pologne, etc., Paris, 1754 (vol. in 12mo of pages viii-222 with six plates).

481 Abhandlung von den Zähnen des menschlichen Körpers und deren Krankheiten, 1756.

482 Geist-Jacobi, p. 164.

483 Die eingebildeten würmer in Zähnen, Regenburg, 1757.

[Schaffer’s publication is of considerable interest in that his illustration here reproduced exhibits one of the devices somewhat generally employed for the eradication of dental worms as a cure for toothache. In the title of his work Schaffer describes himself as Protestant preacher at Regensburg, member of the Royal Society of Fine Arts at Göttingen, of the Royal Society of Science at Duisberg, honorary member of the Fine Arts at Leipsic.

devices somewhat generally employed for the eradication of dental worms

The several details of the plate are designated as follows:

Fig. I. The supposed worms, with single and double tails, or actually seed buds of the henbane driven out by heat, natural size.

Fig. II. Kidney-shaped seed of the henbane, natural size, without seed buds.

Fig. III. Another such seed, natural size, with the pith being driven out in bow-shape.

Figs. IV and V. Slightly magnified supposed entrails of the tooth worms, actually the inner basis substance for the development of the seed lobes.

Fig. VI. Portion of the skin and driven out supposed entrails of the tooth worms, strongly magnified: (aa) skin still attached; (b) supposed entrails.

Fig. VII. Seed same as Fig. II, magnified: (a) external pellicle; (b) seed bud.

Fig. VIII. Seed of Fig. III, magnified: (aa) external pellicle; (b) node; (c) seed bud driven out in bow-shape.

Figs. IX, X, and XI. Three kinds of supposed tooth worms, magnified; the lettering corresponds in all three: (a) head; (b) brown spot or mouth; (c) body; (d) apparent opening or anus; (ee) single or double tail; (ff) brown spot of the tail; also an apparent opening.

Fig. XII. Representation of the utensils and the mode in which they are arranged during the application of the supposed remedy against tooth worms: (a) earthen pot; (b) opening visible on one side; (c) opening in the bottom; (dd) iron passing through the two side openings, on which the wax balls (containing henbane seeds) are laid inside the pot; (e) smoke arising through the opening in the top, which is directed into the mouth; (ff) bowl of water in which the pot is set, into which the supposed worms fall and in which they are found after the cure.

It would seem not at all improbable that the inhalation of vapors arising from heated henbane seeds might in some cases, e.g., of odontalgia from pulpitis, produce a sedative effect by the action of the hyoscyamine given off. Assuming that the method possessed even a slight therapeutic value, that factor in connection with the apparently tangible evidence of the existence of tooth worms which it afforded to the ignorant, makes the method a most interesting example of the way in which superstition and ignorance about medical matters are kept alive and sustained by a very slight increment of truth.

Another interesting reference to the use of henbane seeds for the cure of toothache by fumigation as found in an old Saxon manuscript of the ninth or tenth century, a translation of which is published in Leechdoms, Worthcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii, p. 51, a collection of documents illustrating the history of science in England before the Norman conquest, published under direction of the Master of the Rolls. The reference is as follows:

“For tooth wark, if a worm eat the tooth, take an old holly leaf and one of the lower umbels of hartwort and the upward part of sage, boil two doles (that is, two of worts to one of water) in water, pour into a bowl and yawn over it, then the worms shall fall into the bowl. If a worm eat the teeth, take holly rind over a year old, and root of Carline thistle, boil in so hot water! Hold in the mouth as hot as thou hottest may. For tooth worms, take acorn meal and henbane seed and wax, of all equally much, mingle these together, work into a wax candle and burn it, let it reek into the mouth, put a black cloth under, then will the worms fall on it.”—E. C. K.]

484 Recueil périodique d’observations de Médecine, Chirurgie, etc., par Vandermonde, Paris, 1757, Tome vii, p. 256.

485 Recherches et observations sur toutes les parties de l’art du dentiste, 2 vols., Paris, 1757.

486 Sur les dépôts du sinus maxillaire.

487 Soins faciles pour la propreté de la bouche et pour la conservation des dents, Paris, 1759.

488 Vol. x, pp. 47 to 148.

489 Traité des dépôts dans le sinus maxillaire, des fractures et des caries de l’une et de l’autre mâchoire, Paris, 1761.

490 Essais sur la formation des dents, comparée avec celle des os, suivis de plusieurs expériences tant sur les os que sur les parties qui entrent dans leur constitution, Paris, 1766.

491 Traité des maladies et des opérations réellement chirurgicales de la bouche et des parties qui y correspondent, suivi de notes, d’observations, et de consultations interessantes, tant anciennes que modernes, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1778.

492 Réflexions et éclaircissements sur la construction et les usages des rateliers complets et artificiels.

493 Die Zahnheilkunde, Erlangen, 1851, p. 398.

494 Von der Wirkung der elektrischen Erschütterung im Zahnweh.

495 Geist-Jacobi, p. 165.

496 Neue Versuche zu Curirung der Zahnschmerzen vermittelst eines magnetischen Stahles, Königsberg, 1765.

497 F. E. Glaubrecht, De odontalgia, Argentorati, 1766.

498 Journal de Médecine, 1767, p. 265.

499 Jos. G. Pasch, Abhundlung aus der Wandarznei von den Zähnen, etc., Wien, 1767.

500 Th. Berdmore, A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768.

501 Einleitung zur nöthigen Wissenschaft eines Zahnarztes, Wien, 1766.

502 Abhandlung von der Hervorbrechlung der Milchzähne, Wien, 1771.

503 J. Linderer, vol. ii, p. 431.

504 Geist-Jacobi, p. 166.

505 Gedanken über das Hervorkommen und Wechseln der Zähne, 1768.

506 Carabelli, p. 91.

507 A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768.